[JS/WegGPU] Initial changes to support wasm64.

cmake/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -201,6 +201,7 @@ option(onnxruntime_WEBASSEMBLY_RUN_TESTS_IN_BROWSER "Enable this option to run t
 option(onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_DEBUG_INFO "Enable this option to turn on DWARF format debug info" OFF)
 option(onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_PROFILING "Enable this option to turn on WebAssembly profiling and preserve function names" OFF)
 option(onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_OUTPUT_OPTIMIZED_MODEL "Enable this option to allow WebAssembly to output optimized model" OFF)
+option(onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_MEMORY64 "Enable this option to allow WebAssembly to use 64bit memory" OFF)
 
 # Enable bitcode for iOS
 option(onnxruntime_ENABLE_BITCODE "Enable bitcode for iOS only" OFF)

cmake/adjust_global_compile_flags.cmake

@@ -56,6 +56,11 @@ if (CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Emscripten")
     string(APPEND CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS " -s DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING=0")
   endif()
 
+  if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_MEMORY64)
+    string(APPEND CMAKE_C_FLAGS " -DORT_WASM64")
+    string(APPEND CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS " -DORT_WASM64")
+  endif()
+
   # Build WebAssembly with multi-threads support.
   if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_THREADS)
     string(APPEND CMAKE_C_FLAGS " -pthread -Wno-pthreads-mem-growth")

cmake/onnxruntime_webassembly.cmake

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
     re2::re2
   )
 
-  set(EXPORTED_RUNTIME_METHODS "'stackAlloc','stackRestore','stackSave','UTF8ToString','stringToUTF8','lengthBytesUTF8'")
+  set(EXPORTED_RUNTIME_METHODS "'stackAlloc','stackRestore','stackSave','UTF8ToString','stringToUTF8','lengthBytesUTF8','getValue','setValue'")
 
   if (onnxruntime_USE_XNNPACK)
     target_link_libraries(onnxruntime_webassembly PRIVATE XNNPACK)
@@ -215,10 +215,109 @@
     set(EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS "_malloc,_free")
   endif()
 
+  if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_MEMORY64)
+    set(MAXIMUM_MEMORY "17179869184")
+    target_link_options(onnxruntime_webassembly PRIVATE
+      "SHELL:-s MEMORY64=1"
+    )
+    string(APPEND CMAKE_C_FLAGS " -sMEMORY64 -Wno-experimental")
+    string(APPEND CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS " -sMEMORY64 -Wno-experimental")
+    set(SMEMORY_FLAG "-sMEMORY64")
+
+    target_compile_options(onnx PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_common PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_session PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_framework PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(nsync_cpp PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnx_proto PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    # target_compile_options(protoc PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(libprotobuf-lite PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_providers PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_optimizer PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_mlas PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_optimizer PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_graph PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_flatbuffers PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(onnxruntime_util PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(re2 PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_flags_private_handle_accessor PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_flags_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_flags_commandlineflag PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_flags_commandlineflag_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_flags_marshalling PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_flags_reflection PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_flags_config PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_flags_program_name PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_cord PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_cordz_info PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_cord_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_cordz_functions PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_cordz_handle PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_crc_cord_state PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_crc32c PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_crc_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_crc_cpu_detect PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_raw_hash_set PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_hashtablez_sampler PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_exponential_biased PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_internal_conditions PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_internal_check_op PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_internal_message PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_internal_format PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_str_format_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_internal_log_sink_set PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_internal_globals PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_sink PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_entry PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_globals PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_hash PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_city PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_low_level_hash PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_bad_variant_access PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_vlog_config_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_synchronization PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_kernel_timeout_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_time PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_time_zone PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_civil_time PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_graphcycles_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_bad_optional_access PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_internal_fnmatch PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_examine_stack PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_symbolize PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_malloc_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_demangle_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_demangle_rust PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_decode_rust_punycode PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_utf8_for_code_point PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_stacktrace PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_debugging_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_internal_proto PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_strerror PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_internal_nullguard PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_strings PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_strings_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_int128 PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_string_view PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_base PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_spinlock_wait PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_throw_delegate PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_raw_logging_internal PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_compile_options(absl_log_severity PRIVATE ${SMEMORY_FLAG} -Wno-experimental)
+    target_link_options(onnxruntime_webassembly PRIVATE
+      --post-js "${ONNXRUNTIME_ROOT}/wasm/js_post_js_64.js"
+    )
+  else ()
+    set(MAXIMUM_MEMORY "4294967296")
+    target_link_options(onnxruntime_webassembly PRIVATE
+      --post-js "${ONNXRUNTIME_ROOT}/wasm/js_post_js.js"
+    )
+  endif ()
+
   target_link_options(onnxruntime_webassembly PRIVATE
     "SHELL:-s EXPORTED_RUNTIME_METHODS=[${EXPORTED_RUNTIME_METHODS}]"
     "SHELL:-s EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS=${EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS}"
-    "SHELL:-s MAXIMUM_MEMORY=4294967296"
+    "SHELL:-s MAXIMUM_MEMORY=${MAXIMUM_MEMORY}"
     "SHELL:-s EXIT_RUNTIME=0"
     "SHELL:-s ALLOW_MEMORY_GROWTH=1"
     "SHELL:-s MODULARIZE=1"
@@ -231,6 +330,41 @@
     --no-entry
     "SHELL:--pre-js \"${ONNXRUNTIME_ROOT}/wasm/pre.js\""
   )
+  if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_MEMORY64)
+    set(SIGNATURE_CONVERSIONS "OrtRun:_pppppppp,\
+OrtRunWithBinding:_ppppp,\
+OrtGetTensorData:_ppppp,\
+OrtCreateTensor:p_pppp_,\
+OrtCreateSession:pppp,\
+OrtReleaseSession:_p,\
+OrtGetInputOutputCount:_ppp,\
+OrtCreateSessionOptions:pp__p_ppppp,\
+OrtReleaseSessionOptions:_p,\
+OrtAppendExecutionProvider:_pp,\
+OrtAddSessionConfigEntry:_ppp,\
+OrtGetInputName:ppp,\
+OrtGetOutputName:ppp,\
+OrtCreateRunOptions:ppp_p,\
+OrtReleaseRunOptions:_p,\
+OrtReleaseTensor:_p,\
+OrtFree:_p,\
+OrtCreateBinding:_p,\
+OrtBindInput:_ppp,\
+OrtBindOutput:_ppp_,\
+OrtClearBoundOutputs:_p,\
+OrtReleaseBinding:_p,\
+OrtGetLastError:_pp,\
+JsepOutput:pp_p,\
+JsepGetNodeName:pp,\
+JsepOutput:pp_p,\
+jsepCopy:_pp_,\
+jsepCopyAsync:_pp_,\
+jsepDownload:_pp_")
+    target_link_options(onnxruntime_webassembly PRIVATE
+      "SHELL:-s ERROR_ON_UNDEFINED_SYMBOLS=0"
+      "SHELL:-s SIGNATURE_CONVERSIONS='${SIGNATURE_CONVERSIONS}'"
+    )
+  endif ()
   set_target_properties(onnxruntime_webassembly PROPERTIES LINK_DEPENDS ${ONNXRUNTIME_ROOT}/wasm/pre.js)
 
   if (onnxruntime_USE_JSEP)
@@ -243,6 +377,8 @@
       "SHELL:--pre-js \"${ONNXRUNTIME_ROOT}/wasm/pre-jsep.js\""
       "SHELL:-s ASYNCIFY=1"
       "SHELL:-s ASYNCIFY_STACK_SIZE=65536"
+      "SHELL:-s ASYNCIFY_EXPORTS=['OrtRun']"
+      "SHELL:-s ASYNCIFY_IMPORTS=['Module.jsepCopy','Module.jsepCopyAsync','jsepDownload']"
     )
     set_target_properties(onnxruntime_webassembly PROPERTIES LINK_DEPENDS ${ONNXRUNTIME_ROOT}/wasm/pre-jsep.js)
   endif()
@@ -279,7 +415,9 @@
   endif()
 
   # Set link flag to enable exceptions support, this will override default disabling exception throwing behavior when disable exceptions.
-  target_link_options(onnxruntime_webassembly PRIVATE "SHELL:-s DISABLE_EXCEPTION_THROWING=0")
+  if (NOT onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_MEMORY64)
+    target_link_options(onnxruntime_webassembly PRIVATE "SHELL:-s DISABLE_EXCEPTION_THROWING=0")
+  endif()
 
   if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY_PROFILING)
     target_link_options(onnxruntime_webassembly PRIVATE --profiling --profiling-funcs)

js/web/lib/wasm/jsep/init.ts

@@ -77,24 +77,25 @@ class ComputeContextImpl implements ComputeContext {
     contextDataOffset: number,
   ) {
     this.adapterInfo = backend.adapterInfo;
-    const heapU32 = module.HEAPU32;
 
     // extract context data
-    let dataIndex = contextDataOffset >>> 2;
-    this.opKernelContext = heapU32[dataIndex++];
-    const inputCount = heapU32[dataIndex++];
-    this.outputCount = heapU32[dataIndex++];
-    this.customDataOffset = heapU32[dataIndex++];
-    this.customDataSize = heapU32[dataIndex++];
+    const ptrSize = module.PTR_SIZE;
+    let dataIndex = contextDataOffset / module.PTR_SIZE;
+    const type = ptrSize === 4 ? 'i32' : 'i64';
+    this.opKernelContext = Number(module.getValue(ptrSize * dataIndex++, type));
+    const inputCount = Number(module.getValue(ptrSize * dataIndex++, type));
+    this.outputCount = Number(module.getValue(ptrSize * dataIndex++, type));
+    this.customDataOffset = Number(module.getValue(ptrSize * dataIndex++, '*'));
+    this.customDataSize = Number(module.getValue(ptrSize * dataIndex++, type));
 
     const inputs: TensorView[] = [];
     for (let i = 0; i < inputCount; i++) {
-      const dataType = heapU32[dataIndex++];
-      const data = heapU32[dataIndex++];
-      const dim = heapU32[dataIndex++];
+      const dataType = Number(module.getValue(ptrSize * dataIndex++, type));
+      const data = Number(module.getValue(ptrSize * dataIndex++, '*'));
+      const dim = Number(module.getValue(ptrSize * dataIndex++, type));
       const dims: number[] = [];
       for (let d = 0; d < dim; d++) {
-        dims.push(heapU32[dataIndex++]);
+        dims.push(Number(module.getValue(ptrSize * dataIndex++, type)));
       }
       inputs.push(new TensorViewImpl(module, dataType, data, dims));
     }
@@ -142,11 +143,12 @@ class ComputeContextImpl implements ComputeContext {
   output(index: number, dims: readonly number[]): number {
     const stack = this.module.stackSave();
     try {
-      const data = this.module.stackAlloc((1 + dims.length) * 4 /* sizeof(size_t) */);
-      let offset = data >> 2;
-      this.module.HEAPU32[offset++] = dims.length;
+      const ptrSize = this.module.PTR_SIZE;
+      const type = ptrSize === 4 ? 'i32' : 'i64';
+      const data = this.module.stackAlloc((1 + dims.length) * ptrSize /* sizeof(size_t) */);
+      this.module.setValue(data, dims.length, type);
       for (let i = 0; i < dims.length; i++) {
-        this.module.HEAPU32[offset++] = dims[i];
+        this.module.setValue(data + ptrSize * (i + 1), dims[i], type);
       }
       return this.module._JsepOutput!(this.opKernelContext, index, data);
     } catch (e) {
@@ -213,12 +215,19 @@ export const init = async (
       // jsepCopy(src, dst, size, isSourceGpu)
       (src: number, dst: number, size: number, isSourceGpu = false) => {
         if (isSourceGpu) {
-          LOG_DEBUG('verbose', () => `[WebGPU] jsepCopyGpuToGpu: src=${src}, dst=${dst}, size=${size}`);
-          backend.memcpy(src, dst);
+          LOG_DEBUG(
+            'verbose',
+            () => `[WebGPU] jsepCopyGpuToGpu: src=${Number(src)}, dst=${Number(dst)}, size=${Number(size)}`,
+          );
+          backend.memcpy(Number(src), Number(dst));
         } else {
-          LOG_DEBUG('verbose', () => `[WebGPU] jsepCopyCpuToGpu: dataOffset=${src}, gpuDataId=${dst}, size=${size}`);
-          const data = module.HEAPU8.subarray(src >>> 0, (src >>> 0) + size);
-          backend.upload(dst, data);
+          LOG_DEBUG(
+            'verbose',
+            () =>
+              `[WebGPU] jsepCopyCpuToGpu: dataOffset=${Number(src)}, gpuDataId=${Number(dst)}, size=${Number(size)}`,
+          );
+          const data = module.HEAPU8.subarray(Number(src >>> 0), Number(src >>> 0) + Number(size));
+          backend.upload(Number(dst), data);
         }
       },
 
@@ -229,12 +238,19 @@ export const init = async (
           () => `[WebGPU] jsepCopyGpuToCpu: gpuDataId=${gpuDataId}, dataOffset=${dataOffset}, size=${size}`,
         );
 
-        await backend.download(gpuDataId, () => module.HEAPU8.subarray(dataOffset >>> 0, (dataOffset >>> 0) + size));
+        await backend.download(Number(gpuDataId), () =>
+          module.HEAPU8.subarray(Number(dataOffset) >>> 0, Number(dataOffset + size) >>> 0),
+        );
       },
 
       // jsepCreateKernel
       (kernelType: string, kernelId: number, attribute: unknown) =>
-        backend.createKernel(kernelType, kernelId, attribute, module.UTF8ToString(module._JsepGetNodeName!(kernelId))),
+        backend.createKernel(
+          kernelType,
+          Number(kernelId),
+          attribute,
+          module.UTF8ToString(module._JsepGetNodeName!(Number(kernelId))),
+        ),
 
       // jsepReleaseKernel
       (kernel: number) => backend.releaseKernel(kernel),
@@ -246,8 +262,8 @@ export const init = async (
           () =>
             `[WebGPU] jsepRun: sessionHandle=${sessionHandle}, kernel=${kernel}, contextDataOffset=${contextDataOffset}`,
         );
-        const context = new ComputeContextImpl(module, backend, contextDataOffset);
-        return backend.computeKernel(kernel, context, errors);
+        const context = new ComputeContextImpl(module, backend, Number(contextDataOffset));
+        return backend.computeKernel(Number(kernel), context, errors);
       },
       // jsepCaptureBegin
       () => backend.captureBegin(),

js/web/lib/wasm/jsep/util.ts

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ export class ShapeUtil {
           'cannot get valid size from specified dimension range. Most likely the range contains negative values in them.',
         );
       }
-      size *= dims[i];
+      size *= Number(dims[i]);
     }
     return size;
   }

js/web/lib/wasm/jsep/webgpu/gpu-data-manager.ts

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ const bucketArr: number[] = [];
 /**
  * normalize the buffer size so that it fits the 128-bits (16 bytes) alignment.
  */
-const calcNormalizedBufferSize = (size: number) => Math.ceil(size / 16) * 16;
+const calcNormalizedBufferSize = (size: number) => Math.ceil(Number(size) / 16) * 16;
 
 /**
  * calculate the buffer size so that it fits into buckets.
@@ -295,9 +295,7 @@ class GpuDataManagerImpl implements GpuDataManager {
         LOG_DEBUG(
           'verbose',
           () =>
-            `[WebGPU] GpuDataManager.registerExternalBuffer(size=${originalSize}) => id=${
-              id
-            }, buffer is the same, skip.`,
+            `[WebGPU] GpuDataManager.registerExternalBuffer(size=${originalSize}) => id=${id}, buffer is the same, skip.`,
         );
         return id;
       } else if (this.backend.capturedCommandList.has(this.backend.currentSessionId!)) {
@@ -358,7 +356,7 @@ class GpuDataManagerImpl implements GpuDataManager {
     }
 
     const gpuData = { id: createNewGpuDataId(), type: GpuDataType.default, buffer: gpuBuffer };
-    this.storageCache.set(gpuData.id, { gpuData, originalSize: size });
+    this.storageCache.set(gpuData.id, { gpuData, originalSize: Number(size) });
 
     LOG_DEBUG('verbose', () => `[WebGPU] GpuDataManager.create(size=${size}) => id=${gpuData.id}`);
     return gpuData;
@@ -368,7 +366,8 @@ class GpuDataManagerImpl implements GpuDataManager {
     return this.storageCache.get(id)?.gpuData;
   }
 
-  release(id: GpuDataId): number {
+  release(idInput: GpuDataId): number {
+    const id = typeof idInput === 'bigint' ? Number(idInput) : idInput;
     const cachedData = this.storageCache.get(id);
     if (!cachedData) {
       throw new Error('releasing data does not exist');
@@ -384,7 +383,7 @@ class GpuDataManagerImpl implements GpuDataManager {
   }
 
   async download(id: GpuDataId, getTargetBuffer: () => Uint8Array): Promise<void> {
-    const cachedData = this.storageCache.get(id);
+    const cachedData = this.storageCache.get(Number(id));
     if (!cachedData) {
       throw new Error('data does not exist');
     }