build: Bump Ubuntu to 24.04

[RobbieNeko]

Checklist

Required

• I wrote the PR title in conventional commit format.
• I ran the code formatter.
• I linked any relevant issues using github keyword syntax so it can be closed automatically.
• I have committed my changes to new branch that isn't main so it won't cause conflict when updating main branch later.

Purpose of change

Due to the nature of Ubuntu, 22.04 isn't going to be getting all the fresh-er package updates. And while in theory Ubuntu 22.04 will be supported until 2032, that doesn't mean that we should wait until then to start bumping our versions up.

#5382 ran into some issues, and it was simpler to just make my own PR than yeet the files at Royal. This is done with Royal's permission, of course.

Describe the solution

• Bumps Ubuntu version used in build processes from 22.04 to 24.04 wherever relevant (Clang tidy is still 22.04 because llvm 12 doesn't exist as a package for 24.04)
• Also adds a new flag to some key build scripts, since pip got a behavior change in the time between 22.04's version of Python and 24.04's version.

Describe alternatives you've considered

• Leave Android alone for now, it wasn't covered in original PR

I felt if we already had Android on close-to-latest Ubuntu, we ought to keep it at the same release as the rest of the pack and not have it fall behind.

Testing

Testing can only really be done through github actions anyway.

Additional context