[c++] Create specialized templates for SOMAArray casting functions

[nguyenv]

Issue and/or context:

#2975

This is the second of multiple PRs that will be split out from above

Changes:

This is just code reorganization for cleaning up switch-case statements. Create specialized templates for types that need special handling when casting into write buffers. For strings, we need to deal with different size offset buffers depending on whether the user passed in large_string or regular string. For Boolean, we need to convert from Arrow (bit) to TileDB (uint8_t) representation.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 89.87%. Comparing base (7039921) to head (c5fe5aa).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2982      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   89.73%   89.87%   +0.14%     
==========================================
  Files          39       39              
  Lines        4080     4080              
==========================================
+ Hits         3661     3667       +6     
+ Misses        419      413       -6     

Flag	Coverage Δ
python	89.87% <ø> (+0.14%)	⬆️

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Components	Coverage Δ
python_api	89.87% <ø> (+0.14%)	⬆️
libtiledbsoma	∅ <ø> (∅)