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React native is an open-source JavaScript framework designed by Facebook for native mobile applications development. It is based on a JavaScript library-React.
React Native saves your development time as it enables you to build real and native mobile apps within a single language – JavaScript for both Android and iOS platforms, such that code once, run that on any platform, and the React Native App is ready for use with native look and feel.
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There is the following list of React Native features behind its use:
- Easy to use.
- Open-source framework
- Cross-platform compatibility
- Code Sharing
- Use a common language – JavaScript for cross-platform development.
- Faster Development
- Saves Time and efforts
- Gives Native look and feel
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- React Native is based on “Learn Once Write Everywhere” approach to equip developers with a tool that only needs to be learned once, just in a single language and then can be reused on both iOS and Android mobile platform.
- React Native offers cross-platform development and a real experience to developers allowing them to build only one app with effectively 70% code sharing between different platforms.
- React Native helps in faster development. Building one app instead of two using a common language gives speedier app deployment, delivery, and quicker time-to-market.
- React Native exists with essential components for ending of native apps as the app development ends with native look and feel.
- React Native has a large community of developers for its security. The developers are always ready to fix bugs and issues that occur at any instant. They improve the performance of React Native from time to time with the best practices possible.
- React Native supports Live and Hot Reloading. Both are different features. Live Reloading is a tool that helps in compiling and reading the modified files. Hot Reloading is based on HMR (Hot Module Replacement) and helps to display the updated UI content.
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These are the following essential components of React Native:
- View is the basic built-in component used to build UI.
- Text component displays text in the app.
- Image component displays images in the app.
- TextInput is used to input text into the app via the keypad.
- ScrollView is a scrolling container used to host multiple views.
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- React Native is still a new development platform as compared to iOS and Android platforms. It is still immature, i.e., in an improvement stage and impacting negatively on apps.
- Sometimes, React Native built-in apps face performance problem if there is a requirement of advanced functionality. In that case, they don’t perform well as compared to native apps.
- React Native has a steep learning curve for an average learner as it is not more comfortable in comparison to other cross-platform apps. It is because of existing JSX (JavaScript Syntax extension) in which HTML and JavaScript get combined and make learning challenging for average ones.
- React Native is based on JavaScript library which is fragile and creates a gap in the security robustness. As an expert’s point of view, React Native is not secure and robust for building highly confidential data apps like Banking and Financial apps.
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There are two threads run in React Native:
- JavaScript thread
- Main UI thread
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props pronounced as the properties of React Native Components. props are the immutable parameters passed in Presentational Component to provide data.
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React Native Apps are not web apps; they are the real and native mobile applications built-in a single language with the native components to run on mobile devices.
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There are thousands of React Native built-in apps. Here is the list of those apps:
- Facebook Ads Manager
- F8
- Airbnb
- Skype
- Tesla
- Bloomberg
- Gyroscope
- Myntra
- UberEats
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XHR module implements XMLHttpRequest to post data on the server.
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Yes, we can use a native code alongside React Native for task completion, and several limitations can also overcome in previous versions like Titanium.
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Are React Native built-in mobile apps like other Hybrid Apps which are slower in actual than Native ones?
React Native designed as a highly-optimized performance-based framework that builds real mobile apps with native components. Facebook is the best-suited example of high performance based app built-in React Native.
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- React is a JavaScript library while React native is a framework based on React.
- js is used for building UI and web applications while React Native is used for creating cross-platform native mobile apps.
- Both uses synonymous tags such as
<div> <h1> <h2>are the tags in React.js and<View> <Text>are the tags in React native. - js uses DOM for path rendering of HTML tags while React Native uses AppRegistry for app registration.
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- React Native uses only a single core development language- JavaScript while Native Script can use any of these languages- Angular, Vuejs, TypeScript, and JavaScript.
- React Native has faster development speed than Native Script. React Native exists with reusable components that developed at once can be used at different mobile platforms and accelerates mobile app development while Native Script exists with a less number of plugins among which some pass improper verification.
- React Native performs high as compared to Native Script. React Native is React based and uses virtual Dom for faster UI updation while Native Script uses slower Angulas, Vuejs, and TypeScript.
- Native Script exists with a box of various themes that shorten the gap between the different platform UIs while React Native doesn’t live with predefined themes; you get default look and feel by the devices.
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Yes, we can do this as React Native fluently combines the components of both iOS and Android written in Swift/ Objective-C or Java.
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What is the point of StyleSheet.create() in react native? What are the tradeoffs with this approach?
In React Native, StyleSheet.create() send the style only once through the bridge to avoid passing new style object and ensures that values are immutable and opaque.
The key tradeoff with this method is that recomputing styles based on external criteria (like screen rotation or even a user-selected viewing mode) needs some infrastructure built to determine which styles to use. If objects were passed in “raw” they could be recomputed on the fly every time, based on arbitrary criteria.
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The animated API of React Native was designed as serializable so that users can send animations to native without going through the bridge on every frame. Once the animation starts, a JS thread can be blocked, and the animations will still run fluently. As the code converted into native views before rendering, the animations in React native will run smoothly, and the users get bright animations.
Certain animation types, like
Animation.timingandAnimation.spring, can be serialized and sent across the asynchronous bridge before they are executed. This allows the runtime to defer the actual drawing of the animation entirely to the native side, instead of trying to send positional values across the bridge as each frame is rendered. This does not work with animations that are not computable ahead of time. For example:Animated.timing(new Animated.Value(0), { useNativeDriver: true, toValue: 100, duration: 100 }).start()This will serialize the operation and send it to the native side before starting it.
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React component is a class or function that accepts input and returns a React element while React element displays the look of React Component Instance to be created.
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Redux is a standalone state management library that React Native use to simplify data flow within an app.
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In React Native, node_modules as any pure JavaScript library that does not rely on Node.js runtime modules, and does not rely on web-specific concepts like
window.location.pathnamewill run fine. But be conscious as there exists no way to test for this with Babel- it doesn’t scan these libraries for offending dependencies. A module that useswindow.location.pathnamemay fail at runtime in a different unexpected place. -
Virtual Dom is an in-memory tree representation of the real DOM with lightweight elements. It provides a declarative way of DOM representation for an app and allows to update UI whenever the state changes.
Working :
Virtual DOM lists elements and their attributes and content. It renders the entire UI whenever any underlying data changes in React Native. Due to which React differentiates it with the previous DOM and a real DOM gets updated.
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InteractionManager is a native module in React native that defers the execution of a function until an “interaction” finished.
We can call
InteractionManager.runAfterInteractions(() => {...})to handle this deferral. We can also register our own interactions.Importance React Native has JavaScript UI thread as the only thread for making UI updates that can be overloaded and drop frames. In that case, InteractionManager helps by ensuring that the function is only executed after the animations occurred.
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React is a JavaScript library. React Native is a framework based on React that use JavaScript for building mobile applications. It uses React to construct its application UI and to define application business logic. React updates a real DOM by tree diffing and allows React Native to work. It implements a bridge that allows the JavaScript runtime to communicate asynchronously with the native runtime.
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React.js and React Native share
- same lifecycle methods like componentDidMount
- same state and prop variables
- same component architecture
- similar management libraries like Redux
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HOC (High Order Components) in React is the functional programming methodology for reusing component logic.
- takes a component as an argument and
- returns a new component
It is a pattern evolved from React’s compositional nature to decompose the logic into simpler and smaller reusable functions.
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Native app is a software program for a specific mobile device that is developed on a particular platform in a specific programming language like Objective-C/Swift for iOS and Java for Android. It can use device-specific hardware and software as built on a particular device and its OS. It uses the latest technology such as GPS and provides optimized performance.
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Hybrid applications are the web applications developed through HTML, CSS, JavaScript web standards and wrapped in a native container using a mobile WebView object. These apps are easier to maintain.
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Refs are escape hatch that provides a direct way to access DOM nodes or React elements created in the render method.
Refs get in use when
- To manage focus, text selection, or media playback
- To trigger imperative animations
- To integrate with third-party DOM libraries
In order to use them you add a ref attribute to your component whose value is a callback function which will receive the underlying DOM element or the mounted instance of the component as its first argument.
class UnControlledForm extends Component { handleSubmit = () => { console.log("Input Value: ", this.input.value) } render () { return ( <form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}> <input type='text' ref={(input) => this.input = input} /> <button type='submit'>Submit</button> </form> ) } }Above notice that our input field has a ref attribute whose value is a function. That function receives the actual DOM element of input which we then put on the instance in order to have access to it inside of the handleSubmit function.
It’s often misconstrued that you need to use a class component in order to use refs, but refs can also be used with functional components by leveraging closures in JavaScript.
function CustomForm ({handleSubmit}) { let inputElement return ( <form onSubmit={() => handleSubmit(inputElement.value)}> <input type='text' ref={(input) => inputElement = input} /> <button type='submit'>Submit</button> </form> ) } -
A react native packager does a few things:
- It combines all JavaScript code into a single file
- It translates any JavaScript code that your device don’t understand (e.g., JSX or some of the newer JS syntax)
- It converts assets like PNG files into objects that can be displayed by an Image
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npm installs the command line interface in React Native.
npm install -g react-native-cli -
“Props” and “state” are both plain JavaScript objects used to control data inside the components.
props :
- short for “properties.”
- Immutable parameters -> Unchangeable inside the component.
- Set by their parent and fixed for the whole lifetime of a component.
- Get passed to the Presentational component.
state :
- Mutable parameters -> Changeable inside the component.
- Get handled within the container component.
- Can’t be accessed and modified outside the component.
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The style prop is a plain JavaScript object use to making style of React Native application. There are two ways to style your element in React Native application.
- style property: adds styles inline.
- external Stylesheet: enables us to write concise code.
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React Native smoothly handles multiple platforms. The large numbers of the React Native APIs are cross-platform so that one React Native component will work seamlessly on both iOS and Android. It provides the ways using which you can easily organize your code and separate it by platform:
- Platform module to detect the platform in which the app is running and
- platform-specific file extensions to load the relevant platform file.
Facebook, the creator of React native, claims that the Ad Manager application has 87% code reuse across these two platforms
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We use class component if our component has state or a lifecycle method(s). Otherwise, we use a Functional component.
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React Native offers many ways to handle different screen sizes:
- Flexbox is designed to provide a consistent layout on different screen sizes. It offers three main properties:
- flexDirection
- justifyContent
- alignItems
- Pixel Ratio exists in the official documentation with the definition such that we can get access to the device pixel density by using PixelRatio class. We will get a higher resolution image if we are on a high pixel density device. An ethical principle is that multiply the size of the image we display by the pixel ratio.
- Dimensions easily handle different screen sizes and style the page precisely. It needs to write the code only once for working on any device.
- Flexbox is designed to provide a consistent layout on different screen sizes. It offers three main properties:
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Web React components use DOM elements to display (ex. div, h1, table, etc.), but React Native does not support these. We will need to find libraries/components made specifically for React Native.
But today React is focusing on components that can be shared between the web version of React and React Native. This concept has been formalized since React v0.14.
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Working across separate Android and iOS codebases is challenging.
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Yes, React Native uses the same code base for Android and IOS. React takes cares of the native components translations.
For example : A React Native ScrollView uses native ScrollView on Android and UiScrollView on iOS.
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Yes, React Native compiles a native mobile app using native app components. React Native builds a real mobile app that is indistinguishable from an app built using Objective-C or Java.
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The gesture responder system manages the lifecycle of gestures in the app.
Users interact with mobile apps mainly through touch. They can use a combination of gestures, such as tapping on a button, zooming on a map, sliding on a widget or scrolling a list. The touch responder system is required to allow components to negotiate these touch interactions without any additional knowledge of their parent or child components.
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React Native is great to start a new application from scratch. However, React Native works well to add new features to an existing native app. It needs some steps to add new React Native based features, screen, views, etc. The specific steps are different for different platform you’re targeting.
- Set up directory structure.
- Install JavaScript dependencies.
- Configuring permissions.
- Code integration.
- Test your integration.
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React Native uses AsyncStorage class to store data in key-value pair which is global to all app. AsyncStorage is a JavaScript code which is a simple, unencrypted, asynchronous and persistent. React Native also uses separate files for iOS and RocksBD or SQLite for Android.
Using AsyncStorage class, you must have a data backup, and synchronization classes as data saved on the device is not permanent and not encrypted.
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React Native provides the Fetch API which deals networking needs. React Native uses componentDidMount lifecycle method to load the data from server.
fetch('https://mywebsite.com/mydata.json')Other Networking libraries which interact with server are:
- XMLHttpRequest API
- WebSockets
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Are compile-to-JS libraries like TypeScript or ClojureScript compatible with React Native? Why or why not?
Languages that compile to JavaScript are generally compatible with React Native. React Native uses Babel to transform JavaScript into a form that is consumable by the native OS’s JavaScript runtime, using the
react-nativeBabel plugin. As long as Babel can compile your JavaScript, and your code does not rely on web- or Node.js-specific dependencies, it will run in React Native. -
class GyroJs { setGyroPosition(pos) { if (pos === null || typeof pos === 'undefined') { throw new Error('The position must be defined'); } this.pos = pos; } constructor() { const gyroscopePosition = NativeModules.MyGyroModule.gyroPosition(); this.setGyroPosition(gyroscopePosition); } }This code will always throw an error because the value of
gyroscopePositionwill always be an unresolvedPromise. It’s important to remember that the bridge that connects JavaScript and native code is asynchronous. We can either receive results from this side by passing in a callback (not done in this example), or by returning aPromise. In this case, we need to append athen()call to thegyroPosition()call and set the position inside it. -
Imagine you have an app which is a series of lists of images (e.g. like Instagram). The app seems to crash at random. What steps can we take to investigate and mitigate this in React Native?
Often, and especially on the Android platform, lists of images are not properly recycled when scrolling. Their memory is never garbage collected, nor is it manually freed at a lower level. This leads to out-of-memory (OOM) crashes that can occur seemingly at random as the app’s memory is exhausted.
We can investigate this by profiling the app’s heap memory usage in either Xcode or Android Studio. If you scroll through a list of images and notice the heap usage steadily climbing without ever dipping, it probably means that your images aren’t being recycled properly.
To mitigate this, we can check which list implementation we are using. In modern versions of React Native,
ListViewshould never be used; ensure that theFlatListcomponent is handling the rendering instead. If this is not sufficient after tuning, you can try making your images lower resolution. -
Native apps that feel smooth often incorporate lots of little animations for state changes and transitions. How would you implement these behaviors?
React Native comes with the
AnimatedAPI built in. This API is declarative: We define specific animations, usingAnimated.timing, Animated.spring, etc., and provide the exact parameters needed for the animation to run. This technique falls apart when we need lots of subtle and delicate animations on the fly; it’s not performant, and maintaining all that code would be a nightmare.Instead, we look to the
LayoutAnimationmodule, which is an interpolative API. We can invoke predefinedLayoutAnimations, or define our own.LayoutAnimationwatches changes in the positions of elements between cycles of the render loop, and computes the positional differences between elements at different cycles. Then, it interpolates those changes and produces a smooth, natively driven animation. -
The two approaches are not interchangeable. You should initialize state in the constructor when using ES6 classes, and define the getInitialState method when using React.createClass.
class MyComponent extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props); this.state = { /* initial state */ }; } }is equivalent to
var MyComponent = React.createClass({ getInitialState() { return { /* initial state */ }; }, }); -
The first thing React will do when setState is called is merge the object you passed into setState into the current state of the component. This will kick off a process called reconciliation. The end goal of reconciliation is to, in the most efficient way possible, update the UI based on this new state.
To do this, React will construct a new tree of React elements (which you can think of as an object representation of your UI). Once it has this tree, in order to figure out how the UI should change in response to the new state, React will diff this new tree against the previous element tree. By doing this, React will then know the exact changes which occurred, and by knowing exactly what changes occurred, will able to minimize its footprint on the UI by only making updates where absolutely necessary.
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Keys are what help React keep track of what items have changed, been added, or been removed from a list.
render () { return ( <ul> {this.state.todoItems.map(({task, uid}) => { return <li key={uid}>{task}</li> })} </ul> ) }It’s important that each key be unique among siblings. We’ve talked a few times already about reconciliation and part of this reconciliation process is performing a diff of a new element tree with the most previous one. Keys make this process more efficient when dealing with lists because React can use the key on a child element to quickly know if an element is new or if it was just moved when comparing trees. And not only do keys make this process more efficient, but without keys, React can’t know which local state corresponds to which item on move. So never neglect keys when mapping.
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A callback function which will be invoked when setState has finished and the component is re-rendered.
Something that’s not spoken of a lot is that setState is asynchronous, which is why it takes in a second callback function. Typically it’s best to use another lifecycle method rather than relying on this callback function, but it’s good to know it exists.
this.setState( { username: 'tylermcginnis33' }, () => console.log('setState has finished and the component has re-rendered.') )
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