[CI] Upgrade to clang-format 18

[marcalff]

Fixes #2578

Changes

Please provide a brief description of the changes here.

• Upgraded CI to use clang-format-18 on ubuntu-24-04
• Upgraded helper scripts
• Applied clang-format-18 on the codebase

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 96.00000% with 1 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 87.68%. Comparing base (497eaf4) to head (cdb299a).
Report is 69 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2684      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   87.12%   87.68%   +0.56%     
==========================================
  Files         200      190      -10     
  Lines        6109     5849     -260     
==========================================
- Hits         5322     5128     -194     
+ Misses        787      721      -66     

Files	Coverage Δ
api/include/opentelemetry/common/kv_properties.h	98.91% <ø> (-0.06%)	⬇️
api/include/opentelemetry/common/spin_lock_mutex.h	27.78% <ø> (+2.78%)	⬆️
api/include/opentelemetry/logs/event_logger.h	90.91% <100.00%> (-1.39%)	⬇️
api/include/opentelemetry/logs/logger.h	63.89% <100.00%> (-0.69%)	⬇️
api/include/opentelemetry/logs/provider.h	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
api/include/opentelemetry/nostd/unique_ptr.h	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
api/include/opentelemetry/nostd/utility.h	83.34% <100.00%> (ø)
api/include/opentelemetry/trace/span.h	85.72% <ø> (+1.51%)	⬆️
api/include/opentelemetry/trace/tracer.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
...nclude/opentelemetry/sdk/common/empty_attributes.h	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
... and 7 more

... and 49 files with indirect coverage changes

[lalitb]

We can also update Dockerfile to use the appropriate docker image so that:

./ci/run_docker.sh ./ci/do_ci.sh format

use the correct version.

[marcalff]

CI failures seen in github logs:

Running kernel seems to be up-to-date.

Restarting services...
 systemctl restart chrony.service containerd.service cron.service haveged.service hv-kvp-daemon.service multipathd.service packagekit.service php8.3-fpm.service polkit.service rsyslog.service runner-provisioner.service systemd-journald.service systemd-networkd.service systemd-resolved.service systemd-udevd.service udisks2.service walinuxagent.service
Error: Process completed with exit code 143.

I assume this comes from the infrastructure, not from the opentelemetry-cpp codebase.

[lalitb]

I assume this comes from the infrastructure, not from the opentelemetry-cpp codebase.

Weird it's only coming for maintainer mode CI checks.