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added simulation software
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shimwell committed Jun 20, 2024
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119 changes: 71 additions & 48 deletions 4_delayed_response.md
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<div>

- Activation
- Activity build up and decay (shark fin)
- Activity build up and decay
- Emission spectra
- Shut down dose
- Waste
- Decay heat vs time
- Shut down dose
<!-- - Waste -->
<!-- - Decay heat vs time -->

</div>
<div>

- Analysis needed to lift or cool components
- Activated coolant
- Impact of burn up
- TBR
- Shielding
- Pulsed irradiation / constant irradiation
<!-- - Activated coolant -->
- Impact of burn up on TBR
<!-- - Shielding -->
<!-- - Pulsed irradiation / constant irradiation -->

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---


# Build up and saturation

<div class="columns">
<div>

<span style="color:green;">

- New isotopes created during irradiation

</span>

<span style="color:orange;">

- Radioactive isotopes decay and will eventually reach a point where decay rate is equal to activation rate.

</span>

<span style="color:red;">

- Decay is more noticeable once the plasma is shutdown.

</span>

- The activity is related to the irradiation time and the nuclide half life.

</div>
<div>


![height:550px](images/activation-cooldown.png)

</div>
<div>

---

# Activation pathways

![width:800px](images/activation-directions-fe56.png)
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![bg 60%](images/isotope_chart_fission_activation.png)


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# Build up and saturation
# Emission during decay


<div class="columns">
<div>

<span style="color:green;">

- New isotopes created during irradiation

</span>

<span style="color:orange;">

- Radioactive isotopes decay and will eventually reach a point where decay rate is equal to activation rate.

</span>

<span style="color:red;">

- Decay is more noticeable once the plasma is shutdown.

</span>

- The activity is related to the irradiation time and the nuclide half life.
- Characteristic gamma energies and intensities emitted
- Reduces with half life of unstable isotope
- Problematic sources in fusion Co60
- Neutrons also emitted by isotopes such as N17 found which is formed by Oxygen irradiation in water

</div>
<div>


![height:550px](images/activation-cooldown.png)
![](images/gamma_spec2.png)

</div>
<div>


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# Emission during decay
# Shut down dose rate

<!-- plot gamma emission spectra as a function of time -->
<div class="columns">
<div>

---
- Post irradiation gamma and even neutron emission from radioactive isotopes continues.
- Gamma and neutrons emitted cause dose field that makes human maintenance difficult.
- This causes components to generate self heating
- Reduced strength of components due to temperature, lift carefully
- Activated coolant pumped outside of the bio-shield

# Shut down dose rate

heating effect on components
resulting in reduced strength during lifts

---

# Decay heat vs time
Image source [Eurofusion](https://scipub.euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/eurofusion/WPBBPR17_17590_submitted.pdf)

cooling components analysis
</div>
<div>

---
![width:450](images/shutdown-dose-rate.png)

# Activated coolant
</div>
<div>

---

# Burn up
![bg](images/million-solid.png)

---
<!-- # Decay heat vs time
# Pulsed irradiation and steady state
cooling components analysis -->

---
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157 changes: 45 additions & 112 deletions 5_simulation_software.md
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# Overview of neutronics simulation software

- Inventory codes
- Radiation transport
- Monte Carlo Simulation Codes
- Deterministic Simulation Codes
- Monte Carlo Radiation transport
- Geometry conversion software

---

# Inventory codes fundamental equation

Bateman equation

Loss terms

Production terms
$\lambda$
---

# Categories of Inventory codes

- solving the matrix exponential
- chain
- Matrix based ODE

others?
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920379617305331
- time-marching finite-difference method, transmutation trajectory analysis (TTA)
- matrix
- cram

# Inventory Code Simulations approaches

5 slides available

---

# Inventory codes

Solving the Bateman equation

| Name of software | Group / community / country |
| ----- | -----|
| ACAB | UNED, Spain |
| ALARA | Wisconsin, US |
| Aburn | North China Electrical Power |
| OpenMC | MIT, ANL and open source community |
| OpenMC | MIT, ANL, community |
| Origen | LANL, US |
| Serpent | VTT, Finland |
| Fispact | CCFE / UKAEA |
| Fornax | Silver Fir Software, US |

---

# Radiation transport fundamental equation

Boltzman transport equation

---

# Categories of Radiation transport codes
# Radiation transport

- Deterministic
- Discretize phase space
- Solve large matrix representation of radiation transport equation
- Stochastic/Monte Carlo
- Track individual particle histories through phase space
- Random sampling of particle behavior at each event
- Accumulate contributions to the mean behavior from each history
Sampling the Boltzman transport equation

---

# Monte Carlo Simulations approach

12 slides available
- Stochastic / Monte Carlo is most widely used method in fusion
- Track individual particle histories through phase space
- Random sampling of particle behavior at each event
- Accumulate contributions to the mean behavior from each history
- Variance reduction used to speed up simulation


---
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| TopMC | China |
| TRIPOLI | France |
| SCONE | Cambridge UK |
| MC DC | US |

---

# Deterministic Simulation approach

13 slides available


- solving the matrix exponential
- chain
- time-marching finite-difference method, transmutation trajectory analysis (TTA)
- matrix
- cram
- example codes
- alara
- aburn https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920379617305331
- openmc
- origen
- etc

---

# Deterministic Simulation Codes

| Name of software | Group / community / country |
| ----- | -----|
- ATTILA
- Denovo
- OpenMOC
- PARTISN

---

# Variance reduction generators

| Name of software | Group / community / country |
| ----- | -----|
| ADVANTG
| CADIS
| Magic method
| Random Ray

---

# Geometry conversion

![mermaid](figs/cad-toneutronics-routes.png)

[Link to flowchat](https://www.mermaidchart.com/raw/bfea01f7-56e6-4780-9687-0a6c99e58b74?theme=light&version=v0.1&format=svg)

---
# Geometry for Monte Carlo

# Geometry conversion

<div class="columns">
<div>

CAD to DAGMC convertors
- cad-to-dagmc
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- stellermesh
- Cubit

![width:190px](images/dagmc_model.png)

</div>
<div>

CAD to CSG convertors
- GeoUned
- McCAD
- TopMC

---
![width:350px](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Csg_tree.png)

</div>
<div>

# Shut down dose rate

Inventory simulations
Transport simulation
- r2s
- d1s
Pyne, Silverfir
OpenMC

---


# Geometry conversion

[Link to flowchat](https://www.mermaidchart.com/raw/bfea01f7-56e6-4780-9687-0a6c99e58b74?theme=light&version=v0.1&format=svg)

![mermaid](images/cad-toneutronics-routes.png)


---

# Software distribution

Open source codes such as OpenMC and DAGMC are distributed via GitHub, conda.

Some codes used in neutronics are controlled codes under export control

Distribution in the US by RSICC and in the EU by the NEA databank.



![RSICC](images/rsicc.png)
[RSICC](http://rsicc.ornl.gov/Default.aspx)

![RSICC](images/nea.png)
[NEA databank](https://www.oecd-nea.org/dbcps/)
<!-- ![RSICC](images/nea.png)
[NEA databank](https://www.oecd-nea.org/dbcps/) -->

---

# Questions

# 📧 [email protected]
# ![width:60](images/github.png) @shimwell


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