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# Secure hosting of a public Web Server | ||
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When providing an online service to the public, **encryption** and **authentication** are the two main security aspects to consider. | ||
Neglecting either one of them could potentially lead to unauthorized access, privacy violations or even server hijacking. | ||
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One quick way to encrypt and authenticate is explained below. | ||
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It is assumed, that you already have a designated instance running inside the de.NBI Cloud with a public Floating IP attached. | ||
Please start the **backend service** (e.g. a Galaxy server) that you would like to make publicly available and configure it to listen on `localhost` or `127.0.0.1` only. | ||
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## Domain name registration | ||
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Every public website needs a domain name that people can type into their browser address bar to visit the site. | ||
Domain names can usually be obtained from domain name registrars, which is out of scope of this document. | ||
A domain name is strictly necessary to be able to use TLS encryption. | ||
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Please make sure your domain name points to the public Floating IP of your web server instance. | ||
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For the Bielefeld site you may request a domain name ending in `.bi.denbi.de` (e.g. `myservice.bi.denbi.de`) by [contacting us](../../Compute_Center/Bielefeld.md#contact) and mentioning your domain name of choice, your OpenStack project name and the target Floating IP for the domain. | ||
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## Encryption | ||
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Using unencrypted HTTP communication is unsafe because it allows data to be transmitted in plain text, | ||
making it easy for attackers to intercept and read sensitive information. | ||
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Therefore, do not expose your HTTP-only-speaking web server software directly, but use an encrypting reverse proxy in front. | ||
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TLS encrypts data during transmission, preventing unauthorized access and eavesdropping. | ||
One simple way to use TLS is to place a [Caddy server](https://caddyserver.com/) in between the internet and the backend service you would like to make publicly available. | ||
This way, Caddy will act as a [reverse proxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_proxy) encrypting your traffic. Caddy will automatically provision a free TLS certificate for your domain name through the non-profit certificate authority Let's Encrypt and renew it when necessary. | ||
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### Caddy - Installation | ||
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Requirements: | ||
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- Operating system: Ubuntu/Debian | ||
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Execute the following commands on the instance that is going to be hosting the web server: | ||
``` | ||
curl -1sLf 'https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/caddy/stable/gpg.key' | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/caddy-stable-archive-keyring.gpg | ||
curl -1sLf 'https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/caddy/stable/debian.deb.txt' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/caddy-stable.list | ||
sudo apt update | ||
sudo apt install caddy | ||
``` | ||
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The Caddy server should now be installed and running. | ||
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Source: [Caddy installation steps for Ubuntu/Debian](https://caddyserver.com/docs/install#debian-ubuntu-raspbian) | ||
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### Caddy - Reachability | ||
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To make your Caddy server publicly reachable, outside access to the network ports `80` (HTTP) and `443` (HTTPS) has to be granted. | ||
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- Launch the OpenStack Dashboard | ||
- In the menu on the left go to `Network` -> `Security Groups` | ||
- Click on the button `+ Create Security Group` | ||
- Name the new security group "public-web-server" and confirm the creation by clicking on `Create Security Group` | ||
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Now the security group rules list should be visible. | ||
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- Click on `+ Add Rule` | ||
- Select "**HTTP**" as the `Rule` | ||
- Enter "0.0.0.0/0" as the `CIDR` and click on `Add` | ||
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- Click on `+ Add Rule` again | ||
- This time select "**HTTPS**" as the `Rule` | ||
- Enter "0.0.0.0/0" as the `CIDR` and click on `Add` | ||
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The result should look like this: | ||
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![](images/security-group-rules.png) | ||
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Next, the security group needs to be added to the instance hosting your web server. | ||
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- In the menu on the left go to `Instances` | ||
- Find your instance and select `Edit Security Groups` from its `Actions` drop-down list | ||
- Add your new security group "public-web-server" to the list of Instance Security Groups by clicking on the `+` next to it, then click `Save` | ||
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The Caddy server should now be publicly reachable via HTTP on port `80` and serve its default web page. | ||
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### Caddy - Configuration | ||
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This section will configure the Caddy server to set up TLS and to proxy requests to your backend service. | ||
From then on, any requests on port `80` will be redirected to the secure port `443` (TLS). | ||
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Requirements: | ||
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- A domain name pointing to the public Floating IP of your web server instance. | ||
- A backend service that you would like to make public listening on `localhost` or `127.0.0.1`. | ||
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Replace the contents of `/etc/caddy/Caddyfile` on your instance with the snippet below. | ||
Replace `example.bi.denbi.de` with your own domain name and replace port `8080` with the port your | ||
backend service is listening on. | ||
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`/etc/caddy/Caddyfile`: | ||
``` | ||
example.bi.denbi.de { | ||
reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8080 | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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Reload the Caddy server: | ||
`sudo systemctl reload caddy` | ||
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Afterwards, you should be able to access your backend service by simply entering the domain name (without any port). | ||
Your browser should now indicate that the connection is secure, as seen below. | ||
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![](images/connection-secure.png) | ||
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## Authentication | ||
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It is strongly advised to **make use** of the authentication and user management features your backend service | ||
already provides. | ||
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### Basic Authentication | ||
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In case the backend service you make public does not offer any authentication methods, | ||
**access must be regulated** by telling the Caddy server to ask visitors for their username and password. | ||
Users are managed inside the Caddy server configuration file. | ||
To create a new user, e.g. `alice`, generate a password hash using | ||
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``` | ||
caddy hash-password | ||
``` | ||
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on the command line on your instance. The command will ask you to enter and repeat a password of your choice. | ||
Add the username and the resulting generated password hash to the config file by creating a | ||
new `basicauth` section as seen below. | ||
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`/etc/caddy/Caddyfile`: | ||
``` | ||
example.bi.denbi.de { | ||
reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8000 | ||
basicauth / { | ||
alice $2a$14$osbZTr.aovwDoO8WULE7hu0rF8YbrZt5Ltp0W.tIARgkE8525HLCG | ||
} | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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To add more users, simply add more lines to the `basicauth` section: | ||
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``` | ||
basicauth / { | ||
alice $2a$14$osbZTr.aovwDoO8WULE7hu0rF8YbrZt5Ltp0W.tIARgkE8525HLCG | ||
bob $2a$14$INrlWVMNeuULZYnkVIBclefLHGmXLB.WQdKQGr/FjpeJYDrmGUN1e | ||
carol $2a$14$nPEUHsqMDS7YfuVzo1n3iecRBexUI9wQINymbnedI0iG4E.Pchfe6 | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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Finally, reload the Caddy server: `sudo systemctl reload caddy` | ||
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Visitors should now be prompted for a username and password: | ||
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![](images/basic-auth.png) |
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