Add command to bump .python-version(s) files to latest patch version

[tfsingh]

This PR adds a command (uv python patch) which bumps the distributions listed in .python-versions(s) files to the latest patch version available.

The general strategy for finding the latest patch is to

1. check downloads
2. fallback to system versions

Note that tests may not be deterministic as patches are added — this has been documented. I picked Python versions that I believe should be installed on CI runners (based on this):

Closes #7569.

[zanieb]

I think I'd spell this as a flag for uv python pin like --upgrade.

[tfsingh]

@zanieb @charliermarsh Any thoughts on how to best address the discrepancy in the Windows runners installing Python 3.8.10, while Ubuntu/Mac install 3.8.12? Looks like I shouldn't modify the CI script to specify a patch:

We do not test with Python patch versions on Windows, so we can use setup-python instead of our bootstrapping code, this is much faster on the extremely slow GitHub Windows runners.

My thought is to use a cfg! clause to skip the test on windows. I checked if we could potentially modify the version used by mac/ubuntu (3.8.12) to 3.8.10, but the runners don't seem to install 3.8.10 on Windows every time (see this job, where 3.10.11 was installed).

[zanieb]

I would mark the test as requiring the python-patch feature

[tfsingh]

Thanks for the tip! Should be ready for a pass (failure seems unrelated)