Add filesystem func to transform a path to a URI (#55454)

In a few places across Base and the stdlib, we emit paths that we like
people to be able to click on in their terminal and editor. Up to this
point, we have relied on auto-filepath detection, but this does not
allow for alternative link text, such as contracted paths.

Doing so (via OSC 8 terminal links for example) requires filepath URI
encoding.

This functionality was previously part of a PR modifying stacktrace
printing (#51816), but after that became held up for unrelated reasons
and another PR appeared that would benefit from this utility (#55335),
I've split out this functionality so it can be used before the
stacktrace printing PR is resolved.

base/path.jl

@@ -613,3 +613,59 @@ relpath(path::AbstractString, startpath::AbstractString) =
 for f in (:isdirpath, :splitdir, :splitdrive, :splitext, :normpath, :abspath)
     @eval $f(path::AbstractString) = $f(String(path))
 end
+
+"""
+    uripath(path::AbstractString)
+
+Encode `path` as a URI as per [RFC8089: The "file" URI
+Scheme](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8089), [RFC3986: Uniform Resource
+Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986), and
+the [Freedesktop File URI spec](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/file-uri-spec/).
+
+## Examples
+
+```julia-repl
+julia> uripath("/home/user/example file.jl") # On a unix machine
+"file://<hostname>/home/user/example%20file.jl"
+
+juila> uripath("C:\\Users\\user\\example file.jl") # On a windows machine
+"file:///C:/Users/user/example%20file.jl"
+```
+"""
+function uripath end
+
+@static if Sys.iswindows()
+    function uripath(path::String)
+        percent_escape(s) = # RFC3986 Section 2.1
+            '%' * join(map(b -> uppercase(string(b, base=16)), codeunits(s)), '%')
+        encode_uri_component(s) = # RFC3986 Section 2.3
+            replace(s, r"[^A-Za-z0-9\-_.~/]+" => percent_escape)
+        path = abspath(path)
+        if startswith(path, "\\\\") # UNC path, RFC8089 Appendix E.3
+            unixpath = join(eachsplit(path, path_separator_re, keepempty=false), '/')
+            string("file://", encode_uri_component(unixpath)) # RFC8089 Section 2
+        else
+            drive, localpath = splitdrive(path) # Assuming that non-UNC absolute paths on Windows always have a drive component
+            unixpath = join(eachsplit(localpath, path_separator_re, keepempty=false), '/')
+            encdrive = replace(encode_uri_component(drive), "%3A" => ':', "%7C" => '|') # RFC8089 Appendices D.2, E.2.1, and E.2.2
+            string("file:///", encdrive, '/', encode_uri_component(unixpath)) # RFC8089 Section 2
+        end
+    end
+else
+    function uripath(path::String)
+        percent_escape(s) = # RFC3986 Section 2.1
+            '%' * join(map(b -> uppercase(string(b, base=16)), codeunits(s)), '%')
+        encode_uri_component(s) = # RFC3986 Section 2.3
+            replace(s, r"[^A-Za-z0-9\-_.~/]+" => percent_escape)
+        localpath = join(eachsplit(abspath(path), path_separator_re, keepempty=false), '/')
+        host = if ispath("/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/WSLInterop") # WSL sigil
+            distro = get(ENV, "WSL_DISTRO_NAME", "") # See <https://patrickwu.space/wslconf/>
+            "wsl\$/$distro" # See <https://github.com/microsoft/terminal/pull/14993> and <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/filesystems>
+        else
+            gethostname() # Freedesktop File URI Spec, Hostnames section
+        end
+        string("file://", encode_uri_component(host), '/', encode_uri_component(localpath)) # RFC8089 Section 2
+    end
+end
+
+uripath(path::AbstractString) = uripath(String(path))

test/path.jl

@@ -311,6 +311,19 @@
         test_relpath()
     end
 
+    @testset "uripath" begin
+        host = if Sys.iswindows() "" else gethostname() end
+        sysdrive, uridrive = if Sys.iswindows() "C:\\", "C:/" else "/", "" end
+        @test Base.Filesystem.uripath("$(sysdrive)some$(sep)file.txt") == "file://$host/$(uridrive)some/file.txt"
+        @test Base.Filesystem.uripath("$(sysdrive)another$(sep)$(sep)folder$(sep)file.md") == "file://$host/$(uridrive)another/folder/file.md"
+        @test Base.Filesystem.uripath("$(sysdrive)some file with ^odd% chars") == "file://$host/$(uridrive)some%20file%20with%20%5Eodd%25%20chars"
+        @test Base.Filesystem.uripath("$(sysdrive)weird chars like @#&()[]{}") == "file://$host/$(uridrive)weird%20chars%20like%20%40%23%26%28%29%5B%5D%7B%7D"
+        @test Base.Filesystem.uripath("$sysdrive") == "file://$host/$uridrive"
+        @test Base.Filesystem.uripath(".") == Base.Filesystem.uripath(pwd())
+        @test Base.Filesystem.uripath("$(sysdrive)unicode$(sep)Δεδομένα") == "file://$host/$(uridrive)unicode/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1"
+        @test Base.Filesystem.uripath("$(sysdrive)unicode$(sep)🧮🐛🔨") == "file://$host/$(uridrive)unicode/%F0%9F%A7%AE%F0%9F%90%9B%F0%9F%94%A8"
+    end
+
     if Sys.iswindows()
         @testset "issue #23646" begin
             @test lowercase(relpath("E:\\a\\b", "C:\\c")) == "e:\\a\\b"