CI: Add runners that build with CUDA on Ubuntu

[mmuetzel]

This extends the matrix for the Ubuntu runners to include builds with and without CUDA.

I hope that will be useful in testing.

[mmuetzel]

The workaround for nvlink is needed because those three libraries are empty on Ubuntu. nvlink seems to require that a static library consists of at least one object file (even if that object file is empty).
According to internet sources, this is fixed in newer versions of nvlink. Version 11.7 is reported to work correctly with those original empty libraries. But Ubuntu 22.04 distributes version 11.5.

Maybe, that work-around can be removed when the CI on GitHub switches to Ubuntu 24.04 (probably some time next year).

[DrTimothyAldenDavis]

Awesome -- thanks. I'll merge it as soon as the checks complete.

[DrTimothyAldenDavis]

I'm currently working on SPQR, by adding the test coverage suite for 32-bit integers added by @Wimmerer. A few changes to CHOLMOD to support that update, as well. Those changes shouldn't conflict with these changes to the build.yaml.