chore(ci): upgrade pyenv, upgrade python versions, add 3.13-dev (#9665)

The one major change here is setting Python 3.12 as the default for the
image instead of the existing 3.10.

I cannot remember why we have 3.10 as the default, so it felt harmless
to change this to 3.12.

## Checklist

- [x] Change(s) are motivated and described in the PR description
- [x] Testing strategy is described if automated tests are not included
in the PR
- [x] Risks are described (performance impact, potential for breakage,
maintainability)
- [x] Change is maintainable (easy to change, telemetry, documentation)
- [x] [Library release note
guidelines](https://ddtrace.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes.html)
are followed or label `changelog/no-changelog` is set
- [x] Documentation is included (in-code, generated user docs, [public
corp docs](https://github.com/DataDog/documentation/))
- [x] Backport labels are set (if
[applicable](https://ddtrace.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing.html#backporting))
- [x] If this PR changes the public interface, I've notified
`@DataDog/apm-tees`.

## Reviewer Checklist

- [ ] Title is accurate
- [ ] All changes are related to the pull request's stated goal
- [ ] Description motivates each change
- [ ] Avoids breaking
[API](https://ddtrace.readthedocs.io/en/stable/versioning.html#interfaces)
changes
- [ ] Testing strategy adequately addresses listed risks
- [ ] Change is maintainable (easy to change, telemetry, documentation)
- [ ] Release note makes sense to a user of the library
- [ ] Author has acknowledged and discussed the performance implications
of this PR as reported in the benchmarks PR comment
- [ ] Backport labels are set in a manner that is consistent with the
[release branch maintenance
policy](https://ddtrace.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing.html#backporting)

docker/.python-version

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-3.10.11
-3.7.16
-3.8.16
-3.9.16
-3.11.3
-3.12.0
+3.12
+3.7
+3.8
+3.9
+3.10
+3.11
+3.13-dev

docker/Dockerfile

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ RUN curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | \
     sh -s -- --default-toolchain stable -y
 
 # Install pyenv and necessary Python versions
-RUN git clone --depth 1 --branch v2.3.33 https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv "${PYENV_ROOT}" \
+RUN git clone --depth 1 --branch v2.4.2 https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv "${PYENV_ROOT}" \
   && cd /root \
   && pyenv local | xargs -L 1 pyenv install \
   && cd -