misc: replace regex-based type parser with character-based one

[romm]

This commit introduced a complete rewrite of the first layer of the type parser. The previous one would use regex to split a raw type in tokens, but that led to limitations — mostly concerning quoted strings — that are now fixed.

Example of previous limitations, now solved:

// Union of strings containing space chars
(new MapperBuilder())
    ->mapper()
    ->map(
        "'foo bar'|'baz fiz'",
        'baz fiz'
    );

// Shaped array with special chars in the key
(new MapperBuilder())
    ->mapper()
    ->map(
        "array{'some & key': string}",
        ['some & key' => 'value']
    );

Fixes #309