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NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 253:
Announcements of Future Feature Removals and Incompatible Changes:
* We intend to remove cgroup v1 support from systemd release after the
end of 2023. If you run services that make explicit use of cgroup v1
features (i.e. the "legacy hierarchy" with separate hierarchies for
each controller), please implement compatibility with cgroup v2 (i.e.
the "unified hierarchy") sooner rather than later. Most of Linux
userspace has been ported over already.
* We intend to remove support for split-usr (/usr mounted separately
during boot) and unmerged-usr (parallel directories /bin and
/usr/bin, /lib and /usr/lib, etc). This will happen in the second
half of 2023, in the first release that falls into that time window.
For more details, see:
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2022-September/048352.html
* We intend to change behaviour w.r.t. units of the per-user service
manager and sandboxing options, so that they work without having to
manually enable PrivateUsers= as well, which is not required for
system units. To make this work, we will implicitly enable user
namespaces (PrivateUsers=yes) when a sandboxing option is enabled in a
user unit. The drawback is that system users will no longer be visible
(and appear as 'nobody') to the user unit when a sandboxing option is
enabled. By definition a sandboxed user unit should run with reduced
privileges, so impact should be small. This will remove a great source
of confusion that has been reported by users over the years, due to
how these options require an extra setting to be manually enabled when
used in the per-user service manager, as opposed as to the system
service manager. We plan to enable this change in the next release
later this year. For more details, see:
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2022-December/048682.html
Deprecations and incompatible changes:
* systemctl will now warn when invoked without /proc/ mounted
(e.g. when invoked after chroot() into an directory tree without the
API mount points like /proc/ being set up.) Operation in such an
environment is not fully supported.
* The return value of 'systemctl is-active|is-enabled|is-failed' for
unknown units is changed: previously 1 or 3 were returned, but now 4
(EXIT_PROGRAM_OR_SERVICES_STATUS_UNKNOWN) is used as documented.
* 'udevadm hwdb' subcommand is deprecated and will emit a warning.
systemd-hwdb (added in 2014) should be used instead.
* 'bootctl --json' now outputs a single JSON array, instead of a stream
of newline-separated JSON objects.
* Udev rules in 60-evdev.rules have been changed to load hwdb
properties for all modalias patterns. Previously only the first
matching pattern was used. This could change what properties are
assigned if the user has more and less specific patterns that could
match the same device, but it is expected that the change will have
no effect for most users.
* systemd-networkd-wait-online exits successfully when all interfaces
are ready or unmanaged. Previously, if neither '--any' nor
'--interface=' options were used, at least one interface had to be in
configured state. This change allows the case where systemd-networkd
is enabled, but no interfaces are configured, to be handled
gracefully. It may occur in particular when a different network
manager is also enabled and used.
* Some compatibility helpers were dropped: EmergencyAction= in the user
manager, as well as measuring kernel command line into PCR 8 in
systemd-stub, along with the -Defi-tpm-pcr-compat compile-time
option.
* The '-Dupdate-helper-user-timeout=' build-time option has been
renamed to '-Dupdate-helper-user-timeout-sec=', and now takes an
integer as parameter instead of a string.
* The DDI image dissection logic (which backs RootImage= in service
unit files, the --image= switch in various tools such as
systemd-nspawn, as well as systemd-dissect) will now only mount file
systems of types btrfs, ext4, xfs, erofs, squashfs, vfat. This list
can be overridden via the $SYSTEMD_DISSECT_FILE_SYSTEMS environment
variable. These file systems are fairly well supported and maintained
in current kernels, while others are usually more niche, exotic or
legacy and thus typically do not receive the same level of security
support and fixes.
* The default per-link multicast DNS mode is changed to "yes"
(that was previously "no"). As the default global multicast DNS mode
has been "yes" (but can be changed by the build option), now the
multicast DNS is enabled on all links by default. You can disable the
multicast DNS on all links by setting MulticastDNS= in resolved.conf,
or on an interface by calling "resolvectl mdns INTERFACE no".
New components:
* A tool 'ukify' tool to build, measure, and sign Unified Kernel Images
(UKIs) has been added. This replaces functionality provided by
'dracut --uefi' and extends it with automatic calculation of PE file
offsets, insertion of signed PCR policies generated by
systemd-measure, support for initrd concatenation, signing of the
embedded Linux image and the combined image with sbsign, and
heuristics to autodetect the kernel uname and verify the splash
image.
Changes in systemd and units:
* A new service type Type=notify-reload is defined. When such a unit is
reloaded a UNIX process signal (typically SIGHUP) is sent to the main
service process. The manager will then wait until it receives a
"RELOADING=1" followed by a "READY=1" notification from the unit as
response (via sd_notify()). Otherwise, this type is the same as
Type=notify. A new setting ReloadSignal= may be used to change the
signal to send from the default of SIGHUP.
[email protected], systemd-networkd.service, systemd-udevd.service, and
systemd-logind have been updated to this type.
* Initrd environments which are not on a pure memory file system (e.g.
overlayfs combination as opposed to tmpfs) are now supported. With
this change, during the initrd → host transition ("switch root")
systemd will erase all files of the initrd only when the initrd is
backed by a memory file system such as tmpfs.
* New per-unit MemoryZSwapMax= option has been added to configure
memory.zswap.max cgroup properties (the maximum amount of zswap
used).
* A new LogFilterPatterns= option has been added for units. It may be
used to specify accept/deny regular expressions for log messages
generated by the unit, that shall be enforced by systemd-journald.
Rejected messages are neither stored in the journal nor forwarded.
This option may be used to suppress noisy or uninteresting messages
from units.
* The manager has a new
org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager.GetUnitByPIDFD() D-Bus method to
query process ownership via a PIDFD, which is more resilient against
PID recycling issues.
* Scope units now support OOMPolicy=. Login session scopes default to
OOMPolicy=continue, allowing login scopes to survive the OOM killer
terminating some processes in the scope.
* systemd-fstab-generator now supports x-systemd.makefs option for
/sysroot/ (in the initrd).
* The maximum rate at which daemon reloads are executed can now be
limited with the new ReloadLimitIntervalSec=/ReloadLimitBurst=
options. (Or the equivalent on the kernel command line:
systemd.reload_limit_interval_sec=/systemd.reload_limit_burst=). In
addition, systemd now logs the originating unit and PID when a reload
request is received over D-Bus.
* When enabling a swap device systemd will now reinitialize the device
when the page size of the swap space does not match the page size of
the running kernel. Note that this requires the 'swapon' utility to
provide the '--fixpgsz' option, as implemented by util-linux, and it
is not supported by busybox at the time of writing.
* systemd now executes generator programs in a mount namespace
"sandbox" with most of the file system read-only and write access
restricted to the output directories, and with a temporary /tmp/
mount provided. This provides a safeguard against programming errors
in the generators, but also fixes here-docs in shells, which
previously didn't work in early boot when /tmp/ wasn't available
yet. (This feature has no security implications, because the code is
still privileged and can trivially exit the sandbox.)
* The system manager will now parse a new "vmm.notify_socket"
system credential, which may be supplied to a VM via SMBIOS. If
found, the manager will send a "READY=1" notification on the
specified socket after boot is complete. This allows readiness
notification to be sent from a VM guest to the VM host over a VSOCK
socket.
* The sample PAM configuration file for [email protected] now
includes a call to pam_namespace. This puts children of [email protected]
in the expected namespace. (Many distributions replace their file
with something custom, so this change has limited effect.)
* A new environment variable $SYSTEMD_DEFAULT_MOUNT_RATE_LIMIT_BURST
can be used to override the mount units burst late limit for
parsing '/proc/self/mountinfo', which was introduced in v249.
Defaults to 5.
* Drop-ins for init.scope changing control group resource limits are
now applied, while they were previously ignored.
* New build-time configuration options '-Ddefault-timeout-sec=' and
'-Ddefault-user-timeout-sec=' have been added, to let distributions
choose the default timeout for starting/stopping/aborting system and
user units respectively.
* Service units gained a new setting OpenFile= which may be used to
open arbitrary files in the file system (or connect to arbitrary
AF_UNIX sockets in the file system), and pass the open file
descriptor to the invoked process via the usual file descriptor
passing protocol. This is useful to give unprivileged services access
to select files which have restrictive access modes that would
normally not allow this. It's also useful in case RootDirectory= or
RootImage= is used to allow access to files from the host environment
(which is after all not visible from the service if these two options
are used.)
Changes in udev:
* The new net naming scheme "v253" has been introduced. In the new
scheme, ID_NET_NAME_PATH is also set for USB devices not connected via
a PCI bus. This extends the coverage of predictable interface names
in some embedded systems.
The "amba" bus path is now included in ID_NET_NAME_PATH, resulting in
a more informative path on some embedded systems.
* Partition block devices will now also get symlinks in
/dev/disk/by-diskseq/<seq>-part<n>, which may be used to reference
block device nodes via the kernel's "diskseq" value. Previously those
symlinks were only created for the main block device.
* A new operator '-=' is supported for SYMLINK variables. This allows
symlinks to be unconfigured even if an earlier rule added them.
* 'udevadm --trigger --settle' now also works for network devices
that are being renamed.
Changes in sd-boot, bootctl, and the Boot Loader Specification:
* systemd-boot now passes its random seed directly to the kernel's RNG
via the LINUX_EFI_RANDOM_SEED_TABLE_GUID configuration table, which
means the RNG gets seeded very early in boot before userspace has
started.
* systemd-boot will pass a disk-backed random seed – even when secure
boot is enabled – if it can additionally get a random seed from EFI
itself (via EFI's RNG protocol), or a prior seed in
LINUX_EFI_RANDOM_SEED_TABLE_GUID from a preceding bootloader.
* systemd-boot-system-token.service was renamed to
systemd-boot-random-seed.service and extended to always save a random
seed to ESP on every boot when a compatible boot loader is used. This
allows a refreshed random seed to be used in the boot loader.
* systemd-boot handles various seed inputs using a domain- and
field-separated hashing scheme.
* systemd-boot's 'random-seed-mode' option has been removed. A system
token is now always required to be present for random seeds to be
used.
* systemd-boot now supports being loaded from other locations than the
ESP, for example for direct kernel boot under QEMU or when embedded
into the firmware.
* systemd-boot now parses SMBIOS information to detect
virtualization. This information is used to skip some warnings which
are not useful in a VM and to conditionalize other aspects of
behaviour.
* systemd-boot now supports a new 'if-safe' mode that will perform UEFI
Secure Boot automated certificate enrollment from the ESP only if it
is considered 'safe' to do so. At the moment 'safe' means running in
a virtual machine.
* systemd-stub now processes random seeds in the same way as
systemd-boot already does, in case a unified kernel image is being
used from a different bootloader than systemd-boot, or without any
boot load at all.
* bootctl will now generate a system token on all EFI systems, even
virtualized ones, and is activated in the case that the system token
is missing from either sd-boot and sd-stub booted systems.
* bootctl now implements two new verbs: 'kernel-identify' prints the
type of a kernel image file, and 'kernel-inspect' provides
information about the embedded command line and kernel version of
UKIs.
* bootctl now honours $KERNEL_INSTALL_CONF_ROOT with the same meaning
as for kernel-install.
* The JSON output of "bootctl list" will now contain two more fields:
isDefault and isSelected are boolean fields set to true on the
default and currently booted boot menu entries.
* bootctl gained a new verb "unlink" for removing a boot loader entry
type #1 file from disk in a safe and robust way.
* bootctl also gained a new verb "cleanup" that automatically removes
all files from the ESP's and XBOOTLDR's "entry-token" directory, that
is not referenced anymore by any installed Type #1 boot loader
specification entry. This is particularly useful in environments where
a large number of entries reference the same or partly the same
resources (for example, for snapshot-based setups).
Changes in kernel-install:
* A new "installation layout" can be configured as layout=uki. With
this setting, a Boot Loader Specification Type#1 entry will not be
created. Instead, a new kernel-install plugin 90-uki-copy.install
will copy any .efi files from the staging area into the boot
partition. A plugin to generate the UKI .efi file must be provided
separately.
Changes in systemctl:
* 'systemctl reboot' has dropped support for accepting a positional
argument as the argument to the reboot(2) syscall. Please use the
--reboot-argument= option instead.
* 'systemctl disable' will now warn when called on units without
install information. A new --no-warn option has been added that
silences this warning.
* New option '--drop-in=' can be used to tell 'systemctl edit' the name
of the drop-in to edit. (Previously, 'override.conf' was always
used.)
* 'systemctl list-dependencies' now respects --type= and --state=.
* 'systemctl kexec' now supports XEN VMM environments.
* 'systemctl edit' will now tell the invoked editor to jump into the
first line with actual unit file data, skipping over synthesized
comments.
Changes in systemd-networkd and related tools:
* The [DHCPv4] section in .network file gained new SocketPriority=
setting that assigns the Linux socket priority used by the DHCPv4 raw
socket. This may be used in conjunction with the
EgressQOSMaps=setting in [VLAN] section of .netdev file to send the
desired ethernet 802.1Q frame priority for DHCPv4 initial
packets. This cannot be achieved with netfilter mangle tables because
of the raw socket bypass.
* The [DHCPv4] and [IPv6AcceptRA] sections in .network file gained a
new QuickAck= boolean setting that enables the TCP quick ACK mode for
the routes configured by the acquired DHCPv4 lease or received router
advertisements (RAs).
* The RouteMetric= option (for DHCPv4, DHCPv6, and IPv6 advertised
routes) now accepts three values, for high, medium, and low preference
of the router (which can be set with the RouterPreference=) setting.
* systemd-networkd-wait-online now supports matching via alternative
interface names.
* The [DHCPv6] section in .network file gained new SendRelease=
setting which enables the DHCPv6 client to send release when
it stops. This is the analog of the [DHCPv4] SendRelease= setting.
It is enabled by default.
* If the Address= setting in [Network] or [Address] sections in .network
specified without its prefix length, then now systemd-networkd assumes
/32 for IPv4 or /128 for IPv6 addresses.
* networkctl shows network and link file dropins in status output.
Changes in systemd-dissect:
* systemd-dissect gained a new option --list, to print the paths of
all files and directories in a DDI.
* systemd-dissect gained a new option --mtree, to generate a file
manifest compatible with BSD mtree(5) of a DDI
* systemd-dissect gained a new option --with, to execute a command with
the specified DDI temporarily mounted and used as working
directory. This is for example useful to convert a DDI to "tar"
simply by running it within a "systemd-dissect --with" invocation.
* systemd-dissect gained a new option --discover, to search for
Discoverable Disk Images (DDIs) in well-known directories of the
system. This will list machine, portable service and system extension
disk images.
* systemd-dissect now understands 2nd stage initrd images stored as a
Discoverable Disk Image (DDI).
* systemd-dissect will now display the main UUID of GPT DDIs (i.e. the
disk UUID stored in the GPT header) among the other data it can show.
* systemd-dissect gained a new --in-memory switch to operate on an
in-memory copy of the specified DDI file. This is useful to access a
DDI with write access without persisting any changes. It's also
useful for accessing a DDI without keeping the originating file
system busy.
* The DDI dissection logic will now automatically detect the intended
sector size of disk images stored in files, based on the GPT
partition table arrangement. Loopback block devices for such DDIs
will then be configured automatically for the right sector size. This
is useful to make dealing with modern 4K sector size DDIs fully
automatic. The systemd-dissect tool will now show the detected sector
size among the other DDI information in its output.
Changes in systemd-repart:
* systemd-repart gained new options --include-partitions= and
--exclude-partitions= to filter operation on partitions by type UUID.
This allows systemd-repart to be used to build images in which the
type of one partition is set based on the contents of another
partition (for example when the boot partition shall include a verity
hash of the root partition).
* systemd-repart also gained a --defer-partitions= option that is
similar to --exclude-partitions=, but the size of the partition is
still taken into account when sizing partitions, but without
populating it.
* systemd-repart gained a new --sector-size= option to specify what
sector size should be used when an image is created.
* systemd-repart now supports generating erofs file systems via
CopyFiles= (a read-only file system similar to squashfs).
* The Minimize= option was extended to accept "best" (which means the
most minimal image possible, but may require multiple attempts) and
"guess" (which means a reasonably small image).
* The systemd-growfs binary now comes with a regular unit file template
[email protected] which can be instantiated directly for any
desired file system. (Previously, the unit was generated dynamically
by various generators, but no regular unit file template was
available.)
Changes in journal tools:
* Various systemd tools will append extra fields to log messages when
in debug mode, or when SYSTEMD_ENABLE_LOG_CONTEXT=1 is set. Currently
this includes information about D-Bus messages when sd-bus is used,
e.g. DBUS_SENDER=, DBUS_DESTINATION=, and DBUS_PATH=, and information
about devices when sd-device is used, e.g. DEVNAME= and DRIVER=.
Details of what is logged and when are subject to change.
* The systemd-journald-audit.socket can now be disabled via the usual
"systemctl disable" mechanism to stop collection of audit
messages. Please note that it is not enabled statically anymore and
must be handled by the preset/enablement logic in package
installation scripts.
* New options MaxUse=, KeepFree=, MaxFileSize=, and MaxFiles= can
be used to curtail disk use by systemd-journal-remote. This is
similar to the options supported by systemd-journald.
Changes in systemd-cryptenroll, systemd-cryptsetup, and related
components:
* When enrolling new keys systemd-cryptenroll now supports unlocking
via FIDO2 tokens (option --unlock-fido2-device=). Previously, a
password was strictly required to be specified.
* systemd-cryptsetup now supports pre-flight requests for FIDO2 tokens
(except for tokens with user verification, UV) to identify tokens
before authentication. Multiple FIDO2 tokens can now be enrolled at
the same time, and systemd-cryptsetup will automatically select one
that corresponds to one of the available LUKS key slots.
* systemd-cryptsetup now supports new options tpm2-measure-bank= and
tpm2-measure-pcr= in crypttab(5). These allow specifying the TPM2 PCR
bank and number into which the volume key should be measured. This is
automatically enabled for the encrypted root volume discovered and
activated by systemd-gpt-auto-generator.
* systemd-gpt-auto-generator mounts the ESP and XBOOTLDR partitions with
"noexec,nosuid,nodev".
* systemd-gpt-auto-generator will now honour the rootfstype= and
rootflags= kernel command line switches for root file systems it
discovers, to match behaviour in case an explicit root fs is
specified via root=.
* systemd-pcrphase gained new options --machine-id and --file-system=
to measure the machine-id and mount point information into PCR 15. New
service unit files systemd-pcrmachine.service and
[email protected] have been added that invoke the tool with
these switches during early boot.
* systemd-pcrphase gained a --graceful switch will make it exit cleanly
with a success exit code even if no TPM device is detected.
* systemd-cryptenroll now stores the user-supplied PIN with a salt,
making it harder to brute-force.
Changes in other tools:
* systemd-homed gained support for luksPbkdfForceIterations (the
intended number of iterations for the PBKDF operation on LUKS).
* Environment variables $SYSTEMD_HOME_MKFS_OPTIONS_BTRFS,
$SYSTEMD_HOME_MKFS_OPTIONS_EXT4, and $SYSTEMD_HOME_MKFS_OPTIONS_XFS
may now be used to specify additional arguments for mkfs when
systemd-homed formats a file system.
* systemd-hostnamed now exports the contents of
/sys/class/dmi/id/bios_vendor and /sys/class/dmi/id/bios_date via two
new D-Bus properties: FirmwareVendor and FirmwareDate. This allows
unprivileged code to access those values.
systemd-hostnamed also exports the SUPPORT_END= field from
os-release(5) as OperatingSystemSupportEnd. hostnamectl make uses of
this to show the status of the installed system.
* systemd-measure gained an --append= option to sign multiple phase
paths with different signing keys. This allows secrets to be
accessible only in certain parts of the boot sequence. Note that
'ukify' provides similar functionality in a more accessible form.
* systemd-timesyncd will now write a structured log message with
MESSAGE_ID set to SD_MESSAGE_TIME_BUMP when it bumps the clock based
on a on-disk timestamp, similarly to what it did when reaching
synchronization via NTP.
* systemd-timesyncd will now update the on-disk timestamp file on each
boot at least once, making it more likely that the system time
increases in subsequent boots.
* systemd-vconsole-setup gained support for system/service credentials:
vconsole.keymap/vconsole.keymap_toggle and
vconsole.font/vconsole.font_map/vconsole.font_unimap are analogous
the similarly-named options in vconsole.conf.
* systemd-localed will now save the XKB keyboard configuration to
/etc/vconsole.conf, and also read it from there with a higher
preference than the /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/00-keyboard.conf config
file. Previously, this information was stored in the former file in
converted form, and only in latter file in the original form. Tools
which want to access keyboard configuration can now do so from a
standard location.
* systemd-resolved gained support for configuring the nameservers and
search domains via kernel command line (nameserver=, domain=) and
credentials (network.dns, network.search_domains).
* systemd-resolved will now synthesize host names for the DNS stub
addresses it supports. Specifically when "_localdnsstub" is resolved,
127.0.0.53 is returned, and if "_localdnsproxy" is resolved
127.0.0.54 is returned.
* systemd-notify will now send a "RELOADING=1" notification when called
with --reloading, and "STOPPING=1" when called with --stopping. This
can be used to implement notifications from units where it's easier
to call a program than to use the sd-daemon library.
* systemd-analyze's 'plot' command can now output its information in
JSON, controlled via the --json= switch. Also, new --table, and
--no-legend options have been added.
* 'machinectl enable' will now automatically enable machines.target
unit in addition to adding the machine unit to the target.
Similarly, 'machinectl start|stop' gained a --now option to enable or
disable the machine unit when starting or stopping it.
* systemd-sysusers will now create /etc/ if it is missing.
* systemd-sleep 'HibernateDelaySec=' setting is changed back to
pre-v252's behaviour, and a new 'SuspendEstimationSec=' setting is
added to provide the new initial value for the new automated battery
estimation functionality. If 'HibernateDelaySec=' is set to any value,
the automated estimate (and thus the automated hibernation on low
battery to avoid data loss) functionality will be disabled.
* Default tmpfiles.d/ configuration will now automatically create
credentials storage directory '/etc/credstore/' with the appropriate,
secure permissions. If '/run/credstore/' exists, its permissions will
be fixed too in case they are not correct.
Changes in libsystemd and shared code:
* sd-bus gained new convenience functions sd_bus_emit_signal_to(),
sd_bus_emit_signal_tov(), and sd_bus_message_new_signal_to().
* sd-id128 functions now return -EUCLEAN (instead of -EIO) when the
128bit ID in files such as /etc/machine-id has an invalid
format. They also accept NULL as output parameter in more places,
which is useful when the caller only wants to validate the inputs and
does not need the output value.
* sd-login gained new functions sd_pidfd_get_session(),
sd_pidfd_get_owner_uid(), sd_pidfd_get_unit(),
sd_pidfd_get_user_unit(), sd_pidfd_get_slice(),
sd_pidfd_get_user_slice(), sd_pidfd_get_machine_name(), and
sd_pidfd_get_cgroup(), that are analogous to sd_pid_get_*(),
but accept a PIDFD instead of a PID.
* sd-path (and systemd-path) now export four new paths:
SD_PATH_SYSTEMD_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_GENERATOR,
SD_PATH_SYSTEMD_USER_ENVIRONMENT_GENERATOR,
SD_PATH_SYSTEMD_SEARCH_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_GENERATOR, and
SD_PATH_SYSTEMD_SEARCH_USER_ENVIRONMENT_GENERATOR,
* sd_notify() now supports AF_VSOCK as transport for notification
messages (in addition to the existing AF_UNIX support). This is
enabled if $NOTIFY_SOCKET is set in a "vsock:CID:port" format.
* Detection of chroot() environments now works if /proc/ is not
mounted. This affects systemd-detect-virt --chroot, but also means
that systemd tools will silently skip various operations in such an
environment.
* "Lockheed Martin Hardened Security for Intel Processors" (HS SRE)
virtualization is now detected.
Changes in the build system:
* Standalone variants of systemd-repart and systemd-shutdown may now be
built (if -Dstandalone=true).
* systemd-ac-power has been moved from /usr/lib/ to /usr/bin/, to, for
example, allow scripts to conditionalize execution on AC power
supply.
* The libp11kit library is now loaded through dlopen(3).
Changes in the documentation:
* Specifications that are not closely tied to systemd have moved to
https://uapi-group.org/specifications/: the Boot Loader Specification
and the Discoverable Partitions Specification.
Contributions from: 김인수, 13r0ck, Aidan Dang, Alberto Planas,
Alvin Šipraga, Andika Triwidada, AndyChi, angus-p, Anita Zhang,
Antonio Alvarez Feijoo, Arsen Arsenović, asavah, Benjamin Fogle,
Benjamin Tissoires, berenddeschouwer, BerndAdameit,
Bernd Steinhauser, blutch112, cake03, Callum Farmer, Carlo Teubner,
Charles Hardin, chris, Christian Brauner, Christian Göttsche,
Cristian Rodríguez, Daan De Meyer, Dan Streetman, DaPigGuy,
Darrell Kavanagh, David Tardon, dependabot[bot], Dirk Su,
Dmitry V. Levin, drosdeck, Edson Juliano Drosdeck, edupont,
Eric DeVolder, Erik Moqvist, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabian Gurtner,
Felix Riemann, Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, Geert Lorang,
Gerd Hoffmann, Gio, Hannoskaj, Hans de Goede, Hugo Carvalho,
igo95862, Ilya Leoshkevich, Ivan Shapovalov, Jacek Migacz,
Jade Lovelace, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jan Macku, January,
Jason A. Donenfeld, jcg, Jean-Tiare Le Bigot, Jelle van der Waa,
Jeremy Linton, Jian Zhang, Jiayi Chen, Jia Zhang, Joerg Behrmann,
Jörg Thalheim, Joshua Goins, joshuazivkovic, Joshua Zivkovic,
Kai-Chuan Hsieh, Khem Raj, Koba Ko, Lennart Poettering, lichao,
Li kunyu, Luca Boccassi, Luca BRUNO, Ludwig Nussel,
Łukasz Stelmach, Lycowolf, marcel151, Marcus Schäfer, Marek Vasut,
Mark Laws, Michael Biebl, Michał Kotyla, Michal Koutný,
Michal Sekletár, Mike Gilbert, Mike Yuan, MkfsSion, ml,
msizanoen1, mvzlb, MVZ Ludwigsburg, Neil Moore, Nick Rosbrook,
noodlejetski, Pasha Vorobyev, Peter Cai, p-fpv, Phaedrus Leeds,
Philipp Jungkamp, Quentin Deslandes, Raul Tambre, Ray Strode,
reuben olinsky, Richard E. van der Luit, Richard Phibel,
Ricky Tigg, Robin Humble, rogg, Rudi Heitbaum, Sam James,
Samuel Cabrero, Samuel Thibault, Siddhesh Poyarekar, Simon Brand,
Space Meyer, Spindle Security, Steve Ramage, Takashi Sakamoto,
Thomas Haller, Tonći Galić, Topi Miettinen, Torsten Hilbrich,
Tuetuopay, uerdogan, Ulrich Ölmann, Valentin David,
Vitaly Kuznetsov, Vito Caputo, Waltibaba, Will Fancher,
William Roberts, wouter bolsterlee, Youfu Zhang, Yu Watanabe,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Дамјан Георгиевски,
наб
— Warsaw, 2023-02-15
CHANGES WITH 252 🎃:
Announcements of Future Feature Removals:
* We intend to remove cgroup v1 support from systemd release after the
end of 2023. If you run services that make explicit use of cgroup v1
features (i.e. the "legacy hierarchy" with separate hierarchies for
each controller), please implement compatibility with cgroup v2 (i.e.
the "unified hierarchy") sooner rather than later. Most of Linux
userspace has been ported over already.
* We intend to remove support for split-usr (/usr mounted separately
during boot) and unmerged-usr (parallel directories /bin and
/usr/bin, /lib and /usr/lib, etc). This will happen in the second
half of 2023, in the first release that falls into that time window.
For more details, see:
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2022-September/048352.html
Compatibility Breaks:
* ConditionKernelVersion= checks that use the '=' or '!=' operators
will now do simple string comparisons (instead of version comparisons
á la stverscmp()). Version comparisons are still done for the
ordering operators '<', '>', '<=', '>='. Moreover, if no operator is
specified, a shell-style glob match is now done. This creates a minor
incompatibility compared to older systemd versions when the '*', '?',
'[', ']' characters are used, as these will now match as shell globs
instead of literally. Given that kernel version strings typically do
not include these characters we expect little breakage through this
change.
* The service manager will now read the SELinux label used for SELinux
access checks from the unit file at the time it loads the file.
Previously, the label would be read at the moment of the access
check, which was problematic since at that time the unit file might
already have been updated or removed.
New Features:
* systemd-measure is a new tool for calculating and signing expected
TPM2 PCR values for a given unified kernel image (UKI) booted via
sd-stub. The public key used for the signature and the signed
expected PCR information can be embedded inside the UKI. This
information can be extracted from the UKI by external tools and code
in the image itself and is made available to userspace in the booted
kernel.
systemd-cryptsetup, systemd-cryptenroll, and systemd-creds have been
updated to make use of this information if available in the booted
kernel: when locking an encrypted volume/credential to the TPM
systemd-cryptenroll/systemd-creds will use the public key to bind the
volume/credential to any kernel that carries PCR information signed
by the same key pair. When unlocking such volumes/credentials
systemd-cryptsetup/systemd-creds will use the signature embedded in
the booted UKI to gain access.
Binding TPM-based disk encryption to public keys/signatures of PCR
values — instead of literal PCR values — addresses the inherent
"brittleness" of traditional PCR-bound TPM disk encryption schemes:
disks remain accessible even if the UKI is updated, without any TPM
specific preparation during the OS update — as long as each UKI
carries the necessary PCR signature information.
Net effect: if you boot a properly prepared kernel, TPM-bound disk
encryption now defaults to be locked to kernels which carry PCR
signatures from the same key pair. Example: if a hypothetical distro
FooOS prepares its UKIs like this, TPM-based disk encryption is now –
by default – bound to only FooOS kernels, and encrypted volumes bound
to the TPM cannot be unlocked on kernels from other sources. (But do
note this behaviour requires preparation/enabling in the UKI, and of
course users can always enroll non-TPM ways to unlock the volume.)
* systemd-pcrphase is a new tool that is invoked at six places during
system runtime, and measures additional words into TPM2 PCR 11, to
mark milestones of the boot process. This allows binding access to
specific TPM2-encrypted secrets to specific phases of the boot
process. (Example: LUKS2 disk encryption key only accessible in the
initrd, but not later.)
Changes in systemd itself, i.e. the manager and units
* The cpu controller is delegated to user manager units by default, and
CPUWeight= settings are applied to the top-level user slice units
(app.slice, background.slice, session.slice). This provides a degree
of resource isolation between different user services competing for
the CPU.
* Systemd can optionally do a full preset in the "first boot" condition
(instead of just enable-only). This behaviour is controlled by the
compile-time option -Dfirst-boot-full-preset. Right now it defaults
to 'false', but the plan is to switch it to 'true' for the subsequent
release.
* Drop-ins are now allowed for transient units too.
* Systemd will set the taint flag 'support-ended' if it detects that
the OS image is past its end-of-support date. This date is declared
in a new /etc/os-release field SUPPORT_END= described below.
* Two new settings ConditionCredential= and AssertCredential= can be
used to skip or fail units if a certain system credential is not
provided.
* ConditionMemory= accepts size suffixes (K, M, G, T, …).
* DefaultSmackProcessLabel= can be used in system.conf and user.conf to
specify the SMACK security label to use when not specified in a unit
file.
* DefaultDeviceTimeoutSec= can be used in system.conf and user.conf to
specify the default timeout when waiting for device units to
activate.
* C.UTF-8 is used as the default locale if nothing else has been
configured.
* [Condition|Assert]Firmware= have been extended to support certain
SMBIOS fields. For example
ConditionFirmware=smbios-field(board_name = "Custom Board")
conditionalizes the unit to run only when
/sys/class/dmi/id/board_name contains "Custom Board" (without the
quotes).
* ConditionFirstBoot= now correctly evaluates as true only during the
boot phase of the first boot. A unit executed later, after booting
has completed, will no longer evaluate this condition as true.
* Socket units will now create sockets in the SELinuxContext= of the
associated service unit, if any.
* Boot phase transitions (start initrd → exit initrd → boot complete →
shutdown) will be measured into TPM2 PCR 11, so that secrets can be
bound to a specific runtime phase. E.g.: a LUKS encryption key can be
unsealed only in the initrd.
* Service credentials (i.e. SetCredential=/LoadCredential=/…) will now
also be provided to ExecStartPre= processes.
* Various units are now correctly ordered against
initrd-switch-root.target where previously a conflict without
ordering was configured. A stop job for those units would be queued,
but without the ordering it could be executed only after
initrd-switch-root.service, leading to units not being restarted in
the host system as expected.
* In order to fully support the IPMI watchdog driver, which has not yet
been ported to the new common watchdog device interface,
/dev/watchdog0 will be tried first and systemd will silently fallback
to /dev/watchdog if it is not found.
* New watchdog-related D-Bus properties are now published by systemd:
WatchdogDevice, WatchdogLastPingTimestamp,
WatchdogLastPingTimestampMonotonic.
* At shutdown, API virtual files systems (proc, sys, etc.) will be
unmounted lazily.
* At shutdown, systemd will now log about processes blocking unmounting
of file systems.
* A new meson build option 'clock-valid-range-usec-max' was added to
allow disabling system time correction if RTC returns a timestamp far
in the future.
* Propagated restart jobs will no longer be discarded while a unit is
activating.
* PID 1 will now import system credentials from SMBIOS Type 11 fields
("OEM vendor strings"), in addition to qemu_fwcfg. This provides a
simple, fast and generic path for supplying credentials to a VM,
without involving external tools such as cloud-init/ignition.
* The CPUWeight= setting of unit files now accepts a new special value
"idle", which configures "idle" level scheduling for the unit.
* Service processes that are activated due to a .timer or .path unit
triggering will now receive information about this via environment
variables. Note that this is information is lossy, as activation
might be coalesced and only one of the activating triggers will be
reported. This is hence more suited for debugging or tracing rather
than for behaviour decisions.
* The riscv_flush_icache(2) system call has been added to the list of
system calls allowed by default when SystemCallFilter= is used.
* The selinux context derived from the target executable, instead of
'init_t' used for the manager itself, is now used when creating
listening sockets for units that specify SELinuxContextFromNet=yes.
Changes in sd-boot, bootctl, and the Boot Loader Specification:
* The Boot Loader Specification has been cleaned up and clarified.
Various corner cases in version string comparisons have been fixed
(e.g. comparisons for empty strings). Boot counting is now part of
the main specification.
* New PCRs measurements are performed during boot: PCR 11 for the
kernel+initrd combo, PCR 13 for any sysext images. If a measurement
took place this is now reported to userspace via the new
StubPcrKernelImage and StubPcrInitRDSysExts EFI variables.
* As before, systemd-stub will measure kernel parameters and system
credentials into PCR 12. It will now report this fact via the
StubPcrKernelParameters EFI variable to userspace.
* The UEFI monotonic boot counter is now included in the updated random
seed file maintained by sd-boot, providing some additional entropy.
* sd-stub will use LoadImage/StartImage to execute the kernel, instead
of arranging the image manually and jumping to the kernel entry
point. sd-stub also installs a temporary UEFI SecurityOverride to
allow the (unsigned) nested image to be booted. This is safe because
the outer (signed) stub+kernel binary must have been verified before
the stub was executed.
* Booting in EFI mixed mode (a 64-bit kernel over 32-bit UEFI firmware)
is now supported by sd-boot.
* bootctl gained a bunch of new options: --all-architectures to install
binaries for all supported EFI architectures, --root= and --image=
options to operate on a directory or disk image, and
--install-source= to specify the source for binaries to install,
--efi-boot-option-description= to control the name of the boot entry.
* The sd-boot stub exports a StubFeatures flag, which is used by
bootctl to show features supported by the stub that was used to boot.
* The PE section offsets that are used by tools that assemble unified
kernel images have historically been hard-coded. This may lead to
overlapping PE sections which may break on boot. The UKI will now try
to detect and warn about this.
Any tools that assemble UKIs must update to calculate these offsets
dynamically. Future sd-stub versions may use offsets that will not
work with the currently used set of hard-coded offsets!
* sd-stub now accepts (and passes to the initrd and then to the full
OS) new PE sections '.pcrsig' and '.pcrkey' that can be used to embed
signatures of expected PCR values, to allow sealing secrets via the
TPM2 against pre-calculated PCR measurements.
Changes in the hardware database:
* 'systemd-hwdb query' now supports the --root= option.
Changes in systemctl:
* systemctl now supports --state= and --type= options for the 'show'
and 'status' verbs.
* systemctl gained a new verb 'list-automounts' to list automount
points.
* systemctl gained support for a new --image= switch to be able to
operate on the specified disk image (similar to the existing --root=
which operates relative to some directory).
Changes in systemd-networkd:
* networkd can set Linux NetLabel labels for integration with the
network control in security modules via a new NetLabel= option.
* The RapidCommit= is (re-)introduced to enable faster configuration
via DHCPv6 (RFC 3315).
* networkd gained a new option TCPCongestionControlAlgorithm= that
allows setting a per-route TCP algorithm.
* networkd gained a new option KeepFileDescriptor= to allow keeping a
reference (file descriptor) open on TUN/TAP interfaces, which is
useful to avoid link flaps while the underlying service providing the
interface is being serviced.
* RouteTable= now also accepts route table names.
Changes in systemd-nspawn:
* The --bind= and --overlay= options now support relative paths.
* The --bind= option now supports a 'rootidmap' value, which will
use id-mapped mounts to map the root user inside the container to the
owner of the mounted directory on the host.
Changes in systemd-resolved:
* systemd-resolved now persists DNSOverTLS in its state file too. This
fixes a problem when used in combination with NetworkManager, which
sends the setting only once, causing it to be lost if resolved was
restarted at any point.
* systemd-resolved now exposes a varlink socket at
/run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve.Monitor, accessible only for
root. Processed DNS requests in a JSON format will be published to
any clients connected to this socket.
resolvectl gained a 'monitor' verb to make use of this.
* systemd-resolved now treats unsupported DNSSEC algorithms as INSECURE
instead of returning SERVFAIL, as per RFC:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6840#section-5.2
* OpenSSL is the default crypto backend for systemd-resolved. (gnutls
is still supported.)
Changes in libsystemd and other libraries:
* libsystemd now exports sd_bus_error_setfv() (a convenience function
for setting bus errors), sd_id128_string_equal (a convenience
function for 128bit ID string comparisons), and
sd_bus_message_read_strv_extend() (a function to incrementally read
string arrays).
* libsystemd now exports sd_device_get_child_first()/_next() as a
high-level interface for enumerating child devices. It also supports
sd_device_new_child() for opening a child device given a device
object.
* libsystemd now exports sd_device_monitor_set()/get_description()
which allow setting a custom description that will be used in log
messages by sd_device_monitor*.
* Private shared libraries (libsystemd-shared-nnn.so,
libsystemd-core-nnn.so) are now installed into arch-specific
directories to allow multi-arch installs.
* A new sd-gpt.h header is now published, listing GUIDs from the
Discoverable Partitions specification. For more details see:
https://systemd.io/DISCOVERABLE_PARTITIONS/
* A new function sd_hwdb_new_from_path() has been added to open a hwdb
database given an explicit path to the file.
* The signal number argument to sd_event_add_signal() now can now be
ORed with the SD_EVENT_SIGNAL_PROCMASK flag, causing sigprocmask() to
be automatically invoked to block the specified signal. This is
useful to simplify invocations as the caller doesn't have to do this
manually.