quickstart.ipynb

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    "# Quickstart Tutorial for RAGxplorer\n",
    "\n",
    "In this tutorial, you will learn how to use the `RAGxplorer` package. It will help you visualize your RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) embeddings of an external document, such as a PDF, against user queries. Additionally, you will discover how to visualize outputs from various models, including the default `all-MiniLM-L6-v2` embedding model, OpenAI models, and HuggingFace models.\n",
    "\n",
    "The package performs the following steps to an external document:\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Loads text from external document\n",
    "2. An embedding model is selected to vectorize the text into embedding chunks\n",
    "3. Chroma is used to store embeddings into a vector database\n",
    "4. [UMAP dimensionality reduction](https://umap-learn.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) is applied to the embeddings\n",
    "5. 2D projection of embedding chunks is visualized using Plotly, highlighting chunks most relevant to the user query\n",
    "\n",
    "We will use the [Singapore National AI Strategy](https://file.go.gov.sg/nais2023.pdf) as an example document.\n",
    "\n",
    "First, let's import `ragxplorer` library."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import os\n",
    "import requests\n",
    "from urllib.parse import urlparse\n",
    "from typing import Optional\n",
    "\n",
    "from ragxplorer import RAGxplorer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Next, let's download a pdf to embed and visualize."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "pdf_url = \"https://file.go.gov.sg/nais2023.pdf\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def download_pdf(pdf_url: str, filename: Optional[str] = None, output_dir: Optional[str] = None) -> str:\n",
    "    if output_dir is None:\n",
    "        output_dir = os.getcwd()\n",
    "    if filename is None:\n",
    "        filename = os.path.basename(urlparse(pdf_url).path)\n",
    "    output_path = os.path.join(output_dir, filename)\n",
    "    response = requests.get(pdf_url)\n",
    "    response.raise_for_status()\n",
    "    with open(output_path, \"wb\") as f:\n",
    "        f.write(response.content)\n",
    "    print(f\"Downloaded file saved at:\\n{output_path}\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "    return output_path"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "pdf_path = download_pdf(pdf_url)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Embedding with Sentence Transformer Model `all-MiniLM-L6-v2` \n",
    "\n",
    "Using this embedding model in `RAGxplorer` does not require an API, whereas using HuggingFace and OpenAI embeddings models does require an API.\n",
    "\n",
    "For information about this model:\n",
    "* https://www.sbert.net/\n",
    "* https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " ~ Building the vector database...\n",
      "Completed Building Vector Database ✓\n",
      " ~ Reducing the dimensionality of embeddings...\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|██████████| 95/95 [01:21<00:00,  1.16it/s]\n"
     ]
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    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Completed reducing dimensionality of embeddings ✓\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|██████████| 1/1 [00:00<00:00,  1.22it/s]\n"
     ]
    },
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          "ai for the public good for singapore and the world cover image generated by<br>adobe firefly contents | 1 contents 03foreword 05introduction 13national ai<br>strategy 2. 0 system 1 research industry government17activity drivers system 2<br>placemaking talent capabilities33people & communities system 3 trusted<br>environment compute data47infrastructure & environment leader in thought and<br>action 65a whole - of - nation movementour vision and goals our plan",
          "foreword | 3 2023 is a landmark year for artificial intelligence ( ai ). recent<br>advances, especially in generative ai, have opened doors to new possibilities.<br>the most powerful ai models provide human - like intelligence, or a close proxy<br>of it, to do anything from clinical diagnoses to self - driving cars. these<br>advances have also precipitated many important conversations – about the<br>potential of ai, its harms, and even on what it means to be human. singapore<br>believes in the transformative potential of ai. our second national ai strategy,<br>or nais 2. 0, represents singapore ’ s commitment to realise the benefits of ai,<br>and to create exciting new opportunities. it outlines our vision for singapore<br>to be a place where ai serves as a force for good, and where we harness ai to<br>uplift and empower our people and businesses. singapore may be a small island<br>state, but we have big dreams and plans. we will participate",
          "introduction | 9 the recent breakthroughs in ai demand a renewed focus by<br>singapore to refine our national strategies for ai : [UNK] greater capabilities.<br>ai is now more powerful and accessible. we therefore need to work with producers<br>and users of ai in a more concerted manner, because responsible development and<br>deployment do not happen by chance. [UNK] greater concerns. there are growing<br>concerns over the safety and security risks of ai, particularly generative ai<br>models. these range from fears over malicious attacks on ai models, to the<br>current inscrutability of large language models ( llms ), which calls into<br>question the validity, credibility, and legality of their output. such concerns<br>have garnered attention from many around the world. there are also new<br>competitive realities around ai : [UNK] resources and talent for ai are scarce.<br>these are concentrated within a few companies and countries, intensifying<br>economic competition, as well as geostrategic and resilience risks.",
          "| introduction 10 we will therefore make three shifts from our first national ai<br>strategy : from opportunity to necessity. people “ must know ” ai, not just see<br>it as a “ good to have ”. we need both technical experts and savvy users to<br>maximise ai ’ s potential for singapore. from local to global. our people and<br>businesses should operate with the ambition to be world - leading in ai.<br>singapore should be well - connected to global innovation networks, working with<br>the best to overcome complex challenges surrounding ai today ( e. g. energy,<br>data, and ethics ). singapore must contribute to ai breakthroughs and products<br>that the world values. from projects to systems. for ai to have widespread and<br>positive impact on our economy and society, singapore has to move beyond<br>flagship national ai projects. we will take a systems approach, bringing<br>together stakeholders within and outside singapore to add to our resources,<br>capabilities, and infrastructure, accelerate the exchange of ideas, and",
          "administer ai - enabled solutions at scale.",
          "introduction | 11 we believe that singapore can and will succeed, given ( a )<br>our position as a trusted global partner and major business hub, ( b ) our pro -<br>innovation and business - friendly operating environment, ( c ) our strong<br>knowledge base and capable workforce, and ( d ) our successful track record in<br>transforming our economy. we are a nation of industrious people, known for being<br>reliable and trustworthy, and in whose hands ai may flourish. it is with these<br>convictions that we set out singapore ’ s second national ai strategy ( nais 2.<br>0 ), which will also drive the next bound of our smart nation journey. working<br>together with our international network of friends and partners, we shall use ai<br>to be a force for good, generating new economic opportunities and improving<br>societies everywhere.",
          "national ai strategy 2. 0 | 13 national ai strategy 2. 0 developed through<br>extensive engagements, nais 2. 0 starts with the conviction that we must do our<br>utmost to harness ai for the public good, for singapore and the world. singapore<br>will be a place where ai can : [UNK] address the needs and challenges of our<br>time. for example, in areas of global importance such as population health and<br>climate change. [UNK] be the great equaliser. we shall uplift and empower our<br>people and businesses, equipping them with the capabilities and resources to<br>thrive in an ai - enabled future. nais 2. 0 seeks to attain the twin goals of :<br>our vision and goals excellence. we will selectively develop peaks of excellence<br>in ai, to advance the field and maximise value creation. empowerment. we will<br>raise up individuals, businesses, and communities to use ai with confidence,<br>discernment, and trust.",
          "| national ai strategy 2. 0 14 to achieve our vision and goals, we will direct<br>efforts under nais 2. 0 toward three systems, working through 10 enablers. [UNK]<br>system 1 : activity drivers ( enablers : industry, government, research ).<br>industry, government, and public research performers have deep technical<br>capabilities that can be applied to deliver value. we need to orchestrate them<br>around meaningful use cases and problem statements to transform our economy and<br>society. [UNK] system 2 : people & communities ( enablers : talent,<br>capabilities, placemaking ). we will attract more top - tier researchers and<br>engineers to work with and from singapore. more of our technology workforce<br>should work to scale novel ai solutions, that form part of the toolkit which a<br>confident base of enterprises and workers can use. [UNK] system 3 :<br>infrastructure & environment ( enablers : compute, data, trusted environment,<br>leader in thought and action ). we will ensure that singapore",
          "hosts the necessary infrastructure and provides a trusted environment for ai<br>innovation. this will make us a credible leader and preferred site for ai<br>development, deployment, and adoption. this strategy statement outlines 15<br>actions that singapore will undertake across these systems and enablers, to<br>support our ambitions over the next 3 - 5 years. we will continually review<br>these actions to respond to fast - moving developments in ai, across domains.<br>our plans",
          "national ai strategy 2. 0 | 15",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 17 activity driverssystem 1 industry, government,<br>and research drive ai activity, from basic science to product r & d and<br>adoption. together, they help singapore leverage the rapid innovation cycles in<br>ai for the economy and our society. singapore has built up a strong and<br>promising base of ai capabilities, which we should harness to significantly<br>uplift the broader ecosystem. we will encourage greater experimentation and<br>collaboration, focusing on interesting and impactful challenges, to reap greater<br>benefits from ai. ai trailblazersfeature story in july 2023, the ministry of<br>communications and information ( mci ), digital industry singapore ( disg ),<br>smart nation and digital government office ( sndgo ), together with google<br>cloud, launched ai trailblazers. this rapid prototyping initiative was a world ’<br>s first, giving businesses and government agencies free access to google cloud ’<br>s ai toolsets",
          "fully in ai research and deployment, to do things that were not possible before,<br>and bring benefits to ourselves and others outside singapore. hence, our vision<br>for nais 2. 0 is to achieve ai for the public good, for singapore and the world.<br>this report spells out how we will achieve our vision. it sets out our plans to<br>build a thriving ai ecosystem ; develop our workforce to take on new<br>opportunities ; provide enough infrastructural capacity to achieve our ambitions<br>; and foster a trusted environment that protects users and facilitates<br>innovation. in the end, our plans are only as good as our collective ability to<br>implement them. that ’ s why we welcome all stakeholders and partners to join us<br>in this shared endeavour. let us work together to realise the full potential of<br>ai in our lives. lawrence wong deputy prime minister & minister for<br>financeforewo rd",
          "for up to three months, with the aim of generating 100 generative ai use cases<br>in 100 days, across the private and public sectors. mrs. josephine teo, minister<br>for communications and information, at the launch event for the ai trailblazers<br>initiative at the google asia pacific campus. by working with the best - in -<br>class to provide an innovation sandbox for ai development, singapore was not<br>only able to spark more experimentation, but also gave many more business owners<br>the confidence to invest further resources once they were able to see the<br>potential of ai in delivering their business objectives.",
          "[UNK] ai for business operations, where ai can optimise and transform business<br>functions ( e. g. customer relationship management, finance, human resources,<br>legal, sales and marketing, and supply chain management ). [UNK] ai for science,<br>where the use of ai can accelerate research productivity across scientific<br>domains ( e. g. drug discovery ). [UNK] foundational ai, where scientific<br>advancements are still needed to improve ai ’ s abilities. for a start, we will<br>double down on three specific themes – reasoning ai, resource - efficient ai,<br>and responsible ai 3 – with a view to making ai less costly, more widely - used,<br>and most importantly, trusted. 3 reasoning ai improves ai systems ’ ability to<br>understand logical and physical concepts, and explain their output ; resource -<br>efficient ai can help reduce ai ’ s growing reliance on data and compute, while<br>still ensuring performance gains ; responsible ai is critical to mitigate the<br>risks of ai and ensure that ai is trustworthy, safe, and secure.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 19 * e. g. customer relationship management,<br>finance, human resources, legal, sales and marketing, and supply chain.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 20 singapore ’ s knowledge - intensive economy is<br>especially exposed to ai. our industries and enterprises need to be responsive,<br>and ready to create ai - driven opportunities that will strengthen singapore ’ s<br>economic competitiveness. this will help workers and industries set the pace and<br>shape their own future, rather than face untimely disruption. many companies<br>have already embarked on ai - enabled innovation projects, which are often<br>focused on the application layer. while these are useful and have made a<br>difference, there is scope for us to go further. deep and transformative ai<br>innovation today increasingly requires integrated capabilities from across the<br>entire technology stack ( i. e. including model and infrastructure layers ).<br>there must also be a stronger nexus between sophisticated end - users and<br>leading - edge ai innovators and producers. to anchor transformative ai<br>innovation and value creation in singapore, the",
          "government has a key role in curating the right incentives ( e. g. targeted<br>grants ), resources ( e. g. compute and talent ), regulatory frameworks, and<br>partners. for a start, we will adopt a sector - specific, use case - centric<br>approach, and we will focus our initial efforts on leading economic sectors<br>assessed to be most ready for ai - driven transformation. done well, we will<br>have a thriving industry ecosystem in singapore, with significant value creation<br>from ai, and capabilities across the ai technology stack. ai will complement our<br>workforce, boost our productivity, and be a differentiating factor in attracting<br>best - in - class companies to singapore. we will also seed a virtuous cycle<br>where industry end - users can tap into a dense network of ai producers, who in<br>turn are motivated by the presence of strong, industry - relevant lead demand<br>and product mandates. enabler 1 industry",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 21 anchor new ai centres of excellence ( coes )<br>across companies, and explore establishing sectoral ai coes to drive<br>sophisticated ai value creation and usage in key sectorsaction 1 we will attract<br>and anchor new ai coes in singapore - based companies that are leading - edge<br>producers ( e. g. technology companies, start - ups ) and sophisticated end -<br>users, in order to conduct value creation activities across the ai stack. these<br>ai coes will ( a ) concentrate and deepen companies ’ innovation capabilities<br>across the ai stack ; ( b ) own core ai product charters and functions ; and ( c<br>) align with the peaks of excellence that singapore aims to build. their roles<br>could include creating new intellectual property, products, and services, beyond<br>optimising business processes. in addition, we will explore establishing a new<br>model of sectoral ai coes to intensify sophisticated ai value creation and usage<br>in selected economic sectors.",
          "we will work with industry champions4 to identify sector use cases and crowd in<br>a broader base of researchers and companies in the sector. 4 industry champions<br>refer to enterprise leaders that can form lead demand for ai solutions, boost<br>their sector ’ s competitiveness, uplift the capabilities of their supply<br>chains, and generate spin - offs for the broader sector ecosystem.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 22 american express decision science coefeature<br>story in december 2022, american express set up a decision science coe in<br>singapore focusing on data science applications in the areas of credit and fraud<br>risk model development using ai, machine learning ( ml ), and natural language<br>processing ( nlp ). american express expanded the coe in november 2023 to also<br>use ai and ml to optimise its customer marketing and service, and create<br>personalised and relevant experiences across digital channels. the coe will also<br>create a generative ai r & d practice focused on new ai applications for<br>servicing, risk, and technology. jacqueline poh, managing director, economic<br>development board ( edb ) and anna marrs, group president, global commercial<br>services and credit & fraud risk, american express at the official opening of<br>the american express decision science center of excellence. ( photo credit :<br>american express )",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 23 strengthen our ai start - up ecosystem,<br>including attracting ai - focused accelerator programmes to spur rapid ai<br>experimentationaction 2 in concert with private sector partners, we will<br>strengthen the ai start - up ecosystem along several pillars. this includes<br>attracting more venture builders and developing more accelerator programmes. we<br>want to speed up ai value discovery across industry, and nurture a pipeline of<br>disruptive, ai - native start - ups. these accelerator programmes could be led<br>by a mix of big technology companies and venture capital firms. they will<br>provide the capital, business and technical expertise, infrastructure, and<br>market networks to spur rapid ai experimentation. we will nurture globally -<br>oriented ai innovators to create intellectual property and scale to more<br>markets.",
          "introduction | 5 since the release of chatgpt by openai on 30 november 2022,<br>artificial intelligence ( ai ) 1 has gone mainstream. recent breakthroughs,<br>particularly those in the realm of generative ai, have resulted in ai<br>proliferating quickly. ai is moving beyond its traditional, narrow approaches,<br>towards more general, almost human - like characteristics. the ability of<br>chatgpt to draft, depict, translate, understand context, and provide seemingly<br>meaningful responses to our questions, has captured the imagination of not just<br>scientists and experts, but all of us. for governments, these developments have<br>raised new and critical questions around the risks and responsibilities<br>associated with the development and use of such a powerful technology, even as<br>ai continues to reinforce and remind us of what it means to be human. in<br>singapore, where the vast majority of our people already frequently interact",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 24 the government is committed to the continuous<br>improvement of public service delivery for our people and businesses. we will<br>harness ai to serve the public in more impactful ways. enabler 2 government<br>oneservice chatbotfeature story the municipal services office and the government<br>technology agency ( govtech ) launched the oneservice chatbot to enable citizens<br>to lodge complaints and provide information on them via commonly used social<br>messaging apps ( i. e. whatsapp and telegram ). powered by ai, the chatbot can (<br>a ) automatically identify and classify complaints into the appropriate category<br>( e. g. litter, illegal parking ), ( b ) extract the relevant details of the<br>incident that need attention, and ( c ) identify and inform the relevant<br>government agency to follow up on the case. with this, citizens can easily<br>provide municipal feedback without having to figure out which agency they should<br>contact. agencies can also attend to cases more quickly.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 25 for the government to better harness ai, we<br>need to : [UNK] develop, deploy, and integrate more useful and powerful ai -<br>enabled products. these include customised or commercial off - the - shelf<br>solutions. they can support the government ’ s needs, both general ( e. g. smart<br>transcription tools for citizen support services ) and specialised ( e. g.<br>detecting anomalies in financial statements and transactions to assist anti -<br>money laundering efforts ). [UNK] drive mass awareness and adoption of ai across<br>the public service. this will encourage public officers to use ai - enabled<br>products and services confidently, for more efficient and effective public<br>service delivery. [UNK] work with industry and the public to better identify use<br>cases and address pain points using ai. this can be done through well -<br>structured ideathons, hackathons, and incubator programmes. feature story pair<br>is a large language model ( llm ) - powered suite of tools for government<br>officers",
          "that allows the safe and secure use of llms within the government ’ s it<br>systems. its base capabilities include ideation, drafting, text and natural<br>language processing, coding, and data analysis, making it a versatile tool for<br>various tasks that public officers commonly undertake. pair chat is the first<br>application to be developed within the suite. it functions on a question - and -<br>answer format, powered by the same llms underlying chatgpt. thousands of public<br>servants regularly access pair chat to increase their productivity at work. pair",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 26 improve public service productivity, with new<br>value propositions for our citizensaction 3 the government will accelerate<br>public sector adoption of ai to unlock new value propositions for our people and<br>businesses. this will take place at two levels : [UNK] smart nation priorities.<br>government agencies equipped with the specialised knowledge, technical<br>capabilities, and regulatory tools for these domains ( e. g. healthcare and<br>education ) will develop and lead sector - specific ai strategies, to address<br>the needs and challenges of these domains. [UNK] whole - of - government<br>functional domains. these include finance, human resources, and service<br>delivery, which are key to transforming government processes and services for<br>the better. all government agencies that lead such functions will identify and<br>optimise specific business lines with ai, and build internal capabilities to<br>deliver business outcomes.",
          "the government will coordinate the resources needed to support public sector ai<br>adoption. for example, through central funding to support or scale - up novel<br>and impactful use cases, facilitating cross - agency data sharing, providing<br>access to high - performance compute and associated engineering capabilities (<br>e. g. through ai trailblazers ), and issuing facilitative policy guidelines. we<br>will also uplift the ai literacy baseline and sharpen the ai proficiency of all<br>public officers. we will develop and roll out targeted courses to impart ai<br>skills, for different public sector workforce segments ( e. g. senior<br>management, policy, and operational roles ).",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 27 a strong community of scientists and<br>researchers contributes to a vibrant ai ecosystem in singapore. [UNK] they add<br>to our overall technical heft, making us attractive to other top researchers,<br>investors, and entrepreneurs, to create new value in ai. this can generate other<br>economic spin - offs, such as the creation of well - paying jobs, start - up<br>growth, and sophisticated venture capital investments. [UNK] their research<br>breakthroughs can also translate into commercial products, which can be used by<br>our companies and across government agencies to realise better outcomes. [UNK]<br>their presence helps secure an enduring competitive advantage in ai for<br>singapore. over the last few decades, innovators in silicon valley and other ai<br>research hubs ( e. g. beijing, boston, montreal, seattle, and toronto ) have led<br>these places ’ technological prowess. singapore will similarly need strong<br>research credentials.",
          "singapore will take a pragmatic yet bold approach to building up and sustaining<br>our leadership in select areas of ai research. enabler 3 research",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 28 update national ai r & d plans to sustain<br>leadership in select research areasaction 4 we intend to update our national ai<br>r & d plans in five ways : research priorities, industry - academia nexus,<br>talent, compute, and international collaborations. [UNK] research priorities. to<br>optimise our limited resources for impact, we will be selective in our ai<br>research priorities, and align them to the peaks of excellence that singapore<br>hopes to build. [UNK] industry - academia nexus. we will foster more r & d<br>collaboration between academia and industry, capitalising on the growing<br>porosity of talent and innovation activities across the two spheres.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 29 aisg ’ s 100 experiments programmefeature story<br>100 experiments ( 100e ) is aisg ’ s flagship programme, aimed at solving ai<br>problem statements proposed by industry where no commercial off - the - shelf ai<br>solutions exist. as part of this, aisg helps pair companies with public<br>researchers to develop ai solutions that address the former ’ s problem<br>statement, and provides co - funding of up to s $ 330, 000 per project. several<br>companies, from a range of sectors, have participated in the 100e programme. one<br>example is q & m dental group ’ s em2ai, which worked with aisg to create an ai<br>model that helps dentists review x - ray images to detect disease, present<br>findings as dental charts, and recommend appropriate treatment plans. q & m<br>dental group has deployed this model across more than 150 clinics in singapore<br>and malaysia. another example is tencent ’ s lightspeed studios, a globally -<br>leading game developer that",
          "with digital technologies to transact with the government and businesses, and<br>are also digitally engaged at work, ai has been both commonplace and an uncommon<br>force. introduction 1 ai refers to a set of capabilities through which computer<br>systems can demonstrate human - like behaviour and complete tasks which<br>typically require human intelligence. it is considered a general - purpose<br>technology which can be applied across a wide range of sectors. some of its<br>varied applications include advanced web search, recommendation and decision<br>systems, advanced problem - solving, understanding speech and natural language,<br>perception ( for applications like facial recognition, image labelling, or<br>autonomous vehicles ), and generative ai tools ( including large language models<br>) that can produce various types of content, including text, images, audio, and<br>synthetic data.",
          "published games like pubg mobile. under the project, lightspeed studios<br>partnered aisg to develop a text - to - speech system to support the narration<br>of game storylines, so that gamers who speak malay can experience the games in<br>their native language. through 100e, q & m dental group ’ s em2ai has developed<br>an ai model that helps dentists, and has deployed this across its clinics in<br>singapore and malaysia. ( photo credit : q & m dental group ) through 100e,<br>lightspeed studios is partnering with aisg to develop a new text - to - speech<br>system for gamers.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 30 [UNK] talent. we will strengthen efforts to<br>recruit top ai researchers to work from and with singapore ( see action 5 ).<br>[UNK] compute. we will secure access, and operate graphics processing units (<br>gpus ) for singapore ’ s research community. this will also build up singapore ’<br>s infrastructure engineering expertise. [UNK] international collaboration. we<br>will expand international research collaboration in areas aligned with our<br>research priorities. this could take the form of joint grant calls or phd<br>training programmes with other countries, or involvement in international<br>conferences. this will allow singapore to level up our current capabilities by<br>working with the best in the world and make a meaningful contribution to global<br>ai development. singapore - republic of korea joint grant call for ai<br>researchfeature story in february 2023, aisg and the republic of korea ( rok ) ’<br>s institute for information &",
          "communication technology planning and evaluation ( iitp ) launched a joint grant<br>call to fund research on ai - based net - zero energy building management<br>optimisation systems. this grant call supported a research project between<br>nanyang technological university and korea university, to study ai - based<br>energy management and optimisation frameworks, to enhance the energy efficiency<br>of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems. the project also<br>drew in industry partners from both countries.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 31 singapore conference on aifeature story in<br>december 2023, mci and smart nation group convened the inaugural singapore<br>conference on ai ( scai ), to bring together a select group of top ai<br>researchers to discuss and articulate the top research problems of ai research,<br>development, and deployment that, if solved, would allow humans and society to<br>flourish. over 40 local and overseas experts from academia, non - profit,<br>industry and government gathered in singapore for scai. scai participants<br>identifying a list of critical questions that need to be addressed to realise ai<br>’ s full potential.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 33 people & communitiessystem 2 tight - knit<br>knowledge communities are critical for ai innovation, driving the exchange of<br>ideas and expertise for research, product development, and the impactful use of<br>ai. singapore must be home to exemplary ai creators, practitioners, and users.<br>we must : [UNK] attract, anchor, and develop more ai creators ( top - tier ai<br>talent ) from industry and academia to work with and from singapore, to generate<br>cutting - edge ai research and drive novel use cases. [UNK] increase the number<br>of ai practitioners ( tech workers ) with the skillsets to create, implement and<br>deploy ai systems, models, and algorithms in organisations, at scale. [UNK]<br>build up a base of confident ai users ( enterprises and general workforce ) that<br>are equipped to use ai - powered products and services to increase productivity,<br>and pursue better jobs and more impactful work. [UNK] accelerate the exchange of<br>ideas, both within our local ai community of",
          "creators, practitioners, and users, and across global networks.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 34 singapore will expand the pool and raise<br>the quality of our ai creators and practitioners, to accelerate ai innovation<br>and support ai activity drivers. [UNK] we must increase the number and diversity<br>of ai creators working from and with singapore, to drive leading - edge r & d<br>activities and product development. [UNK] we must also boost our pipeline of ai<br>practitioners. they are critical to supporting top - tier ai activity,<br>translating innovation into products and services, and transforming our<br>industries. enabler 4 talent",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 35 attract world ’ s top ai creators to work<br>from and with singaporeaction 5 singapore will engage and attract world - class<br>ai creators, from both the public research and industry spheres, to deepen their<br>innovation activities here. we will : [UNK] set up a dedicated team to identify,<br>engage, and anchor ai creators. this team will be the primary interface to<br>facilitate the integration of ai creators into the singapore ecosystem,<br>including through bespoke support mechanisms. [UNK] create novel value<br>propositions to attract ai creators. we will intensify local ai development<br>activities and induct international experts into our ai ecosystem to create the<br>building blocks for success. we will explore possible modalities for doing so,<br>such as hybrid singapore - overseas working arrangements, part - time<br>appointments across industry and academia, and partnerships with international<br>research institutions or companies.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 36 boost ai practitioner pool to 15, 000action<br>6 singapore will boost the pool of ai practitioners to support growing ai<br>demand, by : [UNK] scaling up ai - specific training programmes. we will re -<br>design the ai apprenticeship programme ( aiap ) 5 to significantly increase the<br>number of apprentices we can train annually. we will also work with industry ai<br>product development teams to expand the number of company attachments for our<br>continuing education and training programmes. [UNK] scaling up technology and ai<br>talent pipelines, through pre - employment training and by reskilling and<br>upskilling workers through continuing education and training. [UNK] remaining<br>open to global tech talent. we will continue to welcome global ai talent to work<br>and live in singapore, and contribute to our national efforts. 5 the aiap is<br>currently designed as a 9 - month, full - time, deep - skilling company - led<br>training",
          "programme, that helps trainees acquire ai capabilities by working alongside<br>industry teams on real business problems.",
          "| introduction 6 fundamentally, singapore believes that : [UNK] ai can be a<br>potent force for good, to uplift human potential : [UNK] ai is a technology that<br>will transform cognitive and physical tasks. we expect its benefits to be<br>immense, making today ’ s jobs easier, while bringing within reach activities<br>that were previously computationally impossible. [UNK] this requires us to steer<br>ai for the public good. we must harness ai in a sustainable way to create<br>positive impact – for new opportunities, better jobs, and safer, more meaningful<br>connections. [UNK] ai is strategically important. we must invest in it to :<br>[UNK] unlock the next frontier of economic growth. we must master ai to overcome<br>our labour and productivity challenges. this requires investments in our people,<br>enterprises, and digital infrastructure, so that we can create new jobs and<br>participate in industries of the future. [UNK] address risks from the potential<br>abuse and mismanagement of ai. these",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 37 techskills acceleratorfeature story driven<br>by imda, in collaboration with industry, skillsfuture singapore ( ssg ),<br>workforce singapore ( wsg ), and the national trades union congress ( ntuc ),<br>the techskills accelerator ( tesa ) aims to build and develop a skilled<br>information and communications technology workforce, which includes ai talent.<br>through company - led training programmes and career conversion programmes,<br>amongst others, tesa has partnered industry to train individuals in ai and data<br>analytics, with more than 2, 700 individuals placed in good jobs thus far.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 38 it is important to uplift the ai<br>capabilities of our industries and workforce, to enable our enterprises and<br>workers to reap the benefits of ai, and minimise its disruptive effects. [UNK]<br>ai has the potential to help enterprises increase their productivity and stay<br>relevant, provided they have the capabilities to apply it well. [UNK] workers<br>must also be equipped with the necessary skillsets to utilise ai tools, so that<br>they can increase their productivity, avoid untimely disruptions to their jobs,<br>and help enterprises optimise their operations and improve their<br>competitiveness. while all economies must prepare for ai disruptions, we believe<br>that singapore is well - placed to navigate them. singaporeans have persistently<br>demonstrated resilience and adaptability in the face of change, and the<br>government has a strong track record of managing such nation - wide transitions,<br>whether structural",
          "or cyclical, through our policies and outreach. we will build upon our existing<br>toolkits, schemes, and training programmes, to empower enterprises and workers<br>to adopt ai and stay ahead of the curve. enabler 5 capabilities",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 39 intensify enterprise ai adoption for<br>industry transformationaction 7 singapore will intensify the promotion of ai<br>adoption across all enterprises. [UNK] we have made available tools that<br>enterprises can use to evaluate their readiness to adopt ai. for example, self -<br>assessment tools like aisg ’ s ai readiness index ( airi ) are useful in helping<br>companies identify and map out the capabilities and infrastructure they need for<br>using ai. [UNK] we will promote baseline digital adoption for our enterprises<br>and enhance the enterprise digitalisation toolkit, to support more sophisticated<br>ai adoption. businesses ’ first interactions with ai often happen through their<br>existing enterprise solutions. only after they have had the foundational<br>capabilities in place, and are convinced of ai ’ s benefits, do they then turn<br>to more advanced or bespoke ai business solutions. through programmes like smes<br>go digital and cto - as - a - service ( ctoaas ), the government has",
          "helped businesses gain awareness of suitable ai - enabled solutions. we have<br>also encouraged the adoption of sector - relevant ai solutions, through our<br>refreshed industry digital plans ( idps ). [UNK] for more digitally mature<br>enterprises, we will provide tailored support for ai - enabled business<br>transformation. this includes leveraging imda and enterprisesg ’ s digital<br>leaders programme ( dlp ), which helps companies build in - house digital<br>capabilities, as well as the scoping of impactful ai projects in partnership<br>with ai solution providers.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 40 upskill workforce through sector - specific<br>ai training programmesaction 8 to help workers acquire the necessary skillsets<br>to work with ai, industry transformation map ( itm ) 6 sector leads will develop<br>targeted interventions for their sectoral workforce. ai has multiple<br>applications in different contexts, and itm sector leads are best placed to size<br>the potential impact of ai on their respective industries, and by extension<br>their workforce. sector leads can ride on existing frameworks like the jobs<br>transformation maps ( jtms ) to identify the relevant skillsets needed, and<br>develop appropriate training programmes for ai upskilling and reskilling. 6 itms<br>are roadmaps developed for 23 industries under six clusters to systematically<br>raise productivity, develop skills, drive innovation, and promote<br>internationalisation, so as to catalyse transformation. itms will be refined<br>over time to ensure relevance.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 41 jobs transformation mapsfeature story jtms<br>provide detailed insights on the impact of technology and automation on sectors<br>and their workforce. they identify key technologies that are driving change, and<br>their impact on individual job roles. as existing job roles evolve and new job<br>roles emerge, jtms also identify the pathways for employers to transform jobs<br>and for workers to acquire requisite skills. jtms serve as a useful compass for<br>employers and workers to prepare themselves for the future of work as technology<br>becomes more pervasive in their sectors. one example is the financial services<br>jtm, which studied the impact of ai, advanced analytics, and automation on jobs<br>and skills in the financial services sector in 2019. the jtm helped prioritise<br>the industry ’ s efforts to reskill and redeploy employees in segments that were<br>identified as likely to experience significant changes, such as consumer<br>banking, insurance, and operations.",
          "mas and the institute of banking & finance, with support from wsg, will be<br>studying how generative ai will transform the financial sector, including where<br>generative ai might be deployed, and by when. this will further inform our<br>understanding of how generative ai will impact jobs in the sector, and provide<br>advice on how the workforce should upskill and reskill to perform new and<br>augmented roles.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 42 in a vibrant ecosystem, diverse talent can<br>readily connect with one another and forge meaningful partnerships. there are<br>many talented ai creators and practitioners today, with good ideas that can<br>expand the frontier of ai. the opportunity to spar and collaborate with like -<br>minded peers can enrich these ideas, and accelerate the translation into<br>products and new value. such synergies are seen in global ai hubs such as san<br>francisco, where stakeholders working across all parts of the ai ecosystem are<br>found in close proximity, and the vibrancy of the community in turn attracts the<br>participation of even more talented individuals, companies, and capital. to<br>realise similar benefits, singapore intends to provide more platforms which can<br>bring our ai community together. we want to engage with more of our talent pool,<br>and connect them to global ai experts for greater opportunities to interact",
          "and collaborate. over time, we hope these connections will create a sense of<br>identity and fraternity, and build up a broader singapore ai community that can<br>attest to the support and inspiration that this network provides. enabler 6<br>placemaking",
          "include the misuse of ai to amplify harms ( e. g. scams, cyberattacks, and mis /<br>disinformation ) across society, especially toward vulnerable groups.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 43 establish an iconic ai site to co - locate<br>ai creators and practitioners, and nurture the ai community in singaporeaction 9<br>singapore will establish a dedicated physical place for ai in singapore. this<br>will be a focal point for our community of ai creators and practitioners to form<br>new connections and spark new ideas : [UNK] this place will serve as an<br>intellectual home for both singapore - based individuals and visiting<br>colleagues. we will welcome entrepreneurs, researchers, engineers, apprentices,<br>and students, who are passionate about ai and share our mission orientation, to<br>this place. there, we will include a variety of purpose - built spaces aimed at<br>building up a sense of community and accelerating the exchange of ideas. we will<br>co - create this place in close consultation with ai ecosystem representatives.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 44 raise. sg singapore organised the inaugural<br>raise. sg in july 2023, gathering 27 singapore - linked ai creators and<br>practitioners ( from across academia, industry, and non - profit organisations,<br>based locally and overseas ), to discuss how singapore could prepare and invest<br>for the next bound of our ai journey. the inaugural raise. sg gathered a diverse<br>collection of singapore - linked ai creators and practitioners, to ex - change<br>ideas on the next bound of singapore ’ s ai journey. raise. sg participants also<br>interacted with representa - tives from the local ai community, including<br>through com - munity - building events which drew in start - up founders,<br>investors, and government agencies.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 45 participants emphasised the need to nurture<br>a strong, tight - knit ai community in singapore, concentrating community<br>activities in a focal site to increase opportunities for interactions and the<br>meaningful exchange of ideas. they suggested that this site be : [UNK] supported<br>by a full calendar of ai - related programming, including community - run events<br>such as hackathons, demo days, guest lectures, seminars, and social functions,<br>which create opportunities to build relationships across the community. [UNK]<br>enhanced with a “ digital community ” layer, to enable online collaborations and<br>remote participation in community events by singapore - linked ai talent who are<br>not physically based in singapore. through such virtual interactions, the local<br>ai community can connect more frequently, including with other ai innovation<br>communities elsewhere. the government will explore such suggestions and other<br>ways to support efforts that",
          "strengthen our ai community. for instance, we will work with industry and public<br>research partners to organise more ai - related events, and increase the cadence<br>of ai community networking events such as the ongoing neural networking series.<br>building on the inaugural raise. sg, we will organise regular gatherings of ai<br>experts with a singapore nexus, as well as arrange engagements with prominent<br>foreign - based ai experts and practitioners who visit singapore. feature story",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 47 infrastructure & environmentsystem<br>3 successful ai value creation requires robust and conducive infrastructure and<br>a facilitative environment, where all stages of the ai life cycle are well<br>supported, and everything works the way it should. for singapore, this will<br>involve : [UNK] availing compute and data for ai innovation. these are important<br>building blocks to serve our ai ambitions. [UNK] a trusted environment where ai<br>- enabled innovations and systems are robust and safe, so that our people can<br>engage with ai with confidence. [UNK] safeguarding singapore ’ s ai interests in<br>the international arena. we hope to participate in shaping the international<br>rules of the road that are emerging around ai.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 48 the increasing scale and<br>proliferation of ai models have driven exponential growth in demand for chips<br>that can support ai workloads ( compute ), such as gpus. however, gpus are in<br>short supply, and we face intense global competition to access them. in<br>addition, the resource - intensive nature of ai workloads requires adequate and<br>sustainable infrastructure capacity, which we have to prepare for. to support<br>high value ai activities, singapore must ensure reliable, localised access to<br>high - performance compute, so that industry, academia, and the government have<br>the means to innovate and build here. [UNK] careful management is needed, as<br>this infrastructure will take up significant power, carbon, water, and land, all<br>of which are limited in singapore. [UNK] while most of the compute supply is<br>expected to go toward industry use, we will direct a small proportion towards<br>meritorious use cases that build up",
          "our local research and industry capabilities, or are in service of the public<br>good. we will also work with sustainability leaders in this space, to help<br>singapore achieve our ai ambitions while meeting our sustainability goals.<br>enabler 7 compute",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 49 significantly increase high -<br>performance compute available in singaporeaction 10 we will actively crowd in a<br>significant amount of compute to singapore to support our growing ai needs,<br>especially in areas of national interest. to this end, we will : [UNK] deepen<br>our substantive partnerships with major compute players, ranging from chipmakers<br>to cloud service providers ( csps ), to secure local access to compute capacity.<br>[UNK] support singapore - based compute with the required resource envelope. we<br>will ensure that there is sufficient carbon budget and power allocated to<br>support data centres, that house gpus or their equivalents, to process ai<br>workloads in the near term. in the medium to longer term, we will chart a<br>roadmap towards the growth of net - zero, green data centres that are powered by<br>renewable energy. this includes continued collaborations with industry on<br>innovative proposals to push the sustainability envelope.",
          "[UNK] manage a small subset of singapore - based gpus or their equivalent, to<br>support meritorious use cases for capability building, innovation, and the<br>public good.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 50 ai activity is built upon<br>confident, reliable access to high - quality, relevant datasets. data remains<br>one of the essential factors of production for ai. today, there are more avenues<br>for ai development to overcome the traditional obstacles of data availability<br>and access. the open - source movement has made large quantities of data<br>available, while private sector data marketplaces also facilitate the commercial<br>trading of datasets. meanwhile, it has become easier to create and augment<br>structured datasets for ai, including through the use of synthetic data.<br>national efforts to maximise value from data should therefore pivot away from<br>access and availability, to address other emerging factors. these include<br>improving the quality of datasets, and ensuring that data use for ai development<br>is context - appropriate and operates within trusted data sharing frameworks. we",
          "introduction | 7 singapore is not starting from scratch. some earlier moves in<br>ai include : [UNK] national ai strategy. in 2019, singapore was one of the first<br>countries to introduce a national ai strategy. we embarked on national ai<br>projects in areas like education, healthcare, and safety & security, and<br>invested in enablers to strengthen our ecosystem. [UNK] dedicated investments in<br>ai research and development ( r & d ). we have committed more than s $ 500<br>million through ai singapore ( aisg ) under the research, innovation and<br>enterprise ( rie ) 2020 and 2025 plans. [UNK] ai governance. singapore launched<br>the world ’ s first model ai governance framework in 2019. in 2022, we also<br>launched ai verify, an ai governance testing framework and software toolkit, and<br>made it open source for developers in june 2023.",
          "are also keen to make more government datasets available to solve ai problems of<br>high national priority. done well, we will demonstrate to ai developers that<br>singapore is a conducive place for responsible ai development. [UNK] we want to<br>uncover and avail more good data that ai activity drivers can leverage. while<br>singapore may not have the biggest datasets where size of population is the key<br>determinant, the breadth and depth of our economic base suggest that meaningful<br>datasets can still be mined to generate useful insights and derive new value.<br>enabler 8 data",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 51 [UNK] singapore should continue to<br>lean forward to support industry efforts to employ data for ai. importantly,<br>given increased concerns around data security, we should invest in privacy -<br>enhancing technologies ( pets ), and other novel approaches that can address<br>barriers around data protection and sharing, to encourage more data flows. [UNK]<br>the government should also support the data needs of meritorious use cases that<br>serve the public good, particularly if these are aligned with our national<br>priorities but are not commercially attractive. this will ensure that such<br>projects do not fall through the cracks.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 52 build capabilities in data services<br>and privacy - enhancing technologiesaction 11 singapore will build up our data<br>management capabilities so that more of us can store, manage, share, and govern<br>the data that we have, enabling us to draw new insights and uncover more value.<br>to do so, we will need to harness new technologies that will enable safe and<br>trusted data sharing, and grow more capabilities to do so at scale. [UNK] we<br>will develop capabilities in pets. pets enable businesses to access other<br>datasets in a privacy - preserving manner, hence extending the pool of data from<br>which they can derive insights. the government will support research and<br>development for pets, especially in targeted areas like synthetic data<br>generation, data annotation, federated learning, and homomorphic encryption, and<br>expand practical measures like regulatory sandboxes and guidelines to promote<br>experimentation with pets. pet sandboxfeature story",
          "to facilitate industry experimentation with pets, imda launched singapore ’ s<br>first pet sandbox in july 2022, to provide opportunities for companies to work<br>with trusted pet solution providers to develop use cases and pilot pets. this<br>recognises that pets are still in their infancy, and there is much to learn<br>about using them in a real - world environment. the pet sandbox matchmakes use<br>case owners to a panel of pet digital solution providers, provides grant support<br>to user companies to scope and implement pilot projects, and provides regulatory<br>support to ensure that the deployment of pets meets compliance guidelines.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 53 unlock government data for use<br>cases that serve the public goodaction 12 singapore will selectively unlock more<br>public sector data for ai development that serves the public good. we will<br>assess the feasibility of setting up a “ data concierge ” within the government,<br>to engage ai activity drivers and creators, and identify and facilitate access<br>to the datasets that they require for their ai development activities. [UNK] for<br>public sector datasets, the data concierge will help ai activity drivers and<br>creators discover and obtain access to appropriate public sector datasets. where<br>these are not already open - access, the data concierge will help unlock closed<br>datasets through brokering data sharing agreements. it could also work upstream<br>with agencies to collect data based on the client ’ s needs. this will be<br>underpinned by a data - sharing evaluation framework that takes the “ public<br>good ” dimension into account.",
          "[UNK] for private sector datasets, the government can consider stepping in for<br>selected high - value use cases where we can play a catalytic role. in such<br>cases, the data concierge can explore facilitating handshakes between private<br>industry entities as a trusted intermediary, to aggregate and produce data<br>derivatives. we will continue our thought leadership around the progressive use<br>of data for ai development, such as advocating for trusted cross - border data<br>flows and providing guidelines to businesses to educate and facilitate greater<br>data use.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 55 there is a range of potential risks<br>around ai, spanning from concerns around model quality and fair use, to fears<br>around the loss of control and existential risks. singapore remains open to<br>engaging with all perspectives, to enhance our understanding of the risk<br>landscape and to inform our most urgent priorities for risk mitigation. for a<br>start : [UNK] we must ensure that ai systems are well - developed, reliable, and<br>resilient. this requires paying close attention to the model development<br>process, to ensure that the output of models is not biased, inaccurate, or<br>erroneous. ai models should also be aligned with the appropriate set of human<br>and cultural values. existing international conversations around ai governance<br>and safety are largely centred on these concerns. [UNK] we must prevent ai<br>models from being used in malicious or harmful ways, and secure them against<br>adversarial attacks. if ai is used carelessly, it can",
          "potentially amplify negative outcomes like discrimination, anti - competitive<br>behaviours, or intellectual property infringement. it can also be deliberately<br>misused against us, to supercharge existing threats ( e. g. scams, cyber -<br>attacks, and mis / disinformation ) in terms of scale, speed, and<br>sophistication. we must remain vigilant against these risks to maintain digital<br>trust. the government will take differentiated approaches to managing risks to<br>and from ai, ranging from regulatory moves to voluntary guidelines, recognising<br>that ai will continue to evolve. we will need a deeper understanding of how ai<br>works, what benchmarks to use, and what testing is appropriate, and we look<br>forward to developing these perspectives together with other stakeholders.",
          "| introduction 8 these early investments have borne fruit. we have : [UNK] built<br>strong foundations for our ai ecosystem. singapore is well - regarded, ranking<br>among the top 10 in the world by several international metrics. 2 over 80 active<br>ai research faculty, 150 ai r & d and product teams, and 1, 100 ai start - ups<br>call singapore home. [UNK] harnessed ai to improve singaporeans ’ lives. today,<br>ai powers many public services, such as adaptive learning systems in our<br>schools, and chronic health management systems in our hospitals. we also use ai<br>to support immigration and customs clearance, and to detect and deter online<br>scams. [UNK] forged international partnerships. singapore is recognised as an<br>active contributor to global ai discourse, spanning issues from innovation to<br>governance. we advocate for the responsible and ethical use of ai. we are active<br>participants in multi - stakeholder platforms such as the global partnership on<br>ai ( gpai ), the world economic forum ( wef ) ai governance",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 56 ensure fit - for - purpose<br>regulatory environment for aiaction 13 the government will continue to maintain<br>a regulatory environment for ai that is pro - innovation while ensuring<br>appropriate guardrails. we will : [UNK] update ai governance frameworks to<br>address novel risks. we will regularly review and adjust frameworks like the<br>model ai governance framework and ai verify to reflect emerging principles,<br>concerns, and technological developments ( e. g. generative ai ). as part of<br>this, it will be important to establish clear responsibilities for actors across<br>the ai supply chain. this baseline guidance will give clarity to ai developers<br>and users on how to be responsible in the design and use of ai. ai verifyfeature<br>story ai verify is an ai governance testing framework and software toolkit<br>developed by imda. the testing framework consists of 11 ai ethics principles<br>which are consistent with",
          "internationally recognised frameworks around the world. ai verify helps<br>organisations validate the performance of their ai systems against these<br>principles through standardised tests. imda first released ai verify in may 2022<br>for an international pilot. in june 2023, imda also set up the ai verify<br>foundation to harness the collective power and contributions of the global open<br>- source community, in developing ai verify testing tools. the not - for -<br>profit foundation will boost ai testing capabilities and assurance to meet the<br>needs of companies and regulators globally. since its launch in june 2023, the<br>ai verify foundation has grown to have over 90 corporate members, who work to de<br>- velop ai testing tools to enable responsible ai.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 57 [UNK] continue working with<br>partners on r & d, particularly around alignment and evaluations. we will work<br>with partners to translate guidelines into appropriate technical standards,<br>tools, and services that can be practically applied. these will also be<br>supported by policy measures including regulatory sandboxes, pilots for<br>solutions such as watermarking and model cards, and capability development to<br>nurture a domestic testing, inspection, and certification ( tic ) sector. [UNK]<br>design interventions that are risk - based, tiered, and adapted for specific<br>vertical sectors and horizontal applications. this recognises that every use<br>case carries a different set of considerations and risks, and would therefore<br>require different risk thresholds and context - specific risk management<br>approaches. for instance, using ai to improve the user experience for video<br>games would differ considerably from a use case where ai assists hiring",
          "managers in selecting potential candidates. to ensure coherence with our<br>national position on ai governance, the government will also establish a common<br>platform for regulatory agencies to coordinate on ai developments in their<br>sectors, and share best practices when governing ai. [UNK] consider updates to<br>broader standards and laws to support effective ai use. [UNK] contribute<br>actively to international discourse on ai governance, to raise capacity, share<br>best practices, and shape rules around ai, together with the international<br>community. un high - level advisory body on aifeature story in october 2023, the<br>un secretary - general announced the creation of a new multi - stakeholder high<br>- level advisory body ( hlab ) on the risks, opportunities, and international<br>governance of ai. the hlab comprises 39 experts from across un member states,<br>and it will support the international community ’ s efforts to govern ai. dr he<br>ruimin, the chief ai",
          "officer and deputy chief digital technology officer of the government of<br>singapore, has been selected as one of the members of the hlab.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 58 raise security and resilience<br>baseline for aiaction 14 the government will also elevate the security and<br>resilience baseline for all system owners using ai. [UNK] in the short term, we<br>will work with partners to update cybersecurity toolkits for enterprises and<br>individual users, to address ai - related risks. these include advisories and<br>actionable guidelines on how system owners can augment their cybersecurity<br>foundations to enable secure ai adoption. [UNK] in the longer term, we will also<br>coordinate efforts to share best practices and ensure alignment to improve ai<br>security, including through the development of standards and solutions for ai<br>security. this will involve working with the private sector to co - create<br>technical guidelines and solutions to secure ai use cases, and to leverage<br>crowdsourcing initiatives to evaluate risks to ai ( e. g. joint red teams to<br>test ai systems ). such close partnerships with the private",
          "sector, including on capacity building and public education programmes, will<br>raise baseline ai security capabilities across the ecosystem.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 59 today ’ s international ai<br>landscape is contested and fragmented. [UNK] ai has become a major front of<br>competition. global powers like the us and china dominate the global ai<br>landscape in research outcomes, innovation capacity, and talent networks. in<br>turn, critical and emerging technologies like ai have become a pre - eminent<br>domain for geostrategic contestation. [UNK] while the international community is<br>working to develop consensus around the responsible development and deployment<br>of ai, efforts remain nascent at this point. all countries recognise the<br>importance of managing ai well, and several have offered ideas on how the<br>international community might cooperate on this. it is still early days, and it<br>will take some time before the international community converges around any set<br>of agreed principles. enabler 10 leader in thought and action",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 60 nevertheless, it remains critical<br>for singapore to stay engaged internationally, in a multi - party, multi -<br>stakeholder fashion, to work towards a common understanding on ai. [UNK] ai is a<br>technology “ without a passport ”. its impact cannot be easily contained within<br>any single country. it is therefore crucial for all countries to converge on<br>efforts to make ai systems safer, and to avoid ai creating strategic risks and<br>instability. this will require all countries to set aside the instincts of<br>protectionism, to steer ai as a force for good. singapore is determined to play<br>our part, and we will continue to participate constructively at international<br>fora on ai. [UNK] such conversations on the trajectory of ai must be inclusive.<br>ai will affect and potentially disrupt all of us. it is therefore important to<br>widen the conversation, beyond the few who are developing cutting - edge models,",
          "to take in views from other countries and stakeholders, and build up the<br>capacity for meaningful efforts to address ai ’ s impact. [UNK] industry also<br>plays a critical role to shape more responsible ai. we welcome ongoing industry<br>- led efforts, including those by leading ai companies, as valuable<br>contributions to the broader conversation on how to govern ai models better. we<br>look forward to learning together with them.",
          "alliance, and most recently the united nations ( un ) high - level advisory body<br>on ai. singapore ’ s initiatives, like ai verify, have been welcomed as<br>pragmatic contributions to the growing body of work on ai governance. 2 for<br>instance, singapore ranks 1st in per capita terms in the stanford global ai<br>vibrancy index ( 2021 ) ; 2nd in the oxford insights government ai index ( 2021<br>) ; and 3rd in the tortoise media global ai index ( 2022 ).",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 61 establish singapore as an ambitious<br>and pragmatic international partner on ai innovation and governanceaction 15<br>singapore is committed to being a serious and reliable international partner on<br>ai. this is important for sustaining our international position as a trusted<br>hub. we will : [UNK] continue to grow singapore ’ s international networks with<br>key partner countries and leading ai companies. [UNK] increase international<br>mindshare in practical and risk - based approaches to ai. singapore has gained<br>global attention because of early efforts to integrate ai in key sectors such as<br>finance, trade, and healthcare, as well as pragmatic government tools such as<br>pair. we have developed governance frameworks and open - source testing toolkits<br>such as ai verify. these demonstrate singapore ’ s commitment to developing and<br>deploying ai well, and we will leverage these gains to be a global pace - setter<br>at the forefront of ai.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 62 we will contribute to international<br>ai developments by : [UNK] anchoring key bilateral relationships with selected<br>partners from government and industry, through substantive initiatives and<br>technical cooperation. these will allow singapore to “ start small and move<br>quickly ”, to establish common ground with like - minded partners, as<br>pathfinders to broad - based multilateral cooperation. [UNK] demonstrating<br>alignment with key international fora and supporting worthwhile platforms.<br>singapore will support and actively participate in substantive multilateral,<br>multi - stakeholder, or plurilateral initiatives, that seek to achieve an<br>inclusive, practical, and rules - based global environment for ai. [UNK] sharing<br>singapore ’ s experience and curating meaningful partnerships for capacity<br>building. we will actively profile singapore ’ s approaches to ai through public<br>engagements and conferences such as asia tech x singapore",
          "and scai. we are the convenor of the forum of small states ( foss ) 7, which now<br>has a digital pillar of engagement. together with government and industry<br>partners, we will develop ai - related capacity building initiatives to benefit<br>the 108 members of foss. 7 singapore established foss as an informal and non -<br>ideological grouping of small states in 1992, and has served as its chair since.<br>foss now comprises 108 countries across all geographical regions and at all<br>levels of development, and meets several times a year to discuss issues of<br>concern to small states. in 2022, we introduced digital foss as a new pillar of<br>engagement within foss.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 63 atxsg brings together leaders and<br>industry decision - mak - ers across the global technology ecosystem to discuss<br>the latest trends in technologies including ai. asia tech x singaporefeature<br>story asia tech x singapore ( atxsg ) is a platform to empower the technology<br>community to discuss the latest trends and explore the critical intersections of<br>technology, economy, and society. the third edition of atxsg, organised by imda,<br>was held in june 2023, and brought together over 17, 000 global leaders and<br>industry decision - makers across the global technology ecosystem. a key track<br>of atxsg is the atxai conference, where thought leaders, industry experts, and<br>policy makers from leading ai countries convene and discuss strategic values of<br>ai governance and technology trends, as well as showcase real - life<br>implementations of ai. 64 speakers and over 2, 900 attendees from around the<br>world have participated in atxai over the past three years.",
          "a whole - of - nation movement | 65 to realise the broad and transformative<br>impact of ai, we will actively forge multiple partnerships across our economy,<br>society, and the world. singapore ’ s nais 2. 0 is therefore designed to unfold<br>as a national movement on the global stage. ai will not only contribute to<br>singapore ’ s sustained economic growth and the global competitiveness of our<br>industries, it will also create better jobs, a more productive labour force, and<br>substantially improve the quality of life for our people. singapore is ready. we<br>welcome all who share our vision of ai for the public good to join us on the<br>next bound of our ai adventure. a whole - of - nation movement published 4<br>december 2023 copyright © 2023 government of the republic of singapore you may<br>download, view, print, and reproduce this document without modification, but<br>only for non - commercial use. all other rights are reserved."
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          "[UNK] other smaller countries are also moving quickly to attract ai investments<br>and talent. while acquisitions for ai may be costly, they can confer enduring<br>value and deepen capabilities, if properly integrated within the ecosystem.<br>against this backdrop, singapore aspires to be a pace - setter – a global leader<br>in choice ai areas, that are economically impactful and serve the public good.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 18 we shall steer ai toward developing select<br>peaks of excellence, which can deliver outsized impact to singapore and the<br>lives of singaporeans. [UNK] ai in domains. we will encourage ai innovation and<br>adoption in key domains, including : [UNK] leading economic sectors, which form<br>a sizeable share of singapore ’ s real gross domestic product ( gdp ) and for<br>which ai innovation could catalyse the next bound of economic growth. examples<br>include manufacturing, financial services, transport & logistics, and biomedical<br>sciences. [UNK] smart nation priorities, where ai assists our national<br>development, and unlocks new value propositions for social impact. these include<br>healthcare, education & manpower, trust & safety, and public service delivery.<br>[UNK] cross - cutting capabilities. we will invest in cross - cutting areas that<br>can accelerate the development and deployment of ai solutions across all<br>domains, including :",
          "we also recognise the positive spin - offs from such efforts. these include<br>providing lead demand for commercial ai tools, demonstrating ai - led<br>transformation for the rest of the economy and society, spurring private sector<br>investment in ai, and mainstreaming ai adoption.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 54 trust and safety underwrite<br>confidence in singapore ’ s ai landscape. they lie at the heart of our<br>interventions to deliver ai for the public good. [UNK] we will endeavour for ai<br>to be developed and deployed in a safe, trustworthy, and responsible manner. the<br>government will institutionalise appropriate governance and security frameworks<br>for ai systems. the ultimate aim is to establish a trusted environment for ai,<br>where people can have the confidence that their interests are protected when<br>interacting with ai. [UNK] we must retain agility in our regulatory approaches.<br>ai will continue to evolve, and no party has full sight of the risks that might<br>emerge. it is only through experimentation and exploration that the ai community<br>can deepen its understanding of ai, and discover and address potential risks.<br>the government must therefore take a pragmatic approach – supporting",
          "experimentation and innovation, while still ensuring that ai is developed and<br>used responsibly, in line with the rule of law and the safeguards we have put in<br>place. where existing regulatory frameworks need to be updated, we will do so<br>thoughtfully and in concert with others, accounting for the global nature of ai.<br>enabler 9 trusted environment"
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     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "client = RAGxplorer(embedding_model=\"all-MiniLM-L6-v2\")\n",
    "client.load_pdf(document_path=pdf_path, verbose=True)\n",
    "client.visualize_query(\n",
    "    \"How will AI innovation be balanced with ethnical considerations and public trust?\"\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In the cell above, the `load_pdf` method has the following parameters:\n",
    "* `document_path`\n",
    "* `chunk_size` (default 100)\n",
    "* `chunk_overlap` (default 0)\n",
    "* `verbose` (default False)\n",
    "* `umap_params` (default None)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "The `visualize_query` method has the following parameters:\n",
    "* `query`\n",
    "* `retrieval_method` (`naive` (default) or `HyDE` or `multi_qns` )\n",
    "* `top_k` (default 5)\n",
    "* `query_shape_size` (recommended 3 to 10, default 5)\n",
    "* `import_projection_data` (default None)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Using OpenAI Embeddings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "To use OpenAI embeddings you will need to set your OpenAI API Key token as an environment variable. \n",
    "\n",
    "1. Go to https://platform.openai.com/account/api-keys\n",
    "2. Create a new secret key \n",
    "3. Copy your new secret key and paste in below cell and replace `\"your-openai-key-here\"`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "os.environ[\"OPENAI_API_KEY\"] = \"your-openai-key-here\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Currently, RAGxplorer supports the following OpenAI embedding models:\n",
    "* `text-embedding-3-small`\n",
    "* `text-embedding-3-large`\n",
    "* `text-embedding-ada-002`\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " ~ Building the vector database...\n",
      "Completed Building Vector Database ✓\n",
      " ~ Reducing the dimensionality of embeddings...\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|██████████| 440/440 [06:22<00:00,  1.15it/s]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Completed reducing dimensionality of embeddings ✓\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|██████████| 1/1 [00:00<00:00,  1.18it/s]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
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         "text": [
          "ai for the public good for singapore and the world cover image generated by<br>adobe firefly",
          "contents | 1 contents 03foreword 05introduction 13national ai strategy 2. 0<br>system 1 research industry government17activity drivers system 2 placemaking<br>talent capabilities33people & communities",
          "achieve ai for the public good, for singapore and the world. this report spells<br>out how we will achieve our vision. it sets out our plans to build a",
          "financial services, transport & logistics, and biomedical sciences. [UNK] smart<br>nation priorities, where ai assists our national development,",
          "and unlocks new value propositions for social impact. these include healthcare,<br>education & manpower, trust & safety, and public service delivery.",
          "delivery. [UNK] cross - cutting capabilities. we will invest in cross - cutting<br>areas that can accelerate the development and deployment of ai solutions across<br>all domains, including :",
          "domains, including : [UNK] ai for business operations, where ai can optimise and<br>transform business functions ( e. g. customer relationship management, finance,<br>human",
          "resources, legal, sales and marketing, and supply chain management ). [UNK] ai<br>for science, where the use of ai can accelerate research productivity across<br>scientific domains ( e. g. drug discovery ).",
          "across scientific domains ( e. g. drug discovery ). [UNK] foundational ai, where<br>scientific advancements are still needed to improve ai ’ s abilities. for a<br>start, we will double down on three specific",
          "themes – reasoning ai, resource - efficient ai, and responsible ai 3 – with a<br>view to making ai less costly, more widely - used, and most importantly,<br>trusted.",
          "trusted. 3 reasoning ai improves ai systems ’ ability to understand logical and<br>physical concepts, and explain their output ; resource - efficient ai can help<br>reduce ai ’ s growing reliance on data and",
          "compute, while still ensuring performance gains ; responsible ai is critical to<br>mitigate the risks of ai and ensure that ai is trustworthy, safe, and secure.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 19 * e. g. customer relationship management,<br>finance, human resources, legal, sales and marketing, and supply chain.",
          "thriving ai ecosystem ; develop our workforce to take on new opportunities ;<br>provide enough infrastructural capacity to achieve our ambitions ; and foster a<br>trusted environment that",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 20 singapore ’ s knowledge - intensive economy is<br>especially exposed to ai. our industries and enterprises need to be responsive,<br>and ready to create ai - driven",
          "opportunities that will strengthen singapore ’ s economic competitiveness. this<br>will help workers and industries set the pace and shape their own future, rather<br>than face untimely disruption.",
          "than face untimely disruption. many companies have already embarked on ai -<br>enabled innovation projects, which are often focused on the application layer.<br>while these are useful and have",
          "made a difference, there is scope for us to go further. deep and transformative<br>ai innovation today increasingly requires integrated capabilities from across<br>the",
          "entire technology stack ( i. e. including model and infrastructure layers ).<br>there must also be a stronger nexus between sophisticated end - users and<br>leading - edge ai innovators and producers.",
          "resources ( e. g. compute and talent ), regulatory frameworks, and partners. for<br>a start, we will adopt a sector - specific, use case - centric approach, and we<br>will",
          "focus our initial efforts on leading economic sectors assessed to be most ready<br>for ai - driven transformation. done well, we will have a thriving industry<br>ecosystem in singapore, with significant",
          "value creation from ai, and capabilities across the ai technology stack. ai will<br>complement our workforce, boost our productivity, and be a differentiating<br>factor",
          "in attracting best - in - class companies to singapore. we will also seed a<br>virtuous cycle where industry end - users can tap into a dense network of ai<br>producers, who",
          "protects users and facilitates innovation. in the end, our plans are only as<br>good as our collective ability to implement them. that ’ s",
          "in turn are motivated by the presence of strong, industry - relevant lead demand<br>and product mandates. enabler 1 industry",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 21 anchor new ai centres of excellence ( coes )<br>across companies, and explore establishing sectoral ai coes to drive<br>sophisticated ai value creation and usage in",
          "key sectorsaction 1 we will attract and anchor new ai coes in singapore - based<br>companies that are leading - edge producers ( e. g. technology companies, start<br>- ups ) and sophisticated",
          "end - users, in order to conduct value creation activities across the ai stack.<br>these ai coes will ( a ) concentrate and deepen companies ’ innovation<br>capabilities across",
          "the ai stack ; ( b ) own core ai product charters and functions ; and ( c )<br>align with the peaks of excellence that singapore aims to build. their roles<br>could include",
          "creating new intellectual property, products, and services, beyond optimising<br>business processes. in addition, we will explore establishing a new model of<br>sectoral ai coes to",
          "intensify sophisticated ai value creation and usage in selected economic<br>sectors. we will work with industry champions4 to identify sector use cases and<br>crowd in",
          "a broader base of researchers and companies in the sector. 4 industry champions<br>refer to enterprise leaders that can form lead demand for ai solutions,",
          "boost their sector ’ s competitiveness, uplift the capabilities of their supply<br>chains, and generate spin - offs for the broader sector ecosystem.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 22 american express decision science coefeature<br>story in december 2022, american express set up a decision science coe in<br>singapore focusing on data science",
          "why we welcome all stakeholders and partners to join us in this shared<br>endeavour. let us work together to realise the full potential of ai in our<br>lives. lawrence wong",
          "applications in the areas of credit and fraud risk model development using ai,<br>machine learning ( ml ), and natural language processing ( nlp ). american<br>express",
          "expanded the coe in november 2023 to also use ai and ml to optimise its customer<br>marketing and service, and create personalised and relevant experiences across",
          "digital channels. the coe will also create a generative ai r & d practice<br>focused on new ai applications for servicing, risk, and technology. jacqueline<br>poh, managing director, economic",
          "development board ( edb ) and anna marrs, group president, global commercial<br>services and credit & fraud risk, american express at the official opening of<br>the american express",
          "the official opening of the american express decision science center of<br>excellence. ( photo credit : american express )",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 23 strengthen our ai start - up ecosystem,<br>including attracting ai - focused accelerator programmes to spur rapid ai<br>experimentationaction 2",
          "rapid ai experimentationaction 2 in concert with private sector partners, we<br>will strengthen the ai start - up ecosystem along several pillars. this includes<br>attracting more venture builders",
          "and developing more accelerator programmes. we want to speed up ai value<br>discovery across industry, and nurture a pipeline of disruptive, ai - native<br>start - ups.",
          "these accelerator programmes could be led by a mix of big technology companies<br>and venture capital firms. they will provide the capital, business and technical",
          "expertise, infrastructure, and market networks to spur rapid ai experimentation.<br>we will nurture globally - oriented ai innovators to create intellectual<br>property and scale to more markets.",
          "lawrence wong deputy prime minister & minister for financeforewo rd",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 24 the government is committed to the continuous<br>improvement of public service delivery for our people and businesses. we will<br>harness ai to serve the public in",
          "more impactful ways. enabler 2 government oneservice chatbotfeature story the<br>municipal services office and the government technology agency ( govtech )<br>launched",
          "the oneservice chatbot to enable citizens to lodge complaints and provide<br>information on them via commonly used social messaging apps ( i. e. whatsapp and<br>telegram ).",
          "powered by ai, the chatbot can ( a ) automatically identify and classify<br>complaints into the appropriate category ( e. g. litter, illegal parking ), ( b<br>) extract the relevant details of the",
          "incident that need attention, and ( c ) identify and inform the relevant<br>government agency to follow up on the case.",
          "to follow up on the case. with this, citizens can easily provide municipal<br>feedback without having to figure out which agency they should contact. agencies<br>can also attend to cases more quickly.",
          "we also recognise the positive spin - offs from such efforts. these include<br>providing lead demand for commercial ai tools, demonstrating ai - led<br>transformation for",
          "the rest of the economy and society, spurring private sector investment in ai,<br>and mainstreaming ai adoption.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 25 for the government to better harness ai, we<br>need to : [UNK] develop, deploy, and integrate more useful and powerful ai -<br>enabled products.",
          "these include customised or commercial off - the - shelf solutions. they can<br>support the government ’ s needs, both general ( e. g. smart transcription",
          "introduction | 5 since the release of chatgpt by openai on 30 november 2022,<br>artificial intelligence ( ai ) 1 has gone mainstream. recent breakthroughs,<br>particularly those in the realm",
          "tools for citizen support services ) and specialised ( e. g. detecting anomalies<br>in financial statements and transactions to assist anti - money laundering<br>efforts ).",
          "efforts ). [UNK] drive mass awareness and adoption of ai across the public<br>service. this will encourage public officers to use ai - enabled products and<br>services",
          "confidently, for more efficient and effective public service delivery. [UNK]<br>work with industry and the public to better identify use cases and address",
          "pain points using ai. this can be done through well - structured ideathons,<br>hackathons, and incubator programmes. feature story",
          "feature story pair is a large language model ( llm ) - powered suite of tools<br>for government officers that allows the safe and secure use of llms within the<br>government ’ s it systems. its base",
          "capabilities include ideation, drafting, text and natural language processing,<br>coding, and data analysis, making it a versatile tool for various tasks that<br>public officers commonly undertake.",
          "undertake. pair chat is the first application to be developed within the suite.<br>it functions on a question - and - answer format, powered by the same llms<br>underlying chatgpt. thousands",
          "of public servants regularly access pair chat to increase their productivity at<br>work. pair",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 26 improve public service productivity, with new<br>value propositions for our citizensaction 3",
          "propositions for our citizensaction 3 the government will accelerate public<br>sector adoption of ai to unlock new value propositions for our people and<br>businesses. this will take place at two levels :",
          "of generative ai, have resulted in ai proliferating quickly. ai is moving beyond<br>its traditional, narrow approaches, towards more general, almost human - like",
          "[UNK] smart nation priorities. government agencies equipped with the specialised<br>knowledge, technical capabilities, and regulatory tools for these domains",
          "( e. g. healthcare and education ) will develop and lead sector - specific ai<br>strategies, to address the needs and challenges of these domains.",
          "[UNK] whole - of - government functional domains. these include finance, human<br>resources, and service delivery, which are key to transforming government",
          "processes and services for the better. all government agencies that lead such<br>functions will identify and optimise specific business lines with ai, and",
          "build internal capabilities to deliver business outcomes. the government will<br>coordinate the resources needed to support public sector ai",
          "adoption. for example, through central funding to support or scale - up novel<br>and impactful use cases, facilitating cross - agency data sharing, providing<br>access to",
          "high - performance compute and associated engineering capabilities ( e. g.<br>through ai trailblazers ), and issuing facilitative policy guidelines.",
          "we will also uplift the ai literacy baseline and sharpen the ai proficiency of<br>all public officers. we will develop and roll out targeted courses to impart ai<br>skills,",
          "for different public sector workforce segments ( e. g. senior management,<br>policy, and operational roles ).",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 27 a strong community of scientists and<br>researchers contributes to a vibrant ai ecosystem in singapore.",
          "characteristics. the ability of chatgpt to draft, depict, translate, understand<br>context, and provide seemingly meaningful responses to our questions, has",
          "ecosystem in singapore. [UNK] they add to our overall technical heft, making us<br>attractive to other top researchers, investors, and entrepreneurs, to create new<br>value in ai. this can",
          "generate other economic spin - offs, such as the creation of well - paying jobs,<br>start - up growth, and sophisticated venture capital investments.",
          "[UNK] their research breakthroughs can also translate into commercial products,<br>which can be used by our companies and across government agencies to realise<br>better outcomes.",
          "realise better outcomes. [UNK] their presence helps secure an enduring<br>competitive advantage in ai for singapore. over the last few decades, innovators<br>in silicon valley and other",
          "ai research hubs ( e. g. beijing, boston, montreal, seattle, and toronto ) have<br>led these places ’ technological prowess. singapore will similarly need strong<br>research credentials.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 28 update national ai r & d plans to sustain<br>leadership in select research areasaction 4 we intend to update our national ai<br>r & d plans in five ways : research priorities,",
          "industry - academia nexus, talent, compute, and international collaborations.<br>[UNK] research priorities. to optimise our limited resources for impact, we will",
          "be selective in our ai research priorities, and align them to the peaks of<br>excellence that singapore hopes to build. [UNK] industry - academia nexus. we<br>will foster more r & d collaboration between",
          "academia and industry, capitalising on the growing porosity of talent and<br>innovation activities across the two spheres.",
          "captured the imagination of not just scientists and experts, but all of us. for<br>governments, these developments have raised new and critical questions around",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 29 aisg ’ s 100 experiments programmefeature story<br>100 experiments ( 100e ) is aisg ’ s flagship programme, aimed at solving ai<br>problem",
          "statements proposed by industry where no commercial off - the - shelf ai<br>solutions exist. as part of this, aisg helps pair companies with public<br>researchers to develop ai solutions",
          "that address the former ’ s problem statement, and provides co - funding of up<br>to s $ 330, 000 per project. several companies, from a range of sectors, have<br>participated in the 100e programme.",
          "one example is q & m dental group ’ s em2ai, which worked with aisg to create an<br>ai model that helps dentists review x - ray images to detect disease, present<br>findings as dental",
          "charts, and recommend appropriate treatment plans. q & m dental group has<br>deployed this model across more than 150 clinics in singapore and malaysia.",
          "another example is tencent ’ s lightspeed studios, a globally - leading game<br>developer that published games like pubg mobile. under the project, lightspeed<br>studios partnered aisg",
          "to develop a text - to - speech system to support the narration of game<br>storylines, so that gamers who speak malay can experience the games in their<br>native language.",
          "through 100e, q & m dental group ’ s em2ai has developed an ai model that helps<br>dentists, and has deployed this across its clinics in singapore and malaysia.",
          "singapore and malaysia. ( photo credit : q & m dental group ) through 100e,<br>lightspeed studios is partnering with aisg to develop a new text - to - speech<br>system for gamers.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 30 [UNK] talent. we will strengthen efforts to<br>recruit top ai researchers to work from and with singapore ( see action 5 ).",
          "the risks and responsibilities associated with the development and use of such a<br>powerful technology, even as ai continues to reinforce and remind us of what it<br>means to be human.",
          "and with singapore ( see action 5 ). [UNK] compute. we will secure access, and<br>operate graphics processing units ( gpus ) for singapore ’ s research community.<br>this will also build up singapore ’ s",
          "infrastructure engineering expertise. [UNK] international collaboration. we will<br>expand international research collaboration in areas aligned with our research<br>priorities. this could take",
          "the form of joint grant calls or phd training programmes with other countries,<br>or involvement in international conferences. this will allow singapore to",
          "level up our current capabilities by working with the best in the world and make<br>a meaningful contribution to global ai development.",
          "singapore - republic of korea joint grant call for ai researchfeature story in<br>february 2023, aisg and the republic of korea ( rok ) ’ s institute for<br>information &",
          "communication technology planning and evaluation ( iitp ) launched a joint grant<br>call to fund research on ai - based net - zero energy building management<br>optimisation systems.",
          "this grant call supported a research project between nanyang technological<br>university and korea university, to study ai - based energy management and<br>optimisation frameworks,",
          "to enhance the energy efficiency of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (<br>hvac ) systems. the project also drew in industry partners from both countries.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 31 singapore conference on aifeature story in<br>december 2023, mci and smart nation group convened the inaugural singapore",
          "conference on ai ( scai ), to bring together a select group of top ai<br>researchers to discuss and articulate the top research problems of ai research,<br>development, and deployment",
          "system 3 trusted environment compute data47infrastructure & environment leader<br>in thought and action 65a whole - of - nation movementour vision and goals our<br>plan",
          "means to be human. in singapore, where the vast majority of our people already<br>frequently interact with digital technologies to transact with the government<br>and businesses, and are",
          "that, if solved, would allow humans and society to flourish. over 40 local and<br>overseas experts from academia, non - profit, industry",
          "and government gathered in singapore for scai. scai participants identifying a<br>list of critical questions that need to be addressed to realise ai ’ s full<br>potential.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 33 people & communitiessystem 2 tight - knit<br>knowledge communities are critical for ai innovation, driving the",
          "exchange of ideas and expertise for research, product development, and the<br>impactful use of ai. singapore must be home to exemplary ai creators,<br>practitioners, and users. we must :",
          "practitioners, and users. we must : [UNK] attract, anchor, and develop more ai<br>creators ( top - tier ai talent ) from industry and academia to work with and<br>from singapore, to generate cutting - edge ai",
          "research and drive novel use cases. [UNK] increase the number of ai<br>practitioners ( tech workers ) with the skillsets to create, implement and<br>deploy ai systems, models, and algorithms in",
          "organisations, at scale. [UNK] build up a base of confident ai users (<br>enterprises and general workforce ) that are equipped to use ai - powered<br>products and services to increase",
          "productivity, and pursue better jobs and more impactful work. [UNK] accelerate<br>the exchange of ideas, both within our local ai community of",
          "creators, practitioners, and users, and across global networks.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 34 singapore will expand the pool and raise<br>the quality of our ai creators and practitioners, to accelerate ai innovation<br>and support ai activity drivers.",
          "also digitally engaged at work, ai has been both commonplace and an uncommon<br>force. introduction 1 ai refers to a set of capabilities through which computer<br>systems can demonstrate human -",
          "development. [UNK] we must also boost our pipeline of ai practitioners. they are<br>critical to supporting top - tier ai activity, translating innovation into<br>products and",
          "services, and transforming our industries. enabler 4 talent",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 35 attract world ’ s top ai creators to work<br>from and with singaporeaction 5 singapore will engage and attract world - class<br>ai creators, from both the public",
          "research and industry spheres, to deepen their innovation activities here. we<br>will : [UNK] set up a dedicated team to identify, engage, and anchor ai<br>creators. this team",
          "will be the primary interface to facilitate the integration of ai creators into<br>the singapore ecosystem, including through bespoke support mechanisms.",
          "[UNK] create novel value propositions to attract ai creators. we will intensify<br>local ai development activities and induct international experts into our",
          "ai ecosystem to create the building blocks for success. we will explore possible<br>modalities for doing so, such as hybrid singapore - overseas working",
          "arrangements, part - time appointments across industry and academia, and<br>partnerships with international research institutions or companies.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 36 boost ai practitioner pool to 15, 000action<br>6 singapore will boost the pool of ai practitioners to support growing ai<br>demand, by :",
          "like behaviour and complete tasks which typically require human intelligence. it<br>is considered a general - purpose technology which can be applied across a wide<br>range of sectors. some of its varied",
          "by : [UNK] scaling up ai - specific training programmes. we will re - design the<br>ai apprenticeship programme ( aiap ) 5 to significantly increase the number of",
          "apprentices we can train annually. we will also work with industry ai product<br>development teams to expand the number of company attachments for our continuing<br>education and training programmes.",
          "continuing education and training programmes. [UNK] scaling up technology and ai<br>talent pipelines, through pre - employment training and by reskilling and<br>upskilling workers through continuing",
          "education and training. [UNK] remaining open to global tech talent. we will<br>continue to welcome global ai talent to work and live in singapore, and<br>contribute to our national efforts.",
          "5 the aiap is currently designed as a 9 - month, full - time, deep - skilling<br>company - led training programme, that helps trainees acquire ai capabilities by<br>working alongside industry teams on",
          "real business problems.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 37 techskills acceleratorfeature story driven<br>by imda, in collaboration with industry, skillsfuture singapore ( ssg ),<br>workforce",
          "singapore ( wsg ), and the national trades union congress ( ntuc ), the<br>techskills accelerator ( tesa ) aims to build and develop a skilled information<br>and communications technology",
          "workforce, which includes ai talent. through company - led training programmes<br>and career conversion programmes, amongst others, tesa has partnered industry to<br>train",
          "individuals in ai and data analytics, with more than 2, 700 individuals placed<br>in good jobs thus far.",
          "applications include advanced web search, recommendation and decision systems,<br>advanced problem - solving, understanding speech and natural language,<br>perception ( for applications like",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 38 it is important to uplift the ai<br>capabilities of our industries and workforce, to",
          "enable our enterprises and workers to reap the benefits of ai, and minimise its<br>disruptive effects. [UNK] ai has the potential to help enterprises increase<br>their productivity and stay",
          "relevant, provided they have the capabilities to apply it well. [UNK] workers<br>must also be equipped with the necessary skillsets to utilise ai",
          "tools, so that they can increase their productivity, avoid untimely disruptions<br>to their jobs, and help enterprises optimise their operations and improve their<br>competitiveness.",
          "their competitiveness. while all economies must prepare for ai disruptions, we<br>believe that singapore is well - placed to navigate them. singaporeans have<br>persistently demonstrated",
          "resilience and adaptability in the face of change, and the government has a<br>strong track record of managing such nation - wide transitions, whether<br>structural",
          "or cyclical, through our policies and outreach. we will build upon our existing<br>toolkits, schemes, and training programmes, to empower enterprises and workers",
          "to adopt ai and stay ahead of the curve. enabler 5 capabilities",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 39 intensify enterprise ai adoption for<br>industry transformationaction 7 singapore will intensify the promotion of ai<br>adoption across all enterprises.",
          "[UNK] we have made available tools that enterprises can use to evaluate their<br>readiness to adopt ai. for example, self - assessment tools like aisg ’ s ai",
          "facial recognition, image labelling, or autonomous vehicles ), and generative ai<br>tools ( including large language models ) that can produce various types of<br>content, including text, images, audio,",
          "readiness index ( airi ) are useful in helping companies identify and map out<br>the capabilities and infrastructure they need for using ai.",
          "[UNK] we will promote baseline digital adoption for our enterprises and enhance<br>the enterprise digitalisation toolkit, to support more sophisticated ai",
          "adoption. businesses ’ first interactions with ai often happen through their<br>existing enterprise solutions. only after they have had the foundational",
          "capabilities in place, and are convinced of ai ’ s benefits, do they then turn<br>to more advanced or bespoke ai business solutions. through programmes",
          "like smes go digital and cto - as - a - service ( ctoaas ), the government has<br>helped businesses gain awareness of suitable ai - enabled solutions. we have",
          "also encouraged the adoption of sector - relevant ai solutions, through our<br>refreshed industry digital plans ( idps ). [UNK] for more digitally mature<br>enterprises, we will provide tailored support for",
          "ai - enabled business transformation. this includes leveraging imda and<br>enterprisesg ’ s digital leaders programme ( dlp ), which helps companies",
          "build in - house digital capabilities, as well as the scoping of impactful ai<br>projects in partnership with ai solution providers.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 40 upskill workforce through sector - specific<br>ai training programmesaction 8 to help workers acquire the necessary skillsets<br>to work with ai, industry",
          "transformation map ( itm ) 6 sector leads will develop targeted interventions<br>for their sectoral workforce. ai has multiple applications in different<br>contexts,",
          "and synthetic data.",
          "and itm sector leads are best placed to size the potential impact of ai on their<br>respective industries, and by extension their workforce. sector leads can ride",
          "on existing frameworks like the jobs transformation maps ( jtms ) to identify<br>the relevant skillsets needed, and develop appropriate training programmes for<br>ai upskilling and reskilling.",
          "upskilling and reskilling. 6 itms are roadmaps developed for 23 industries under<br>six clusters to systematically raise",
          "productivity, develop skills, drive innovation, and promote<br>internationalisation, so as to catalyse transformation. itms will be refined<br>over time to ensure relevance.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 41 jobs transformation mapsfeature story jtms<br>provide detailed insights on the impact of technology and automation on sectors",
          "and their workforce. they identify key technologies that are driving change, and<br>their impact on individual job roles. as existing job roles evolve and new job<br>roles emerge, jtms",
          "also identify the pathways for employers to transform jobs and for workers to<br>acquire requisite skills. jtms serve as a useful compass for employers and<br>workers to prepare",
          "themselves for the future of work as technology becomes more pervasive in their<br>sectors. one example is the financial services jtm, which studied the impact of<br>ai, advanced",
          "analytics, and automation on jobs and skills in the financial services sector in<br>2019. the jtm helped prioritise the industry ’ s efforts to reskill and redeploy<br>employees in segments",
          "that were identified as likely to experience significant changes, such as<br>consumer banking, insurance, and operations.",
          "| introduction 6 fundamentally, singapore believes that : [UNK] ai can be a<br>potent force for good, to uplift human potential :",
          "insurance, and operations. mas and the institute of banking & finance, with<br>support from wsg, will be studying how",
          "generative ai will transform the financial sector, including where generative ai<br>might be deployed, and by when. this will further inform our understanding of<br>how generative ai",
          "will impact jobs in the sector, and provide advice on how the workforce should<br>upskill and reskill to perform new and augmented roles.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 42 in a vibrant ecosystem, diverse talent can<br>readily connect with one another and forge meaningful partnerships. there are<br>many talented ai creators and",
          "practitioners today, with good ideas that can expand the frontier of ai. the<br>opportunity to spar and collaborate with like - minded peers can enrich these<br>ideas,",
          "and accelerate the translation into products and new value. such synergies are<br>seen in global ai hubs such as san francisco, where stakeholders working across",
          "all parts of the ai ecosystem are found in close proximity, and the vibrancy of<br>the community in turn attracts the participation of even more talented<br>individuals, companies, and capital.",
          "pool, and connect them to global ai experts for greater opportunities to<br>interact and collaborate. over time, we hope these connections will create a<br>sense of",
          "identity and fraternity, and build up a broader singapore ai community that can<br>attest to the support and inspiration that this network provides. enabler 6<br>placemaking",
          "[UNK] ai is a technology that will transform cognitive and physical tasks. we<br>expect its benefits to be immense, making today ’ s jobs easier, while",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 43 establish an iconic ai site to co - locate<br>ai creators and practitioners, and nurture the ai community in singaporeaction 9",
          "singaporeaction 9 singapore will establish a dedicated physical place for ai in<br>singapore. this will be a focal point for our community of ai creators and<br>practitioners to form new",
          "connections and spark new ideas : [UNK] this place will serve as an intellectual<br>home for both singapore - based individuals and visiting colleagues. we will<br>welcome entrepreneurs,",
          "researchers, engineers, apprentices, and students, who are passionate about ai<br>and share our mission orientation, to this place. there, we will include a",
          "variety of purpose - built spaces aimed at building up a sense of community and<br>accelerating the exchange of ideas. we will co - create this place in close",
          "consultation with ai ecosystem representatives.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 44 raise. sg singapore organised the inaugural<br>raise. sg in july 2023, gathering 27 singapore - linked ai",
          "creators and practitioners ( from across academia, industry, and non - profit<br>organisations, based locally and overseas ), to discuss how singapore could<br>prepare and invest for the",
          "next bound of our ai journey. the inaugural raise. sg gathered a diverse<br>collection of singapore - linked ai creators and practitioners, to ex -",
          "change ideas on the next bound of singapore ’ s ai journey. raise. sg<br>participants also interacted with representa - tives from the local ai<br>community, including through com -",
          "bringing within reach activities that were previously computationally<br>impossible. [UNK] this requires us to steer ai for the public good. we must<br>harness ai",
          "munity - building events which drew in start - up founders, investors, and<br>government agencies.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 45 participants emphasised the need to nurture<br>a strong, tight - knit ai community in",
          "singapore, concentrating community activities in a focal site to increase<br>opportunities for interactions and the meaningful exchange of ideas. they<br>suggested that this site be :",
          "[UNK] supported by a full calendar of ai - related programming, including<br>community - run events such as hackathons, demo days, guest lectures, seminars,<br>and social functions,",
          "which create opportunities to build relationships across the community. [UNK]<br>enhanced with a “ digital community ” layer, to enable online collaborations and",
          "remote participation in community events by singapore - linked ai talent who are<br>not physically based in singapore. through such virtual interactions, the local",
          "ai community can connect more frequently, including with other ai innovation<br>communities elsewhere. the government will explore such suggestions and other<br>ways to support efforts that",
          "strengthen our ai community. for instance, we will work with industry and public<br>research partners to organise more ai - related events, and increase the cadence<br>of ai community",
          "networking events such as the ongoing neural networking series. building on the<br>inaugural raise. sg, we will organise regular gatherings of ai experts with a<br>singapore nexus, as well",
          "as arrange engagements with prominent foreign - based ai experts and<br>practitioners who visit singapore. feature story",
          "in a sustainable way to create positive impact – for new opportunities, better<br>jobs, and safer, more meaningful connections. [UNK] ai is strategically<br>important. we must invest in it to :",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 47 infrastructure & environmentsystem<br>3 successful ai value creation requires robust and conducive infrastructure and<br>a",
          "facilitative environment, where all stages of the ai life cycle are well<br>supported, and everything works the way it should. for singapore, this will<br>involve :",
          "for singapore, this will involve : [UNK] availing compute and data for ai<br>innovation. these are important building blocks to serve our ai ambitions.",
          "blocks to serve our ai ambitions. [UNK] a trusted environment where ai - enabled<br>innovations and systems are robust and safe, so that our people can engage with<br>ai with confidence.",
          "[UNK] safeguarding singapore ’ s ai interests in the international arena. we<br>hope to participate in shaping the international rules of the road that are<br>emerging around ai.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 48 the increasing scale and<br>proliferation of ai models have driven exponential growth in demand for chips<br>that can support ai workloads ( compute ), such as",
          "gpus. however, gpus are in short supply, and we face intense global competition<br>to access them. in addition, the resource - intensive nature of ai workloads<br>requires",
          "adequate and sustainable infrastructure capacity, which we have to prepare for.<br>to support high value ai activities, singapore must ensure reliable, localised",
          "access to high - performance compute, so that industry, academia, and the<br>government have the means to innovate and build here.",
          "[UNK] careful management is needed, as this infrastructure will take up<br>significant power, carbon, water, and land, all of which are limited in<br>singapore.",
          "foreword | 3 2023 is a landmark year for artificial intelligence ( ai ). recent<br>advances, especially in generative ai, have opened doors to new possibilities.<br>the",
          "[UNK] unlock the next frontier of economic growth. we must master ai to overcome<br>our labour and productivity challenges. this requires",
          "[UNK] while most of the compute supply is expected to go toward industry use, we<br>will direct a small proportion towards meritorious use cases that build up",
          "our local research and industry capabilities, or are in service of the public<br>good. we will also work with sustainability leaders in this space, to help<br>singapore",
          "achieve our ai ambitions while meeting our sustainability goals. enabler 7<br>compute",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 49 significantly increase high -<br>performance compute available in singaporeaction 10",
          "available in singaporeaction 10 we will actively crowd in a significant amount<br>of compute to singapore to support",
          "our growing ai needs, especially in areas of national interest. to this end, we<br>will : [UNK] deepen our substantive partnerships with major compute players,<br>ranging",
          "from chipmakers to cloud service providers ( csps ), to secure local access to<br>compute capacity. [UNK] support singapore - based compute with the required<br>resource envelope.",
          "we will ensure that there is sufficient carbon budget and power allocated to<br>support data centres, that house gpus or their equivalents, to process",
          "ai workloads in the near term. in the medium to longer term, we will chart a<br>roadmap towards the growth of net - zero, green data centres that are",
          "powered by renewable energy. this includes continued collaborations with<br>industry on innovative proposals to push the sustainability envelope.",
          "investments in our people, enterprises, and digital infrastructure, so that we<br>can create new jobs and participate in industries of the future.",
          "[UNK] manage a small subset of singapore - based gpus or their equivalent, to<br>support meritorious use cases for capability building, innovation, and the<br>public good.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 50 ai activity is built upon<br>confident, reliable access to high - quality, relevant datasets. data remains<br>one of the essential factors of production for ai.",
          "today, there are more avenues for ai development to overcome the traditional<br>obstacles of data availability and access. the open - source movement has made",
          "large quantities of data available, while private sector data marketplaces also<br>facilitate the commercial trading of datasets. meanwhile, it has become easier",
          "to create and augment structured datasets for ai, including through the use of<br>synthetic data. national efforts to maximise value from data should therefore<br>pivot away",
          "from access and availability, to address other emerging factors. these include<br>improving the quality of datasets, and ensuring that data use for ai development",
          "is context - appropriate and operates within trusted data sharing frameworks. we<br>are also keen to make more government datasets available to solve ai problems",
          "of high national priority. done well, we will demonstrate to ai developers that<br>singapore is a conducive place for responsible ai development.",
          "[UNK] we want to uncover and avail more good data that ai activity drivers can<br>leverage. while singapore may not have the biggest datasets where size of",
          "population is the key determinant, the breadth and depth of our economic base<br>suggest that meaningful datasets can still be mined to generate useful insights<br>and derive new value. enabler 8 data",
          "[UNK] address risks from the potential abuse and mismanagement of ai. these<br>include the misuse of ai to amplify harms ( e. g. scams, cyberattacks, and",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 51 [UNK] singapore should continue to<br>lean forward to support industry efforts to employ data for ai. importantly,<br>given increased concerns around data",
          "security, we should invest in privacy - enhancing technologies ( pets ), and<br>other novel approaches that can address barriers around data protection and<br>sharing, to encourage more data flows.",
          "and sharing, to encourage more data flows. [UNK] the government should also<br>support the data needs of meritorious use cases that serve the public good,<br>particularly if these are aligned with our",
          "national priorities but are not commercially attractive. this will ensure that<br>such projects do not fall through the cracks.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 52 build capabilities in data services<br>and privacy - enhancing technologiesaction 11",
          "enhancing technologiesaction 11 singapore will build up our data management<br>capabilities so that more of us can store, manage, share, and govern the data<br>that we have, enabling us to draw",
          "new insights and uncover more value. to do so, we will need to harness new<br>technologies that will enable safe and trusted data sharing, and grow more<br>capabilities to do so at scale.",
          "capabilities to do so at scale. [UNK] we will develop capabilities in pets. pets<br>enable businesses to access other datasets in a privacy - preserving manner,<br>hence extending the pool of data",
          "from which they can derive insights. the government will support research and<br>development for pets, especially in targeted areas like synthetic",
          "data generation, data annotation, federated learning, and homomorphic<br>encryption, and expand practical measures like regulatory sandboxes and<br>guidelines to promote experimentation with pets.",
          "mis / disinformation ) across society, especially toward vulnerable groups.",
          "guidelines to promote experimentation with pets. pet sandboxfeature story to<br>facilitate industry experimentation with pets, imda launched singapore ’ s first<br>pet",
          "sandbox in july 2022, to provide opportunities for companies to work with<br>trusted pet solution providers to develop use cases and pilot pets. this<br>recognises that pets are still",
          "in their infancy, and there is much to learn about using them in a real - world<br>environment. the pet sandbox matchmakes use case owners to a panel of pet<br>digital solution providers,",
          "provides grant support to user companies to scope and implement pilot projects,<br>and provides regulatory support to ensure that the deployment of pets meets<br>compliance guidelines.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 53 unlock government data for use<br>cases that serve the public goodaction 12 singapore will selectively unlock more<br>public sector data for ai development",
          "that serves the public good. we will assess the feasibility of setting up a “<br>data concierge ” within the government, to engage ai activity drivers and<br>creators,",
          "and identify and facilitate access to the datasets that they require for their<br>ai development activities. [UNK] for public sector datasets, the data concierge<br>will help ai activity drivers and",
          "creators discover and obtain access to appropriate public sector datasets. where<br>these are not already open - access, the data concierge will help unlock",
          "closed datasets through brokering data sharing agreements. it could also work<br>upstream with agencies to collect data based on the client ’ s needs.",
          "this will be underpinned by a data - sharing evaluation framework that takes the<br>“ public good ” dimension into account. [UNK] for private sector datasets, the<br>government can consider stepping in for",
          "introduction | 7 singapore is not starting from scratch. some earlier moves in<br>ai include : [UNK] national ai strategy. in 2019, singapore was one of the first<br>countries to",
          "selected high - value use cases where we can play a catalytic role. in such<br>cases, the data concierge can explore facilitating handshakes between",
          "private industry entities as a trusted intermediary, to aggregate and produce<br>data derivatives. we will continue our thought leadership around the progressive<br>use of data",
          "for ai development, such as advocating for trusted cross - border data flows and<br>providing guidelines to businesses to educate and facilitate greater data use.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 54 trust and safety underwrite<br>confidence in singapore ’ s ai landscape. they lie at the heart of our<br>interventions to deliver ai for the public good.",
          "[UNK] we will endeavour for ai to be developed and deployed in a safe,<br>trustworthy, and responsible manner. the government will institutionalise<br>appropriate",
          "governance and security frameworks for ai systems. the ultimate aim is to<br>establish a trusted environment for ai, where people can have the confidence",
          "that their interests are protected when interacting with ai. [UNK] we must<br>retain agility in our regulatory approaches. ai will continue to",
          "evolve, and no party has full sight of the risks that might emerge. it is only<br>through experimentation and exploration that the ai community can",
          "deepen its understanding of ai, and discover and address potential risks. the<br>government must therefore take a pragmatic approach – supporting",
          "experimentation and innovation, while still ensuring that ai is developed and<br>used responsibly, in line with the rule of law and the safeguards we have",
          "introduce a national ai strategy. we embarked on national ai projects in areas<br>like education, healthcare, and safety & security, and invested in enablers to<br>strengthen our ecosystem.",
          "put in place. where existing regulatory frameworks need to be updated, we will<br>do so thoughtfully and in concert with others, accounting for the global nature<br>of ai. enabler 9 trusted environment",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 55 there is a range of potential risks<br>around ai, spanning from concerns around",
          "model quality and fair use, to fears around the loss of control and existential<br>risks. singapore remains open to engaging with all perspectives, to enhance our",
          "understanding of the risk landscape and to inform our most urgent priorities for<br>risk mitigation. for a start : [UNK] we must ensure that ai systems are well -<br>developed, reliable, and resilient.",
          "this requires paying close attention to the model development process, to ensure<br>that the output of models is not biased, inaccurate, or erroneous.",
          "ai models should also be aligned with the appropriate set of human and cultural<br>values. existing international conversations around ai governance and safety are<br>largely centred on these concerns.",
          "and safety are largely centred on these concerns. [UNK] we must prevent ai<br>models from being used in malicious or harmful ways,",
          "and secure them against adversarial attacks. if ai is used carelessly, it can<br>potentially amplify negative outcomes like discrimination, anti - competitive",
          "behaviours, or intellectual property infringement. it can also be deliberately<br>misused against us, to supercharge existing threats ( e. g. scams, cyber -",
          "attacks, and mis / disinformation ) in terms of scale, speed, and<br>sophistication. we must remain vigilant against these risks to maintain digital<br>trust.",
          "enablers to strengthen our ecosystem. [UNK] dedicated investments in ai research<br>and development ( r & d ). we have committed more than s $ 500 million through<br>ai singapore ( aisg ) under the",
          "the government will take differentiated approaches to managing risks to and from<br>ai, ranging from regulatory moves to voluntary guidelines, recognising that",
          "ai will continue to evolve. we will need a deeper understanding of how ai works,<br>what benchmarks to use, and what testing is appropriate, and we look forward to",
          "developing these perspectives together with other stakeholders.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 56 ensure fit - for - purpose<br>regulatory environment for aiaction 13 the government will continue to maintain<br>a regulatory environment for ai that is",
          "pro - innovation while ensuring appropriate guardrails. we will : [UNK] update<br>ai governance frameworks to address novel risks. we will regularly",
          "review and adjust frameworks like the model ai governance framework and ai<br>verify to reflect emerging principles, concerns, and technological",
          "developments ( e. g. generative ai ). as part of this, it will be important to<br>establish clear responsibilities for actors across the ai supply chain. this",
          "baseline guidance will give clarity to ai developers and users on how to be<br>responsible in the design and use of ai. ai verifyfeature story",
          "ai verifyfeature story ai verify is an ai governance testing framework and<br>software toolkit developed by imda. the testing framework consists of 11 ai<br>ethics principles which are consistent with",
          "internationally recognised frameworks around the world. ai verify helps<br>organisations validate the performance of their ai systems against these<br>principles through standardised",
          "research, innovation and enterprise ( rie ) 2020 and 2025 plans. [UNK] ai<br>governance. singapore launched the world ’ s first model ai governance",
          "tests. imda first released ai verify in may 2022 for an international pilot. in<br>june 2023, imda also set up the ai verify foundation to harness the collective<br>power",
          "and contributions of the global open - source community, in developing ai verify<br>testing tools. the not - for - profit foundation will boost ai testing<br>capabilities and assurance to",
          "meet the needs of companies and regulators globally. since its launch in june<br>2023, the ai verify foundation has grown to have over 90 corporate members, who<br>work to de -",
          "velop ai testing tools to enable responsible ai.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 57 [UNK] continue working with<br>partners on r & d, particularly around alignment and evaluations. we will work<br>with partners to translate guidelines into",
          "appropriate technical standards, tools, and services that can be practically<br>applied. these will also be supported by policy measures including regulatory",
          "sandboxes, pilots for solutions such as watermarking and model cards, and<br>capability development to nurture a domestic testing, inspection, and<br>certification ( tic ) sector.",
          "certification ( tic ) sector. [UNK] design interventions that are risk - based,<br>tiered, and adapted for specific vertical sectors and horizontal applications.<br>this recognises that every use",
          "case carries a different set of considerations and risks, and would therefore<br>require different risk thresholds and context - specific risk management",
          "approaches. for instance, using ai to improve the user experience for video<br>games would differ considerably from a use case where ai assists hiring",
          "framework in 2019. in 2022, we also launched ai verify, an ai governance testing<br>framework and software toolkit, and made it open source for developers in june<br>2023.",
          "managers in selecting potential candidates. to ensure coherence with our<br>national position on ai governance, the government will also establish a",
          "common platform for regulatory agencies to coordinate on ai developments in<br>their sectors, and share best practices when governing ai.",
          "[UNK] consider updates to broader standards and laws to support effective ai<br>use. [UNK] contribute actively to international discourse on ai governance, to<br>raise",
          "capacity, share best practices, and shape rules around ai, together with the<br>international community. un high - level advisory body on aifeature story",
          "un high - level advisory body on aifeature story in october 2023, the un<br>secretary - general announced the creation of a new multi -",
          "stakeholder high - level advisory body ( hlab ) on the risks, opportunities, and<br>international governance of ai. the hlab comprises 39 experts from across un<br>member states, and it",
          "will support the international community ’ s efforts to govern ai. dr he ruimin,<br>the chief ai officer and deputy chief digital technology officer of the<br>government of singapore, has",
          "been selected as one of the members of the hlab.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 58 raise security and resilience<br>baseline for aiaction 14 the government will also elevate the security and<br>resilience baseline for all",
          "system owners using ai. [UNK] in the short term, we will work with partners to<br>update cybersecurity toolkits for enterprises and individual users, to address<br>ai - related risks.",
          "| introduction 8 these early investments have borne fruit. we have : [UNK] built<br>strong foundations for our ai ecosystem. singapore is well - regarded,",
          "these include advisories and actionable guidelines on how system owners can<br>augment their cybersecurity foundations to enable secure ai adoption.",
          "[UNK] in the longer term, we will also coordinate efforts to share best<br>practices and ensure alignment to improve ai security, including through the<br>development",
          "of standards and solutions for ai security. this will involve working with the<br>private sector to co - create technical guidelines and solutions to secure ai<br>use",
          "cases, and to leverage crowdsourcing initiatives to evaluate risks to ai ( e. g.<br>joint red teams to test ai systems ). such close partnerships with the private",
          "sector, including on capacity building and public education programmes, will<br>raise baseline ai security capabilities across the ecosystem.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 59 today ’ s international ai<br>landscape is contested and fragmented. [UNK] ai has become a major front of<br>competition. global powers like the us and",
          "china dominate the global ai landscape in research outcomes, innovation<br>capacity, and talent networks. in turn, critical and emerging technologies",
          "like ai have become a pre - eminent domain for geostrategic contestation. [UNK]<br>while the international community is working to develop consensus around",
          "the responsible development and deployment of ai, efforts remain nascent at this<br>point. all countries recognise the importance of managing ai well,",
          "and several have offered ideas on how the international community might<br>cooperate on this. it is still early days, and it will take some time before the",
          "most powerful ai models provide human - like intelligence, or a close proxy of<br>it, to do anything from clinical diagnoses to self - driving cars.",
          "ranking among the top 10 in the world by several international metrics. 2 over<br>80 active ai research faculty, 150 ai r & d and product teams, and 1, 100 ai<br>start - ups call singapore home.",
          "international community converges around any set of agreed principles. enabler<br>10 leader in thought and action",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 60 nevertheless, it remains critical<br>for singapore to stay engaged internationally, in a",
          "multi - party, multi - stakeholder fashion, to work towards a common<br>understanding on ai. [UNK] ai is a technology “ without a passport ”. its impact<br>cannot be easily contained",
          "within any single country. it is therefore crucial for all countries to converge<br>on efforts to make ai systems safer, and to avoid ai creating strategic risks",
          "and instability. this will require all countries to set aside the instincts of<br>protectionism, to steer ai as a force for good. singapore is determined to play",
          "our part, and we will continue to participate constructively at international<br>fora on ai. [UNK] such conversations on the trajectory of ai must be inclusive.<br>ai will affect",
          "and potentially disrupt all of us. it is therefore important to widen the<br>conversation, beyond the few who are developing cutting - edge models,",
          "to take in views from other countries and stakeholders, and build up the<br>capacity for meaningful efforts to address ai ’ s impact.",
          "[UNK] industry also plays a critical role to shape more responsible ai. we<br>welcome ongoing industry - led efforts, including those by leading ai companies,<br>as",
          "valuable contributions to the broader conversation on how to govern ai models<br>better. we look forward to learning together with them.",
          "ai start - ups call singapore home. [UNK] harnessed ai to improve singaporeans ’<br>lives. today, ai powers many public services, such as adaptive learning systems<br>in our schools, and chronic",
          "singapore is committed to being a serious and reliable international partner on<br>ai. this is important for sustaining our international position as a trusted<br>hub. we will :",
          "we will : [UNK] continue to grow singapore ’ s international networks with key<br>partner countries and leading ai companies. [UNK] increase international<br>mindshare in practical and risk - based approaches to",
          "government tools such as pair. we have developed governance frameworks and open<br>- source testing toolkits such as ai verify. these demonstrate",
          "singapore ’ s commitment to developing and deploying ai well, and we will<br>leverage these gains to be a global pace - setter at the forefront of ai.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 62 we will contribute to international<br>ai developments by : [UNK] anchoring key bilateral relationships with selected<br>partners from government",
          "and industry, through substantive initiatives and technical cooperation. these<br>will allow singapore to “ start small and move quickly ”, to establish",
          "common ground with like - minded partners, as pathfinders to broad - based<br>multilateral cooperation. [UNK] demonstrating alignment with key international<br>fora and supporting",
          "worthwhile platforms. singapore will support and actively participate in<br>substantive multilateral, multi - stakeholder, or plurilateral initiatives, that",
          "health management systems in our hospitals. we also use ai to support<br>immigration and customs clearance, and to detect and deter online scams.",
          "seek to achieve an inclusive, practical, and rules - based global environment<br>for ai. [UNK] sharing singapore ’ s experience and curating meaningful<br>partnerships for",
          "capacity building. we will actively profile singapore ’ s approaches to ai<br>through public engagements and conferences such as asia tech x singapore",
          "and scai. we are the convenor of the forum of small states ( foss ) 7, which now<br>has a digital pillar of engagement. together with government and industry",
          "partners, we will develop ai - related capacity building initiatives to benefit<br>the 108 members of foss. 7 singapore established foss as an informal and non -<br>ideological grouping of small states in",
          "1992, and has served as its chair since. foss now comprises 108 countries across<br>all geographical regions and at all levels of development, and meets several<br>times a year to discuss issues of",
          "concern to small states. in 2022, we introduced digital foss as a new pillar of<br>engagement within foss.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 63 atxsg brings together leaders and<br>industry decision - mak - ers across the global technology ecosystem to discuss<br>the",
          "latest trends in technologies including ai. asia tech x singaporefeature story<br>asia tech x singapore ( atxsg ) is a platform to empower the technology<br>community to",
          "discuss the latest trends and explore the critical intersections of technology,<br>economy, and society. the third edition of atxsg, organised by imda, was held in<br>june 2023, and",
          "brought together over 17, 000 global leaders and industry decision - makers<br>across the global technology ecosystem.",
          "[UNK] forged international partnerships. singapore is recognised as an active<br>contributor to global ai discourse, spanning issues from innovation to",
          "global technology ecosystem. a key track of atxsg is the atxai conference, where<br>thought leaders, industry experts,",
          "and policy makers from leading ai countries convene and discuss strategic values<br>of ai governance and technology trends, as well as showcase real - life<br>implementations of ai.",
          "64 speakers and over 2, 900 attendees from around the world have participated in<br>atxai over the past three years.",
          "a whole - of - nation movement | 65 to realise the broad and transformative<br>impact of ai, we will actively forge multiple",
          "partnerships across our economy, society, and the world. singapore ’ s nais 2. 0<br>is therefore designed to unfold as a national movement on the global stage.",
          "ai will not only contribute to singapore ’ s sustained economic growth and the<br>global competitiveness of our industries, it will also create better jobs, a<br>more",
          "productive labour force, and substantially improve the quality of life for our<br>people. singapore is ready. we welcome all who share our vision of ai for the<br>public good",
          "to join us on the next bound of our ai adventure. a whole - of - nation movement",
          "published 4 december 2023 copyright © 2023 government of the republic of<br>singapore you may download, view, print, and reproduce this document without<br>modification, but only for non -",
          "document without modification, but only for non - commercial use. all other<br>rights are reserved.",
          "governance. we advocate for the responsible and ethical use of ai. we are active<br>participants in multi - stakeholder platforms such as the global",
          "partnership on ai ( gpai ), the world economic forum ( wef ) ai governance<br>alliance, and most recently the united nations ( un ) high - level advisory",
          "body on ai. singapore ’ s initiatives, like ai verify, have been welcomed as<br>pragmatic contributions to the growing body of work on ai governance.",
          "2 for instance, singapore ranks 1st in per capita terms in the stanford global<br>ai vibrancy index ( 2021 ) ; 2nd in the oxford insights government ai index (<br>2021 ) ; and 3rd in the tortoise media global",
          "ai index ( 2022 ).",
          "introduction | 9 the recent breakthroughs in ai demand a renewed focus by<br>singapore to refine our national strategies for ai :",
          "these advances have also precipitated many important conversations – about the<br>potential of ai, its harms, and even on what it means to be human.",
          "our national strategies for ai : [UNK] greater capabilities. ai is now more<br>powerful and accessible. we therefore need to work with producers and users of<br>ai in a more concerted manner,",
          "because responsible development and deployment do not happen by chance. [UNK]<br>greater concerns. there are growing concerns over the safety and security",
          "risks of ai, particularly generative ai models. these range from fears over<br>malicious attacks on ai models, to the current inscrutability of large language",
          "models ( llms ), which calls into question the validity, credibility, and<br>legality of their output. such concerns have garnered attention from many around<br>the world.",
          "the world. there are also new competitive realities around ai : [UNK] resources<br>and talent for ai are scarce. these are concentrated within a few",
          "companies and countries, intensifying economic competition, as well as<br>geostrategic and resilience risks. [UNK] other smaller countries are also moving<br>quickly to attract ai investments",
          "and talent. while acquisitions for ai may be costly, they can confer enduring<br>value and deepen capabilities, if properly integrated within the ecosystem.",
          "against this backdrop, singapore aspires to be a pace - setter – a global leader<br>in choice ai areas, that are economically impactful and serve the public good.",
          "| introduction 10 we will therefore make three shifts from our first national ai<br>strategy : from opportunity to necessity. people “ must know ” ai, not just see<br>it",
          "as a “ good to have ”. we need both technical experts and savvy users to<br>maximise ai ’ s potential for singapore. from local to global. our people and<br>businesses should operate with the",
          "singapore believes in the transformative potential of ai. our second national ai<br>strategy, or nais 2. 0, represents singapore ’ s commitment to realise the<br>benefits of ai, and to create",
          "ambition to be world - leading in ai. singapore should be well - connected to<br>global innovation networks, working with the best to overcome complex",
          "challenges surrounding ai today ( e. g. energy, data, and ethics ). singapore<br>must contribute to ai breakthroughs and products that the world values.",
          "from projects to systems. for ai to have widespread and positive impact on our<br>economy and society, singapore has to move beyond flagship",
          "national ai projects. we will take a systems approach, bringing together<br>stakeholders within and outside singapore to add to our resources,",
          "capabilities, and infrastructure, accelerate the exchange of ideas, and<br>administer ai - enabled solutions at scale.",
          "introduction | 11 we believe that singapore can and will succeed, given ( a )<br>our position as a trusted global partner and major business hub, ( b ) our pro -<br>innovation and business -",
          "friendly operating environment, ( c ) our strong knowledge base and capable<br>workforce, and ( d ) our successful track record in transforming our economy. we",
          "are a nation of industrious people, known for being reliable and trustworthy,<br>and in whose hands ai may flourish. it is with these convictions that we set out<br>singapore ’ s second national ai",
          "strategy ( nais 2. 0 ), which will also drive the next bound of our smart nation<br>journey. working together with our international network of friends and<br>partners,",
          "we shall use ai to be a force for good, generating new economic opportunities<br>and improving societies everywhere.",
          "exciting new opportunities. it outlines our vision for singapore to be a place<br>where ai serves as a force for good, and where we harness ai to uplift and<br>empower our people and businesses.",
          "national ai strategy 2. 0 | 13 national ai strategy 2. 0 developed through<br>extensive engagements, nais 2. 0 starts with the conviction",
          "that we must do our utmost to harness ai for the public good, for singapore and<br>the world. singapore will be a place where ai can :",
          "[UNK] address the needs and challenges of our time. for example, in areas of<br>global importance such as population health and climate change.",
          "[UNK] be the great equaliser. we shall uplift and empower our people and<br>businesses, equipping them with the capabilities and resources to thrive in an<br>ai - enabled future.",
          "an ai - enabled future. nais 2. 0 seeks to attain the twin goals of : our vision<br>and goals excellence. we will selectively develop peaks of excellence in ai, to",
          "advance the field and maximise value creation. empowerment. we will raise up<br>individuals, businesses, and communities to use ai with confidence, discernment,<br>and trust.",
          "| national ai strategy 2. 0 14 to achieve our vision and goals, we will direct<br>efforts under nais 2. 0 toward three systems, working through 10 enablers.",
          "systems, working through 10 enablers. [UNK] system 1 : activity drivers (<br>enablers : industry, government, research ). industry, government, and public<br>research performers have deep technical",
          "capabilities that can be applied to deliver value. we need to orchestrate them<br>around meaningful use cases and problem statements to transform our economy and<br>society.",
          "our economy and society. [UNK] system 2 : people & communities ( enablers :<br>talent, capabilities, placemaking ). we will attract more top - tier researchers<br>and engineers to work with and",
          "and businesses. singapore may be a small island state, but we have big dreams<br>and plans. we will participate",
          "from singapore. more of our technology workforce should work to scale novel ai<br>solutions, that form part of the toolkit which a confident base of enterprises<br>and workers can use.",
          "enterprises and workers can use. [UNK] system 3 : infrastructure & environment (<br>enablers : compute, data, trusted environment, leader in thought and action ).<br>we will ensure that singapore",
          "hosts the necessary infrastructure and provides a trusted environment for ai<br>innovation. this will make us a credible leader and preferred site for ai<br>development, deployment, and adoption.",
          "development, deployment, and adoption. this strategy statement outlines 15<br>actions that singapore will undertake across",
          "these systems and enablers, to support our ambitions over the next 3 - 5 years.<br>we will continually review these actions to respond to fast - moving<br>developments in ai, across domains. our plans",
          "national ai strategy 2. 0 | 15",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 17 activity driverssystem 1 industry, government,<br>and research drive ai activity, from basic science to product",
          "r & d and adoption. together, they help singapore leverage the rapid innovation<br>cycles in ai for the economy and our society.",
          "cycles in ai for the economy and our society. singapore has built up a strong<br>and promising base of ai capabilities, which we",
          "should harness to significantly uplift the broader ecosystem. we will encourage<br>greater experimentation and collaboration, focusing on interesting and impactful",
          "fully in ai research and deployment, to do things that were not possible before,<br>and bring benefits to ourselves and others outside singapore. hence, our vision<br>for nais 2. 0 is to",
          "challenges, to reap greater benefits from ai. ai trailblazersfeature story in<br>july 2023, the ministry of communications and information ( mci ), digital<br>industry",
          "singapore ( disg ), smart nation and digital government office ( sndgo ),<br>together with google cloud, launched ai trailblazers. this rapid prototyping<br>initiative was a world ’ s",
          "first, giving businesses and government agencies free access to google cloud ’ s<br>ai toolsets for up to three months, with the aim of generating 100 generative ai<br>use cases in 100",
          "days, across the private and public sectors. mrs. josephine teo, minister for<br>communications and information, at the launch event for the ai trailblazers<br>initiative",
          "at the google asia pacific campus. by working with the best - in - class to<br>provide an innovation sandbox for ai development, singapore was not only able to<br>spark more",
          "singapore was not only able to spark more experimentation, but also gave many<br>more business owners the confidence to invest further resources once they were<br>able to see",
          "further resources once they were able to see the potential of ai in delivering<br>their business objectives.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 18 we shall steer ai toward developing select<br>peaks of excellence, which can deliver outsized impact to singapore and the<br>lives of singaporeans.",
          "[UNK] ai in domains. we will encourage ai innovation and adoption in key<br>domains, including : [UNK] leading economic sectors, which form a sizeable share<br>of singapore ’ s real",
          "gross domestic product ( gdp ) and for which ai innovation could catalyse the<br>next bound of economic growth. examples include manufacturing,"
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          "edge ai innovators and producers. to anchor transformative ai innovation and<br>value creation in singapore, the government has a key role in curating the right<br>incentives ( e. g. targeted grants ),",
          "research credentials. singapore will take a pragmatic yet bold approach to<br>building up and sustaining our leadership in select areas of ai research.<br>enabler 3 research",
          "[UNK] we must increase the number and diversity of ai creators working from and<br>with singapore, to drive leading - edge r & d activities and product<br>development.",
          "companies, and capital. to realise similar benefits, singapore intends to<br>provide more platforms which can bring our ai community together. we want to<br>engage with more of our talent",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 61 establish singapore as an ambitious<br>and pragmatic international partner on ai innovation and governanceaction 15",
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    "client_openai = RAGxplorer(embedding_model=\"text-embedding-3-small\")\n",
    "client_openai.load_pdf(\n",
    "    document_path=pdf_path, \n",
    "    chunk_size=200,\n",
    "    chunk_overlap=50,\n",
    "    verbose=True)\n",
    "client_openai.visualize_query(\n",
    "    query=\"What measures are being taken to cultivate and attract top AI talent to Singapore?\", \n",
    "    retrieval_method=\"HyDE\", \n",
    "    top_k=6, \n",
    "    query_shape_size=10\n",
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    "## Using HuggingFace Embeddings\n",
    "\n",
    "Similar to OpenAI, to use HuggingFace embeddings you will need to set your HuggingFace API token as an environment variable. \n",
    "\n",
    "1. Go to https://huggingface.co/settings/tokens\n",
    "2. Create a new token \n",
    "3. Copy your token key and paste in below cell and replace `\"your-huggingface-token-here\"`\n",
    "\n",
    "For more HuggingFace embedding models: https://huggingface.co/models?other=Sentence+Transformers&sort=downloads"
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   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
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   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " ~ Building the vector database...\n",
      "Completed Building Vector Database ✓\n",
      " ~ Reducing the dimensionality of embeddings...\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|██████████| 95/95 [01:23<00:00,  1.13it/s]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Completed reducing dimensionality of embeddings ✓\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|██████████| 1/1 [00:01<00:00,  1.57s/it]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
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          "ai for the public good for singapore and the world cover image generated by<br>adobe firefly contents | 1 contents 03foreword 05introduction 13national ai<br>strategy 2. 0 system 1 research industry government17activity drivers system 2<br>placemaking talent capabilities33people & communities system 3 trusted<br>environment compute data47infrastructure & environment leader in thought and<br>action 65a whole - of - nation movementour vision and goals our plan",
          "foreword | 3 2023 is a landmark year for artificial intelligence ( ai ). recent<br>advances, especially in generative ai, have opened doors to new possibilities.<br>the most powerful ai models provide human - like intelligence, or a close proxy<br>of it, to do anything from clinical diagnoses to self - driving cars. these<br>advances have also precipitated many important conversations – about the<br>potential of ai, its harms, and even on what it means to be human. singapore<br>believes in the transformative potential of ai. our second national ai strategy,<br>or nais 2. 0, represents singapore ’ s commitment to realise the benefits of ai,<br>and to create exciting new opportunities. it outlines our vision for singapore<br>to be a place where ai serves as a force for good, and where we harness ai to<br>uplift and empower our people and businesses. singapore may be a small island<br>state, but we have big dreams and plans. we will participate",
          "[UNK] other smaller countries are also moving quickly to attract ai investments<br>and talent. while acquisitions for ai may be costly, they can confer enduring<br>value and deepen capabilities, if properly integrated within the ecosystem.<br>against this backdrop, singapore aspires to be a pace - setter – a global leader<br>in choice ai areas, that are economically impactful and serve the public good.",
          "administer ai - enabled solutions at scale.",
          "introduction | 11 we believe that singapore can and will succeed, given ( a )<br>our position as a trusted global partner and major business hub, ( b ) our pro -<br>innovation and business - friendly operating environment, ( c ) our strong<br>knowledge base and capable workforce, and ( d ) our successful track record in<br>transforming our economy. we are a nation of industrious people, known for being<br>reliable and trustworthy, and in whose hands ai may flourish. it is with these<br>convictions that we set out singapore ’ s second national ai strategy ( nais 2.<br>0 ), which will also drive the next bound of our smart nation journey. working<br>together with our international network of friends and partners, we shall use ai<br>to be a force for good, generating new economic opportunities and improving<br>societies everywhere.",
          "national ai strategy 2. 0 | 13 national ai strategy 2. 0 developed through<br>extensive engagements, nais 2. 0 starts with the conviction that we must do our<br>utmost to harness ai for the public good, for singapore and the world. singapore<br>will be a place where ai can : [UNK] address the needs and challenges of our<br>time. for example, in areas of global importance such as population health and<br>climate change. [UNK] be the great equaliser. we shall uplift and empower our<br>people and businesses, equipping them with the capabilities and resources to<br>thrive in an ai - enabled future. nais 2. 0 seeks to attain the twin goals of :<br>our vision and goals excellence. we will selectively develop peaks of excellence<br>in ai, to advance the field and maximise value creation. empowerment. we will<br>raise up individuals, businesses, and communities to use ai with confidence,<br>discernment, and trust.",
          "| national ai strategy 2. 0 14 to achieve our vision and goals, we will direct<br>efforts under nais 2. 0 toward three systems, working through 10 enablers. [UNK]<br>system 1 : activity drivers ( enablers : industry, government, research ).<br>industry, government, and public research performers have deep technical<br>capabilities that can be applied to deliver value. we need to orchestrate them<br>around meaningful use cases and problem statements to transform our economy and<br>society. [UNK] system 2 : people & communities ( enablers : talent,<br>capabilities, placemaking ). we will attract more top - tier researchers and<br>engineers to work with and from singapore. more of our technology workforce<br>should work to scale novel ai solutions, that form part of the toolkit which a<br>confident base of enterprises and workers can use. [UNK] system 3 :<br>infrastructure & environment ( enablers : compute, data, trusted environment,<br>leader in thought and action ). we will ensure that singapore",
          "hosts the necessary infrastructure and provides a trusted environment for ai<br>innovation. this will make us a credible leader and preferred site for ai<br>development, deployment, and adoption. this strategy statement outlines 15<br>actions that singapore will undertake across these systems and enablers, to<br>support our ambitions over the next 3 - 5 years. we will continually review<br>these actions to respond to fast - moving developments in ai, across domains.<br>our plans",
          "national ai strategy 2. 0 | 15",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 17 activity driverssystem 1 industry, government,<br>and research drive ai activity, from basic science to product r & d and<br>adoption. together, they help singapore leverage the rapid innovation cycles in<br>ai for the economy and our society. singapore has built up a strong and<br>promising base of ai capabilities, which we should harness to significantly<br>uplift the broader ecosystem. we will encourage greater experimentation and<br>collaboration, focusing on interesting and impactful challenges, to reap greater<br>benefits from ai. ai trailblazersfeature story in july 2023, the ministry of<br>communications and information ( mci ), digital industry singapore ( disg ),<br>smart nation and digital government office ( sndgo ), together with google<br>cloud, launched ai trailblazers. this rapid prototyping initiative was a world ’<br>s first, giving businesses and government agencies free access to google cloud ’<br>s ai toolsets",
          "fully in ai research and deployment, to do things that were not possible before,<br>and bring benefits to ourselves and others outside singapore. hence, our vision<br>for nais 2. 0 is to achieve ai for the public good, for singapore and the world.<br>this report spells out how we will achieve our vision. it sets out our plans to<br>build a thriving ai ecosystem ; develop our workforce to take on new<br>opportunities ; provide enough infrastructural capacity to achieve our ambitions<br>; and foster a trusted environment that protects users and facilitates<br>innovation. in the end, our plans are only as good as our collective ability to<br>implement them. that ’ s why we welcome all stakeholders and partners to join us<br>in this shared endeavour. let us work together to realise the full potential of<br>ai in our lives. lawrence wong deputy prime minister & minister for<br>financeforewo rd",
          "for up to three months, with the aim of generating 100 generative ai use cases<br>in 100 days, across the private and public sectors. mrs. josephine teo, minister<br>for communications and information, at the launch event for the ai trailblazers<br>initiative at the google asia pacific campus. by working with the best - in -<br>class to provide an innovation sandbox for ai development, singapore was not<br>only able to spark more experimentation, but also gave many more business owners<br>the confidence to invest further resources once they were able to see the<br>potential of ai in delivering their business objectives.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 18 we shall steer ai toward developing select<br>peaks of excellence, which can deliver outsized impact to singapore and the<br>lives of singaporeans. [UNK] ai in domains. we will encourage ai innovation and<br>adoption in key domains, including : [UNK] leading economic sectors, which form<br>a sizeable share of singapore ’ s real gross domestic product ( gdp ) and for<br>which ai innovation could catalyse the next bound of economic growth. examples<br>include manufacturing, financial services, transport & logistics, and biomedical<br>sciences. [UNK] smart nation priorities, where ai assists our national<br>development, and unlocks new value propositions for social impact. these include<br>healthcare, education & manpower, trust & safety, and public service delivery.<br>[UNK] cross - cutting capabilities. we will invest in cross - cutting areas that<br>can accelerate the development and deployment of ai solutions across all<br>domains, including :",
          "[UNK] ai for business operations, where ai can optimise and transform business<br>functions ( e. g. customer relationship management, finance, human resources,<br>legal, sales and marketing, and supply chain management ). [UNK] ai for science,<br>where the use of ai can accelerate research productivity across scientific<br>domains ( e. g. drug discovery ). [UNK] foundational ai, where scientific<br>advancements are still needed to improve ai ’ s abilities. for a start, we will<br>double down on three specific themes – reasoning ai, resource - efficient ai,<br>and responsible ai 3 – with a view to making ai less costly, more widely - used,<br>and most importantly, trusted. 3 reasoning ai improves ai systems ’ ability to<br>understand logical and physical concepts, and explain their output ; resource -<br>efficient ai can help reduce ai ’ s growing reliance on data and compute, while<br>still ensuring performance gains ; responsible ai is critical to mitigate the<br>risks of ai and ensure that ai is trustworthy, safe, and secure.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 19 * e. g. customer relationship management,<br>finance, human resources, legal, sales and marketing, and supply chain.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 20 singapore ’ s knowledge - intensive economy is<br>especially exposed to ai. our industries and enterprises need to be responsive,<br>and ready to create ai - driven opportunities that will strengthen singapore ’ s<br>economic competitiveness. this will help workers and industries set the pace and<br>shape their own future, rather than face untimely disruption. many companies<br>have already embarked on ai - enabled innovation projects, which are often<br>focused on the application layer. while these are useful and have made a<br>difference, there is scope for us to go further. deep and transformative ai<br>innovation today increasingly requires integrated capabilities from across the<br>entire technology stack ( i. e. including model and infrastructure layers ).<br>there must also be a stronger nexus between sophisticated end - users and<br>leading - edge ai innovators and producers. to anchor transformative ai<br>innovation and value creation in singapore, the",
          "government has a key role in curating the right incentives ( e. g. targeted<br>grants ), resources ( e. g. compute and talent ), regulatory frameworks, and<br>partners. for a start, we will adopt a sector - specific, use case - centric<br>approach, and we will focus our initial efforts on leading economic sectors<br>assessed to be most ready for ai - driven transformation. done well, we will<br>have a thriving industry ecosystem in singapore, with significant value creation<br>from ai, and capabilities across the ai technology stack. ai will complement our<br>workforce, boost our productivity, and be a differentiating factor in attracting<br>best - in - class companies to singapore. we will also seed a virtuous cycle<br>where industry end - users can tap into a dense network of ai producers, who in<br>turn are motivated by the presence of strong, industry - relevant lead demand<br>and product mandates. enabler 1 industry",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 21 anchor new ai centres of excellence ( coes )<br>across companies, and explore establishing sectoral ai coes to drive<br>sophisticated ai value creation and usage in key sectorsaction 1 we will attract<br>and anchor new ai coes in singapore - based companies that are leading - edge<br>producers ( e. g. technology companies, start - ups ) and sophisticated end -<br>users, in order to conduct value creation activities across the ai stack. these<br>ai coes will ( a ) concentrate and deepen companies ’ innovation capabilities<br>across the ai stack ; ( b ) own core ai product charters and functions ; and ( c<br>) align with the peaks of excellence that singapore aims to build. their roles<br>could include creating new intellectual property, products, and services, beyond<br>optimising business processes. in addition, we will explore establishing a new<br>model of sectoral ai coes to intensify sophisticated ai value creation and usage<br>in selected economic sectors.",
          "we will work with industry champions4 to identify sector use cases and crowd in<br>a broader base of researchers and companies in the sector. 4 industry champions<br>refer to enterprise leaders that can form lead demand for ai solutions, boost<br>their sector ’ s competitiveness, uplift the capabilities of their supply<br>chains, and generate spin - offs for the broader sector ecosystem.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 22 american express decision science coefeature<br>story in december 2022, american express set up a decision science coe in<br>singapore focusing on data science applications in the areas of credit and fraud<br>risk model development using ai, machine learning ( ml ), and natural language<br>processing ( nlp ). american express expanded the coe in november 2023 to also<br>use ai and ml to optimise its customer marketing and service, and create<br>personalised and relevant experiences across digital channels. the coe will also<br>create a generative ai r & d practice focused on new ai applications for<br>servicing, risk, and technology. jacqueline poh, managing director, economic<br>development board ( edb ) and anna marrs, group president, global commercial<br>services and credit & fraud risk, american express at the official opening of<br>the american express decision science center of excellence. ( photo credit :<br>american express )",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 23 strengthen our ai start - up ecosystem,<br>including attracting ai - focused accelerator programmes to spur rapid ai<br>experimentationaction 2 in concert with private sector partners, we will<br>strengthen the ai start - up ecosystem along several pillars. this includes<br>attracting more venture builders and developing more accelerator programmes. we<br>want to speed up ai value discovery across industry, and nurture a pipeline of<br>disruptive, ai - native start - ups. these accelerator programmes could be led<br>by a mix of big technology companies and venture capital firms. they will<br>provide the capital, business and technical expertise, infrastructure, and<br>market networks to spur rapid ai experimentation. we will nurture globally -<br>oriented ai innovators to create intellectual property and scale to more<br>markets.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 24 the government is committed to the continuous<br>improvement of public service delivery for our people and businesses. we will<br>harness ai to serve the public in more impactful ways. enabler 2 government<br>oneservice chatbotfeature story the municipal services office and the government<br>technology agency ( govtech ) launched the oneservice chatbot to enable citizens<br>to lodge complaints and provide information on them via commonly used social<br>messaging apps ( i. e. whatsapp and telegram ). powered by ai, the chatbot can (<br>a ) automatically identify and classify complaints into the appropriate category<br>( e. g. litter, illegal parking ), ( b ) extract the relevant details of the<br>incident that need attention, and ( c ) identify and inform the relevant<br>government agency to follow up on the case. with this, citizens can easily<br>provide municipal feedback without having to figure out which agency they should<br>contact. agencies can also attend to cases more quickly.",
          "we also recognise the positive spin - offs from such efforts. these include<br>providing lead demand for commercial ai tools, demonstrating ai - led<br>transformation for the rest of the economy and society, spurring private sector<br>investment in ai, and mainstreaming ai adoption.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 25 for the government to better harness ai, we<br>need to : [UNK] develop, deploy, and integrate more useful and powerful ai -<br>enabled products. these include customised or commercial off - the - shelf<br>solutions. they can support the government ’ s needs, both general ( e. g. smart<br>transcription tools for citizen support services ) and specialised ( e. g.<br>detecting anomalies in financial statements and transactions to assist anti -<br>money laundering efforts ). [UNK] drive mass awareness and adoption of ai across<br>the public service. this will encourage public officers to use ai - enabled<br>products and services confidently, for more efficient and effective public<br>service delivery. [UNK] work with industry and the public to better identify use<br>cases and address pain points using ai. this can be done through well -<br>structured ideathons, hackathons, and incubator programmes. feature story pair<br>is a large language model ( llm ) - powered suite of tools for government<br>officers",
          "that allows the safe and secure use of llms within the government ’ s it<br>systems. its base capabilities include ideation, drafting, text and natural<br>language processing, coding, and data analysis, making it a versatile tool for<br>various tasks that public officers commonly undertake. pair chat is the first<br>application to be developed within the suite. it functions on a question - and -<br>answer format, powered by the same llms underlying chatgpt. thousands of public<br>servants regularly access pair chat to increase their productivity at work. pair",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 26 improve public service productivity, with new<br>value propositions for our citizensaction 3 the government will accelerate<br>public sector adoption of ai to unlock new value propositions for our people and<br>businesses. this will take place at two levels : [UNK] smart nation priorities.<br>government agencies equipped with the specialised knowledge, technical<br>capabilities, and regulatory tools for these domains ( e. g. healthcare and<br>education ) will develop and lead sector - specific ai strategies, to address<br>the needs and challenges of these domains. [UNK] whole - of - government<br>functional domains. these include finance, human resources, and service<br>delivery, which are key to transforming government processes and services for<br>the better. all government agencies that lead such functions will identify and<br>optimise specific business lines with ai, and build internal capabilities to<br>deliver business outcomes.",
          "the government will coordinate the resources needed to support public sector ai<br>adoption. for example, through central funding to support or scale - up novel<br>and impactful use cases, facilitating cross - agency data sharing, providing<br>access to high - performance compute and associated engineering capabilities (<br>e. g. through ai trailblazers ), and issuing facilitative policy guidelines. we<br>will also uplift the ai literacy baseline and sharpen the ai proficiency of all<br>public officers. we will develop and roll out targeted courses to impart ai<br>skills, for different public sector workforce segments ( e. g. senior<br>management, policy, and operational roles ).",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 27 a strong community of scientists and<br>researchers contributes to a vibrant ai ecosystem in singapore. [UNK] they add<br>to our overall technical heft, making us attractive to other top researchers,<br>investors, and entrepreneurs, to create new value in ai. this can generate other<br>economic spin - offs, such as the creation of well - paying jobs, start - up<br>growth, and sophisticated venture capital investments. [UNK] their research<br>breakthroughs can also translate into commercial products, which can be used by<br>our companies and across government agencies to realise better outcomes. [UNK]<br>their presence helps secure an enduring competitive advantage in ai for<br>singapore. over the last few decades, innovators in silicon valley and other ai<br>research hubs ( e. g. beijing, boston, montreal, seattle, and toronto ) have led<br>these places ’ technological prowess. singapore will similarly need strong<br>research credentials.",
          "singapore will take a pragmatic yet bold approach to building up and sustaining<br>our leadership in select areas of ai research. enabler 3 research",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 28 update national ai r & d plans to sustain<br>leadership in select research areasaction 4 we intend to update our national ai<br>r & d plans in five ways : research priorities, industry - academia nexus,<br>talent, compute, and international collaborations. [UNK] research priorities. to<br>optimise our limited resources for impact, we will be selective in our ai<br>research priorities, and align them to the peaks of excellence that singapore<br>hopes to build. [UNK] industry - academia nexus. we will foster more r & d<br>collaboration between academia and industry, capitalising on the growing<br>porosity of talent and innovation activities across the two spheres.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 29 aisg ’ s 100 experiments programmefeature story<br>100 experiments ( 100e ) is aisg ’ s flagship programme, aimed at solving ai<br>problem statements proposed by industry where no commercial off - the - shelf ai<br>solutions exist. as part of this, aisg helps pair companies with public<br>researchers to develop ai solutions that address the former ’ s problem<br>statement, and provides co - funding of up to s $ 330, 000 per project. several<br>companies, from a range of sectors, have participated in the 100e programme. one<br>example is q & m dental group ’ s em2ai, which worked with aisg to create an ai<br>model that helps dentists review x - ray images to detect disease, present<br>findings as dental charts, and recommend appropriate treatment plans. q & m<br>dental group has deployed this model across more than 150 clinics in singapore<br>and malaysia. another example is tencent ’ s lightspeed studios, a globally -<br>leading game developer that",
          "with digital technologies to transact with the government and businesses, and<br>are also digitally engaged at work, ai has been both commonplace and an uncommon<br>force. introduction 1 ai refers to a set of capabilities through which computer<br>systems can demonstrate human - like behaviour and complete tasks which<br>typically require human intelligence. it is considered a general - purpose<br>technology which can be applied across a wide range of sectors. some of its<br>varied applications include advanced web search, recommendation and decision<br>systems, advanced problem - solving, understanding speech and natural language,<br>perception ( for applications like facial recognition, image labelling, or<br>autonomous vehicles ), and generative ai tools ( including large language models<br>) that can produce various types of content, including text, images, audio, and<br>synthetic data.",
          "published games like pubg mobile. under the project, lightspeed studios<br>partnered aisg to develop a text - to - speech system to support the narration<br>of game storylines, so that gamers who speak malay can experience the games in<br>their native language. through 100e, q & m dental group ’ s em2ai has developed<br>an ai model that helps dentists, and has deployed this across its clinics in<br>singapore and malaysia. ( photo credit : q & m dental group ) through 100e,<br>lightspeed studios is partnering with aisg to develop a new text - to - speech<br>system for gamers.",
          "| system 1 : activity drivers 30 [UNK] talent. we will strengthen efforts to<br>recruit top ai researchers to work from and with singapore ( see action 5 ).<br>[UNK] compute. we will secure access, and operate graphics processing units (<br>gpus ) for singapore ’ s research community. this will also build up singapore ’<br>s infrastructure engineering expertise. [UNK] international collaboration. we<br>will expand international research collaboration in areas aligned with our<br>research priorities. this could take the form of joint grant calls or phd<br>training programmes with other countries, or involvement in international<br>conferences. this will allow singapore to level up our current capabilities by<br>working with the best in the world and make a meaningful contribution to global<br>ai development. singapore - republic of korea joint grant call for ai<br>researchfeature story in february 2023, aisg and the republic of korea ( rok ) ’<br>s institute for information &",
          "communication technology planning and evaluation ( iitp ) launched a joint grant<br>call to fund research on ai - based net - zero energy building management<br>optimisation systems. this grant call supported a research project between<br>nanyang technological university and korea university, to study ai - based<br>energy management and optimisation frameworks, to enhance the energy efficiency<br>of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems. the project also<br>drew in industry partners from both countries.",
          "system 1 : activity drivers | 31 singapore conference on aifeature story in<br>december 2023, mci and smart nation group convened the inaugural singapore<br>conference on ai ( scai ), to bring together a select group of top ai<br>researchers to discuss and articulate the top research problems of ai research,<br>development, and deployment that, if solved, would allow humans and society to<br>flourish. over 40 local and overseas experts from academia, non - profit,<br>industry and government gathered in singapore for scai. scai participants<br>identifying a list of critical questions that need to be addressed to realise ai<br>’ s full potential.",
          "creators, practitioners, and users, and across global networks.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 34 singapore will expand the pool and raise<br>the quality of our ai creators and practitioners, to accelerate ai innovation<br>and support ai activity drivers. [UNK] we must increase the number and diversity<br>of ai creators working from and with singapore, to drive leading - edge r & d<br>activities and product development. [UNK] we must also boost our pipeline of ai<br>practitioners. they are critical to supporting top - tier ai activity,<br>translating innovation into products and services, and transforming our<br>industries. enabler 4 talent",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 35 attract world ’ s top ai creators to work<br>from and with singaporeaction 5 singapore will engage and attract world - class<br>ai creators, from both the public research and industry spheres, to deepen their<br>innovation activities here. we will : [UNK] set up a dedicated team to identify,<br>engage, and anchor ai creators. this team will be the primary interface to<br>facilitate the integration of ai creators into the singapore ecosystem,<br>including through bespoke support mechanisms. [UNK] create novel value<br>propositions to attract ai creators. we will intensify local ai development<br>activities and induct international experts into our ai ecosystem to create the<br>building blocks for success. we will explore possible modalities for doing so,<br>such as hybrid singapore - overseas working arrangements, part - time<br>appointments across industry and academia, and partnerships with international<br>research institutions or companies.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 36 boost ai practitioner pool to 15, 000action<br>6 singapore will boost the pool of ai practitioners to support growing ai<br>demand, by : [UNK] scaling up ai - specific training programmes. we will re -<br>design the ai apprenticeship programme ( aiap ) 5 to significantly increase the<br>number of apprentices we can train annually. we will also work with industry ai<br>product development teams to expand the number of company attachments for our<br>continuing education and training programmes. [UNK] scaling up technology and ai<br>talent pipelines, through pre - employment training and by reskilling and<br>upskilling workers through continuing education and training. [UNK] remaining<br>open to global tech talent. we will continue to welcome global ai talent to work<br>and live in singapore, and contribute to our national efforts. 5 the aiap is<br>currently designed as a 9 - month, full - time, deep - skilling company - led<br>training",
          "programme, that helps trainees acquire ai capabilities by working alongside<br>industry teams on real business problems.",
          "| introduction 6 fundamentally, singapore believes that : [UNK] ai can be a<br>potent force for good, to uplift human potential : [UNK] ai is a technology that<br>will transform cognitive and physical tasks. we expect its benefits to be<br>immense, making today ’ s jobs easier, while bringing within reach activities<br>that were previously computationally impossible. [UNK] this requires us to steer<br>ai for the public good. we must harness ai in a sustainable way to create<br>positive impact – for new opportunities, better jobs, and safer, more meaningful<br>connections. [UNK] ai is strategically important. we must invest in it to :<br>[UNK] unlock the next frontier of economic growth. we must master ai to overcome<br>our labour and productivity challenges. this requires investments in our people,<br>enterprises, and digital infrastructure, so that we can create new jobs and<br>participate in industries of the future. [UNK] address risks from the potential<br>abuse and mismanagement of ai. these",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 37 techskills acceleratorfeature story driven<br>by imda, in collaboration with industry, skillsfuture singapore ( ssg ),<br>workforce singapore ( wsg ), and the national trades union congress ( ntuc ),<br>the techskills accelerator ( tesa ) aims to build and develop a skilled<br>information and communications technology workforce, which includes ai talent.<br>through company - led training programmes and career conversion programmes,<br>amongst others, tesa has partnered industry to train individuals in ai and data<br>analytics, with more than 2, 700 individuals placed in good jobs thus far.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 38 it is important to uplift the ai<br>capabilities of our industries and workforce, to enable our enterprises and<br>workers to reap the benefits of ai, and minimise its disruptive effects. [UNK]<br>ai has the potential to help enterprises increase their productivity and stay<br>relevant, provided they have the capabilities to apply it well. [UNK] workers<br>must also be equipped with the necessary skillsets to utilise ai tools, so that<br>they can increase their productivity, avoid untimely disruptions to their jobs,<br>and help enterprises optimise their operations and improve their<br>competitiveness. while all economies must prepare for ai disruptions, we believe<br>that singapore is well - placed to navigate them. singaporeans have persistently<br>demonstrated resilience and adaptability in the face of change, and the<br>government has a strong track record of managing such nation - wide transitions,<br>whether structural",
          "or cyclical, through our policies and outreach. we will build upon our existing<br>toolkits, schemes, and training programmes, to empower enterprises and workers<br>to adopt ai and stay ahead of the curve. enabler 5 capabilities",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 39 intensify enterprise ai adoption for<br>industry transformationaction 7 singapore will intensify the promotion of ai<br>adoption across all enterprises. [UNK] we have made available tools that<br>enterprises can use to evaluate their readiness to adopt ai. for example, self -<br>assessment tools like aisg ’ s ai readiness index ( airi ) are useful in helping<br>companies identify and map out the capabilities and infrastructure they need for<br>using ai. [UNK] we will promote baseline digital adoption for our enterprises<br>and enhance the enterprise digitalisation toolkit, to support more sophisticated<br>ai adoption. businesses ’ first interactions with ai often happen through their<br>existing enterprise solutions. only after they have had the foundational<br>capabilities in place, and are convinced of ai ’ s benefits, do they then turn<br>to more advanced or bespoke ai business solutions. through programmes like smes<br>go digital and cto - as - a - service ( ctoaas ), the government has",
          "helped businesses gain awareness of suitable ai - enabled solutions. we have<br>also encouraged the adoption of sector - relevant ai solutions, through our<br>refreshed industry digital plans ( idps ). [UNK] for more digitally mature<br>enterprises, we will provide tailored support for ai - enabled business<br>transformation. this includes leveraging imda and enterprisesg ’ s digital<br>leaders programme ( dlp ), which helps companies build in - house digital<br>capabilities, as well as the scoping of impactful ai projects in partnership<br>with ai solution providers.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 40 upskill workforce through sector - specific<br>ai training programmesaction 8 to help workers acquire the necessary skillsets<br>to work with ai, industry transformation map ( itm ) 6 sector leads will develop<br>targeted interventions for their sectoral workforce. ai has multiple<br>applications in different contexts, and itm sector leads are best placed to size<br>the potential impact of ai on their respective industries, and by extension<br>their workforce. sector leads can ride on existing frameworks like the jobs<br>transformation maps ( jtms ) to identify the relevant skillsets needed, and<br>develop appropriate training programmes for ai upskilling and reskilling. 6 itms<br>are roadmaps developed for 23 industries under six clusters to systematically<br>raise productivity, develop skills, drive innovation, and promote<br>internationalisation, so as to catalyse transformation. itms will be refined<br>over time to ensure relevance.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 41 jobs transformation mapsfeature story jtms<br>provide detailed insights on the impact of technology and automation on sectors<br>and their workforce. they identify key technologies that are driving change, and<br>their impact on individual job roles. as existing job roles evolve and new job<br>roles emerge, jtms also identify the pathways for employers to transform jobs<br>and for workers to acquire requisite skills. jtms serve as a useful compass for<br>employers and workers to prepare themselves for the future of work as technology<br>becomes more pervasive in their sectors. one example is the financial services<br>jtm, which studied the impact of ai, advanced analytics, and automation on jobs<br>and skills in the financial services sector in 2019. the jtm helped prioritise<br>the industry ’ s efforts to reskill and redeploy employees in segments that were<br>identified as likely to experience significant changes, such as consumer<br>banking, insurance, and operations.",
          "mas and the institute of banking & finance, with support from wsg, will be<br>studying how generative ai will transform the financial sector, including where<br>generative ai might be deployed, and by when. this will further inform our<br>understanding of how generative ai will impact jobs in the sector, and provide<br>advice on how the workforce should upskill and reskill to perform new and<br>augmented roles.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 42 in a vibrant ecosystem, diverse talent can<br>readily connect with one another and forge meaningful partnerships. there are<br>many talented ai creators and practitioners today, with good ideas that can<br>expand the frontier of ai. the opportunity to spar and collaborate with like -<br>minded peers can enrich these ideas, and accelerate the translation into<br>products and new value. such synergies are seen in global ai hubs such as san<br>francisco, where stakeholders working across all parts of the ai ecosystem are<br>found in close proximity, and the vibrancy of the community in turn attracts the<br>participation of even more talented individuals, companies, and capital. to<br>realise similar benefits, singapore intends to provide more platforms which can<br>bring our ai community together. we want to engage with more of our talent pool,<br>and connect them to global ai experts for greater opportunities to interact",
          "and collaborate. over time, we hope these connections will create a sense of<br>identity and fraternity, and build up a broader singapore ai community that can<br>attest to the support and inspiration that this network provides. enabler 6<br>placemaking",
          "include the misuse of ai to amplify harms ( e. g. scams, cyberattacks, and mis /<br>disinformation ) across society, especially toward vulnerable groups.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 43 establish an iconic ai site to co - locate<br>ai creators and practitioners, and nurture the ai community in singaporeaction 9<br>singapore will establish a dedicated physical place for ai in singapore. this<br>will be a focal point for our community of ai creators and practitioners to form<br>new connections and spark new ideas : [UNK] this place will serve as an<br>intellectual home for both singapore - based individuals and visiting<br>colleagues. we will welcome entrepreneurs, researchers, engineers, apprentices,<br>and students, who are passionate about ai and share our mission orientation, to<br>this place. there, we will include a variety of purpose - built spaces aimed at<br>building up a sense of community and accelerating the exchange of ideas. we will<br>co - create this place in close consultation with ai ecosystem representatives.",
          "| system 2 : people & communities 44 raise. sg singapore organised the inaugural<br>raise. sg in july 2023, gathering 27 singapore - linked ai creators and<br>practitioners ( from across academia, industry, and non - profit organisations,<br>based locally and overseas ), to discuss how singapore could prepare and invest<br>for the next bound of our ai journey. the inaugural raise. sg gathered a diverse<br>collection of singapore - linked ai creators and practitioners, to ex - change<br>ideas on the next bound of singapore ’ s ai journey. raise. sg participants also<br>interacted with representa - tives from the local ai community, including<br>through com - munity - building events which drew in start - up founders,<br>investors, and government agencies.",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 45 participants emphasised the need to nurture<br>a strong, tight - knit ai community in singapore, concentrating community<br>activities in a focal site to increase opportunities for interactions and the<br>meaningful exchange of ideas. they suggested that this site be : [UNK] supported<br>by a full calendar of ai - related programming, including community - run events<br>such as hackathons, demo days, guest lectures, seminars, and social functions,<br>which create opportunities to build relationships across the community. [UNK]<br>enhanced with a “ digital community ” layer, to enable online collaborations and<br>remote participation in community events by singapore - linked ai talent who are<br>not physically based in singapore. through such virtual interactions, the local<br>ai community can connect more frequently, including with other ai innovation<br>communities elsewhere. the government will explore such suggestions and other<br>ways to support efforts that",
          "strengthen our ai community. for instance, we will work with industry and public<br>research partners to organise more ai - related events, and increase the cadence<br>of ai community networking events such as the ongoing neural networking series.<br>building on the inaugural raise. sg, we will organise regular gatherings of ai<br>experts with a singapore nexus, as well as arrange engagements with prominent<br>foreign - based ai experts and practitioners who visit singapore. feature story",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 47 infrastructure & environmentsystem<br>3 successful ai value creation requires robust and conducive infrastructure and<br>a facilitative environment, where all stages of the ai life cycle are well<br>supported, and everything works the way it should. for singapore, this will<br>involve : [UNK] availing compute and data for ai innovation. these are important<br>building blocks to serve our ai ambitions. [UNK] a trusted environment where ai<br>- enabled innovations and systems are robust and safe, so that our people can<br>engage with ai with confidence. [UNK] safeguarding singapore ’ s ai interests in<br>the international arena. we hope to participate in shaping the international<br>rules of the road that are emerging around ai.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 48 the increasing scale and<br>proliferation of ai models have driven exponential growth in demand for chips<br>that can support ai workloads ( compute ), such as gpus. however, gpus are in<br>short supply, and we face intense global competition to access them. in<br>addition, the resource - intensive nature of ai workloads requires adequate and<br>sustainable infrastructure capacity, which we have to prepare for. to support<br>high value ai activities, singapore must ensure reliable, localised access to<br>high - performance compute, so that industry, academia, and the government have<br>the means to innovate and build here. [UNK] careful management is needed, as<br>this infrastructure will take up significant power, carbon, water, and land, all<br>of which are limited in singapore. [UNK] while most of the compute supply is<br>expected to go toward industry use, we will direct a small proportion towards<br>meritorious use cases that build up",
          "our local research and industry capabilities, or are in service of the public<br>good. we will also work with sustainability leaders in this space, to help<br>singapore achieve our ai ambitions while meeting our sustainability goals.<br>enabler 7 compute",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 49 significantly increase high -<br>performance compute available in singaporeaction 10 we will actively crowd in a<br>significant amount of compute to singapore to support our growing ai needs,<br>especially in areas of national interest. to this end, we will : [UNK] deepen<br>our substantive partnerships with major compute players, ranging from chipmakers<br>to cloud service providers ( csps ), to secure local access to compute capacity.<br>[UNK] support singapore - based compute with the required resource envelope. we<br>will ensure that there is sufficient carbon budget and power allocated to<br>support data centres, that house gpus or their equivalents, to process ai<br>workloads in the near term. in the medium to longer term, we will chart a<br>roadmap towards the growth of net - zero, green data centres that are powered by<br>renewable energy. this includes continued collaborations with industry on<br>innovative proposals to push the sustainability envelope.",
          "[UNK] manage a small subset of singapore - based gpus or their equivalent, to<br>support meritorious use cases for capability building, innovation, and the<br>public good.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 50 ai activity is built upon<br>confident, reliable access to high - quality, relevant datasets. data remains<br>one of the essential factors of production for ai. today, there are more avenues<br>for ai development to overcome the traditional obstacles of data availability<br>and access. the open - source movement has made large quantities of data<br>available, while private sector data marketplaces also facilitate the commercial<br>trading of datasets. meanwhile, it has become easier to create and augment<br>structured datasets for ai, including through the use of synthetic data.<br>national efforts to maximise value from data should therefore pivot away from<br>access and availability, to address other emerging factors. these include<br>improving the quality of datasets, and ensuring that data use for ai development<br>is context - appropriate and operates within trusted data sharing frameworks. we",
          "introduction | 7 singapore is not starting from scratch. some earlier moves in<br>ai include : [UNK] national ai strategy. in 2019, singapore was one of the first<br>countries to introduce a national ai strategy. we embarked on national ai<br>projects in areas like education, healthcare, and safety & security, and<br>invested in enablers to strengthen our ecosystem. [UNK] dedicated investments in<br>ai research and development ( r & d ). we have committed more than s $ 500<br>million through ai singapore ( aisg ) under the research, innovation and<br>enterprise ( rie ) 2020 and 2025 plans. [UNK] ai governance. singapore launched<br>the world ’ s first model ai governance framework in 2019. in 2022, we also<br>launched ai verify, an ai governance testing framework and software toolkit, and<br>made it open source for developers in june 2023.",
          "are also keen to make more government datasets available to solve ai problems of<br>high national priority. done well, we will demonstrate to ai developers that<br>singapore is a conducive place for responsible ai development. [UNK] we want to<br>uncover and avail more good data that ai activity drivers can leverage. while<br>singapore may not have the biggest datasets where size of population is the key<br>determinant, the breadth and depth of our economic base suggest that meaningful<br>datasets can still be mined to generate useful insights and derive new value.<br>enabler 8 data",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 51 [UNK] singapore should continue to<br>lean forward to support industry efforts to employ data for ai. importantly,<br>given increased concerns around data security, we should invest in privacy -<br>enhancing technologies ( pets ), and other novel approaches that can address<br>barriers around data protection and sharing, to encourage more data flows. [UNK]<br>the government should also support the data needs of meritorious use cases that<br>serve the public good, particularly if these are aligned with our national<br>priorities but are not commercially attractive. this will ensure that such<br>projects do not fall through the cracks.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 52 build capabilities in data services<br>and privacy - enhancing technologiesaction 11 singapore will build up our data<br>management capabilities so that more of us can store, manage, share, and govern<br>the data that we have, enabling us to draw new insights and uncover more value.<br>to do so, we will need to harness new technologies that will enable safe and<br>trusted data sharing, and grow more capabilities to do so at scale. [UNK] we<br>will develop capabilities in pets. pets enable businesses to access other<br>datasets in a privacy - preserving manner, hence extending the pool of data from<br>which they can derive insights. the government will support research and<br>development for pets, especially in targeted areas like synthetic data<br>generation, data annotation, federated learning, and homomorphic encryption, and<br>expand practical measures like regulatory sandboxes and guidelines to promote<br>experimentation with pets. pet sandboxfeature story",
          "to facilitate industry experimentation with pets, imda launched singapore ’ s<br>first pet sandbox in july 2022, to provide opportunities for companies to work<br>with trusted pet solution providers to develop use cases and pilot pets. this<br>recognises that pets are still in their infancy, and there is much to learn<br>about using them in a real - world environment. the pet sandbox matchmakes use<br>case owners to a panel of pet digital solution providers, provides grant support<br>to user companies to scope and implement pilot projects, and provides regulatory<br>support to ensure that the deployment of pets meets compliance guidelines.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 53 unlock government data for use<br>cases that serve the public goodaction 12 singapore will selectively unlock more<br>public sector data for ai development that serves the public good. we will<br>assess the feasibility of setting up a “ data concierge ” within the government,<br>to engage ai activity drivers and creators, and identify and facilitate access<br>to the datasets that they require for their ai development activities. [UNK] for<br>public sector datasets, the data concierge will help ai activity drivers and<br>creators discover and obtain access to appropriate public sector datasets. where<br>these are not already open - access, the data concierge will help unlock closed<br>datasets through brokering data sharing agreements. it could also work upstream<br>with agencies to collect data based on the client ’ s needs. this will be<br>underpinned by a data - sharing evaluation framework that takes the “ public<br>good ” dimension into account.",
          "[UNK] for private sector datasets, the government can consider stepping in for<br>selected high - value use cases where we can play a catalytic role. in such<br>cases, the data concierge can explore facilitating handshakes between private<br>industry entities as a trusted intermediary, to aggregate and produce data<br>derivatives. we will continue our thought leadership around the progressive use<br>of data for ai development, such as advocating for trusted cross - border data<br>flows and providing guidelines to businesses to educate and facilitate greater<br>data use.",
          "experimentation and innovation, while still ensuring that ai is developed and<br>used responsibly, in line with the rule of law and the safeguards we have put in<br>place. where existing regulatory frameworks need to be updated, we will do so<br>thoughtfully and in concert with others, accounting for the global nature of ai.<br>enabler 9 trusted environment",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 55 there is a range of potential risks<br>around ai, spanning from concerns around model quality and fair use, to fears<br>around the loss of control and existential risks. singapore remains open to<br>engaging with all perspectives, to enhance our understanding of the risk<br>landscape and to inform our most urgent priorities for risk mitigation. for a<br>start : [UNK] we must ensure that ai systems are well - developed, reliable, and<br>resilient. this requires paying close attention to the model development<br>process, to ensure that the output of models is not biased, inaccurate, or<br>erroneous. ai models should also be aligned with the appropriate set of human<br>and cultural values. existing international conversations around ai governance<br>and safety are largely centred on these concerns. [UNK] we must prevent ai<br>models from being used in malicious or harmful ways, and secure them against<br>adversarial attacks. if ai is used carelessly, it can",
          "potentially amplify negative outcomes like discrimination, anti - competitive<br>behaviours, or intellectual property infringement. it can also be deliberately<br>misused against us, to supercharge existing threats ( e. g. scams, cyber -<br>attacks, and mis / disinformation ) in terms of scale, speed, and<br>sophistication. we must remain vigilant against these risks to maintain digital<br>trust. the government will take differentiated approaches to managing risks to<br>and from ai, ranging from regulatory moves to voluntary guidelines, recognising<br>that ai will continue to evolve. we will need a deeper understanding of how ai<br>works, what benchmarks to use, and what testing is appropriate, and we look<br>forward to developing these perspectives together with other stakeholders.",
          "| introduction 8 these early investments have borne fruit. we have : [UNK] built<br>strong foundations for our ai ecosystem. singapore is well - regarded, ranking<br>among the top 10 in the world by several international metrics. 2 over 80 active<br>ai research faculty, 150 ai r & d and product teams, and 1, 100 ai start - ups<br>call singapore home. [UNK] harnessed ai to improve singaporeans ’ lives. today,<br>ai powers many public services, such as adaptive learning systems in our<br>schools, and chronic health management systems in our hospitals. we also use ai<br>to support immigration and customs clearance, and to detect and deter online<br>scams. [UNK] forged international partnerships. singapore is recognised as an<br>active contributor to global ai discourse, spanning issues from innovation to<br>governance. we advocate for the responsible and ethical use of ai. we are active<br>participants in multi - stakeholder platforms such as the global partnership on<br>ai ( gpai ), the world economic forum ( wef ) ai governance",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 56 ensure fit - for - purpose<br>regulatory environment for aiaction 13 the government will continue to maintain<br>a regulatory environment for ai that is pro - innovation while ensuring<br>appropriate guardrails. we will : [UNK] update ai governance frameworks to<br>address novel risks. we will regularly review and adjust frameworks like the<br>model ai governance framework and ai verify to reflect emerging principles,<br>concerns, and technological developments ( e. g. generative ai ). as part of<br>this, it will be important to establish clear responsibilities for actors across<br>the ai supply chain. this baseline guidance will give clarity to ai developers<br>and users on how to be responsible in the design and use of ai. ai verifyfeature<br>story ai verify is an ai governance testing framework and software toolkit<br>developed by imda. the testing framework consists of 11 ai ethics principles<br>which are consistent with",
          "internationally recognised frameworks around the world. ai verify helps<br>organisations validate the performance of their ai systems against these<br>principles through standardised tests. imda first released ai verify in may 2022<br>for an international pilot. in june 2023, imda also set up the ai verify<br>foundation to harness the collective power and contributions of the global open<br>- source community, in developing ai verify testing tools. the not - for -<br>profit foundation will boost ai testing capabilities and assurance to meet the<br>needs of companies and regulators globally. since its launch in june 2023, the<br>ai verify foundation has grown to have over 90 corporate members, who work to de<br>- velop ai testing tools to enable responsible ai.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 57 [UNK] continue working with<br>partners on r & d, particularly around alignment and evaluations. we will work<br>with partners to translate guidelines into appropriate technical standards,<br>tools, and services that can be practically applied. these will also be<br>supported by policy measures including regulatory sandboxes, pilots for<br>solutions such as watermarking and model cards, and capability development to<br>nurture a domestic testing, inspection, and certification ( tic ) sector. [UNK]<br>design interventions that are risk - based, tiered, and adapted for specific<br>vertical sectors and horizontal applications. this recognises that every use<br>case carries a different set of considerations and risks, and would therefore<br>require different risk thresholds and context - specific risk management<br>approaches. for instance, using ai to improve the user experience for video<br>games would differ considerably from a use case where ai assists hiring",
          "managers in selecting potential candidates. to ensure coherence with our<br>national position on ai governance, the government will also establish a common<br>platform for regulatory agencies to coordinate on ai developments in their<br>sectors, and share best practices when governing ai. [UNK] consider updates to<br>broader standards and laws to support effective ai use. [UNK] contribute<br>actively to international discourse on ai governance, to raise capacity, share<br>best practices, and shape rules around ai, together with the international<br>community. un high - level advisory body on aifeature story in october 2023, the<br>un secretary - general announced the creation of a new multi - stakeholder high<br>- level advisory body ( hlab ) on the risks, opportunities, and international<br>governance of ai. the hlab comprises 39 experts from across un member states,<br>and it will support the international community ’ s efforts to govern ai. dr he<br>ruimin, the chief ai",
          "officer and deputy chief digital technology officer of the government of<br>singapore, has been selected as one of the members of the hlab.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 58 raise security and resilience<br>baseline for aiaction 14 the government will also elevate the security and<br>resilience baseline for all system owners using ai. [UNK] in the short term, we<br>will work with partners to update cybersecurity toolkits for enterprises and<br>individual users, to address ai - related risks. these include advisories and<br>actionable guidelines on how system owners can augment their cybersecurity<br>foundations to enable secure ai adoption. [UNK] in the longer term, we will also<br>coordinate efforts to share best practices and ensure alignment to improve ai<br>security, including through the development of standards and solutions for ai<br>security. this will involve working with the private sector to co - create<br>technical guidelines and solutions to secure ai use cases, and to leverage<br>crowdsourcing initiatives to evaluate risks to ai ( e. g. joint red teams to<br>test ai systems ). such close partnerships with the private",
          "sector, including on capacity building and public education programmes, will<br>raise baseline ai security capabilities across the ecosystem.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 59 today ’ s international ai<br>landscape is contested and fragmented. [UNK] ai has become a major front of<br>competition. global powers like the us and china dominate the global ai<br>landscape in research outcomes, innovation capacity, and talent networks. in<br>turn, critical and emerging technologies like ai have become a pre - eminent<br>domain for geostrategic contestation. [UNK] while the international community is<br>working to develop consensus around the responsible development and deployment<br>of ai, efforts remain nascent at this point. all countries recognise the<br>importance of managing ai well, and several have offered ideas on how the<br>international community might cooperate on this. it is still early days, and it<br>will take some time before the international community converges around any set<br>of agreed principles. enabler 10 leader in thought and action",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 60 nevertheless, it remains critical<br>for singapore to stay engaged internationally, in a multi - party, multi -<br>stakeholder fashion, to work towards a common understanding on ai. [UNK] ai is a<br>technology “ without a passport ”. its impact cannot be easily contained within<br>any single country. it is therefore crucial for all countries to converge on<br>efforts to make ai systems safer, and to avoid ai creating strategic risks and<br>instability. this will require all countries to set aside the instincts of<br>protectionism, to steer ai as a force for good. singapore is determined to play<br>our part, and we will continue to participate constructively at international<br>fora on ai. [UNK] such conversations on the trajectory of ai must be inclusive.<br>ai will affect and potentially disrupt all of us. it is therefore important to<br>widen the conversation, beyond the few who are developing cutting - edge models,",
          "to take in views from other countries and stakeholders, and build up the<br>capacity for meaningful efforts to address ai ’ s impact. [UNK] industry also<br>plays a critical role to shape more responsible ai. we welcome ongoing industry<br>- led efforts, including those by leading ai companies, as valuable<br>contributions to the broader conversation on how to govern ai models better. we<br>look forward to learning together with them.",
          "alliance, and most recently the united nations ( un ) high - level advisory body<br>on ai. singapore ’ s initiatives, like ai verify, have been welcomed as<br>pragmatic contributions to the growing body of work on ai governance. 2 for<br>instance, singapore ranks 1st in per capita terms in the stanford global ai<br>vibrancy index ( 2021 ) ; 2nd in the oxford insights government ai index ( 2021<br>) ; and 3rd in the tortoise media global ai index ( 2022 ).",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 61 establish singapore as an ambitious<br>and pragmatic international partner on ai innovation and governanceaction 15<br>singapore is committed to being a serious and reliable international partner on<br>ai. this is important for sustaining our international position as a trusted<br>hub. we will : [UNK] continue to grow singapore ’ s international networks with<br>key partner countries and leading ai companies. [UNK] increase international<br>mindshare in practical and risk - based approaches to ai. singapore has gained<br>global attention because of early efforts to integrate ai in key sectors such as<br>finance, trade, and healthcare, as well as pragmatic government tools such as<br>pair. we have developed governance frameworks and open - source testing toolkits<br>such as ai verify. these demonstrate singapore ’ s commitment to developing and<br>deploying ai well, and we will leverage these gains to be a global pace - setter<br>at the forefront of ai.",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 62 we will contribute to international<br>ai developments by : [UNK] anchoring key bilateral relationships with selected<br>partners from government and industry, through substantive initiatives and<br>technical cooperation. these will allow singapore to “ start small and move<br>quickly ”, to establish common ground with like - minded partners, as<br>pathfinders to broad - based multilateral cooperation. [UNK] demonstrating<br>alignment with key international fora and supporting worthwhile platforms.<br>singapore will support and actively participate in substantive multilateral,<br>multi - stakeholder, or plurilateral initiatives, that seek to achieve an<br>inclusive, practical, and rules - based global environment for ai. [UNK] sharing<br>singapore ’ s experience and curating meaningful partnerships for capacity<br>building. we will actively profile singapore ’ s approaches to ai through public<br>engagements and conferences such as asia tech x singapore",
          "and scai. we are the convenor of the forum of small states ( foss ) 7, which now<br>has a digital pillar of engagement. together with government and industry<br>partners, we will develop ai - related capacity building initiatives to benefit<br>the 108 members of foss. 7 singapore established foss as an informal and non -<br>ideological grouping of small states in 1992, and has served as its chair since.<br>foss now comprises 108 countries across all geographical regions and at all<br>levels of development, and meets several times a year to discuss issues of<br>concern to small states. in 2022, we introduced digital foss as a new pillar of<br>engagement within foss.",
          "system 3 : infrastructure & environment | 63 atxsg brings together leaders and<br>industry decision - mak - ers across the global technology ecosystem to discuss<br>the latest trends in technologies including ai. asia tech x singaporefeature<br>story asia tech x singapore ( atxsg ) is a platform to empower the technology<br>community to discuss the latest trends and explore the critical intersections of<br>technology, economy, and society. the third edition of atxsg, organised by imda,<br>was held in june 2023, and brought together over 17, 000 global leaders and<br>industry decision - makers across the global technology ecosystem. a key track<br>of atxsg is the atxai conference, where thought leaders, industry experts, and<br>policy makers from leading ai countries convene and discuss strategic values of<br>ai governance and technology trends, as well as showcase real - life<br>implementations of ai. 64 speakers and over 2, 900 attendees from around the<br>world have participated in atxai over the past three years.",
          "a whole - of - nation movement | 65 to realise the broad and transformative<br>impact of ai, we will actively forge multiple partnerships across our economy,<br>society, and the world. singapore ’ s nais 2. 0 is therefore designed to unfold<br>as a national movement on the global stage. ai will not only contribute to<br>singapore ’ s sustained economic growth and the global competitiveness of our<br>industries, it will also create better jobs, a more productive labour force, and<br>substantially improve the quality of life for our people. singapore is ready. we<br>welcome all who share our vision of ai for the public good to join us on the<br>next bound of our ai adventure. a whole - of - nation movement published 4<br>december 2023 copyright © 2023 government of the republic of singapore you may<br>download, view, print, and reproduce this document without modification, but<br>only for non - commercial use. all other rights are reserved."
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          "introduction | 9 the recent breakthroughs in ai demand a renewed focus by<br>singapore to refine our national strategies for ai : [UNK] greater capabilities.<br>ai is now more powerful and accessible. we therefore need to work with producers<br>and users of ai in a more concerted manner, because responsible development and<br>deployment do not happen by chance. [UNK] greater concerns. there are growing<br>concerns over the safety and security risks of ai, particularly generative ai<br>models. these range from fears over malicious attacks on ai models, to the<br>current inscrutability of large language models ( llms ), which calls into<br>question the validity, credibility, and legality of their output. such concerns<br>have garnered attention from many around the world. there are also new<br>competitive realities around ai : [UNK] resources and talent for ai are scarce.<br>these are concentrated within a few companies and countries, intensifying<br>economic competition, as well as geostrategic and resilience risks.",
          "| introduction 10 we will therefore make three shifts from our first national ai<br>strategy : from opportunity to necessity. people “ must know ” ai, not just see<br>it as a “ good to have ”. we need both technical experts and savvy users to<br>maximise ai ’ s potential for singapore. from local to global. our people and<br>businesses should operate with the ambition to be world - leading in ai.<br>singapore should be well - connected to global innovation networks, working with<br>the best to overcome complex challenges surrounding ai today ( e. g. energy,<br>data, and ethics ). singapore must contribute to ai breakthroughs and products<br>that the world values. from projects to systems. for ai to have widespread and<br>positive impact on our economy and society, singapore has to move beyond<br>flagship national ai projects. we will take a systems approach, bringing<br>together stakeholders within and outside singapore to add to our resources,<br>capabilities, and infrastructure, accelerate the exchange of ideas, and",
          "introduction | 5 since the release of chatgpt by openai on 30 november 2022,<br>artificial intelligence ( ai ) 1 has gone mainstream. recent breakthroughs,<br>particularly those in the realm of generative ai, have resulted in ai<br>proliferating quickly. ai is moving beyond its traditional, narrow approaches,<br>towards more general, almost human - like characteristics. the ability of<br>chatgpt to draft, depict, translate, understand context, and provide seemingly<br>meaningful responses to our questions, has captured the imagination of not just<br>scientists and experts, but all of us. for governments, these developments have<br>raised new and critical questions around the risks and responsibilities<br>associated with the development and use of such a powerful technology, even as<br>ai continues to reinforce and remind us of what it means to be human. in<br>singapore, where the vast majority of our people already frequently interact",
          "system 2 : people & communities | 33 people & communitiessystem 2 tight - knit<br>knowledge communities are critical for ai innovation, driving the exchange of<br>ideas and expertise for research, product development, and the impactful use of<br>ai. singapore must be home to exemplary ai creators, practitioners, and users.<br>we must : [UNK] attract, anchor, and develop more ai creators ( top - tier ai<br>talent ) from industry and academia to work with and from singapore, to generate<br>cutting - edge ai research and drive novel use cases. [UNK] increase the number<br>of ai practitioners ( tech workers ) with the skillsets to create, implement and<br>deploy ai systems, models, and algorithms in organisations, at scale. [UNK]<br>build up a base of confident ai users ( enterprises and general workforce ) that<br>are equipped to use ai - powered products and services to increase productivity,<br>and pursue better jobs and more impactful work. [UNK] accelerate the exchange of<br>ideas, both within our local ai community of",
          "| system 3 : infrastructure & environment 54 trust and safety underwrite<br>confidence in singapore ’ s ai landscape. they lie at the heart of our<br>interventions to deliver ai for the public good. [UNK] we will endeavour for ai<br>to be developed and deployed in a safe, trustworthy, and responsible manner. the<br>government will institutionalise appropriate governance and security frameworks<br>for ai systems. the ultimate aim is to establish a trusted environment for ai,<br>where people can have the confidence that their interests are protected when<br>interacting with ai. [UNK] we must retain agility in our regulatory approaches.<br>ai will continue to evolve, and no party has full sight of the risks that might<br>emerge. it is only through experimentation and exploration that the ai community<br>can deepen its understanding of ai, and discover and address potential risks.<br>the government must therefore take a pragmatic approach – supporting"
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          "ternary": {
           "aaxis": {
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "linecolor": "white",
            "ticks": ""
           },
           "baxis": {
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "linecolor": "white",
            "ticks": ""
           },
           "bgcolor": "#E5ECF6",
           "caxis": {
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "linecolor": "white",
            "ticks": ""
           }
          },
          "title": {
           "x": 0.05
          },
          "xaxis": {
           "automargin": true,
           "gridcolor": "white",
           "linecolor": "white",
           "ticks": "",
           "title": {
            "standoff": 15
           },
           "zerolinecolor": "white",
           "zerolinewidth": 2
          },
          "yaxis": {
           "automargin": true,
           "gridcolor": "white",
           "linecolor": "white",
           "ticks": "",
           "title": {
            "standoff": 15
           },
           "zerolinecolor": "white",
           "zerolinewidth": 2
          }
         }
        }
       }
      }
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "client_hf = RAGxplorer(embedding_model=\"thenlper/gte-large\")\n",
    "client_hf.load_pdf(document_path=pdf_path, verbose=True)\n",
    "client_hf.visualize_query(\n",
    "    \"How will AI innovation be balanced with ethnical considerations and public trust?\"\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Conclusion\n",
    "\n",
    "Thank you for taking the time to read through this tutorial on using `RAGxplorer`. We hope you found it helpful and informative. If you have any questions or feedback, please don't hesitate to reach out. "
   ]
  }
 ],
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