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Binary Caches Tutorial

In this section of the tutorial you will learn how to share Spack built binaries across machines and users using build caches.

We will explore a few concepts that apply to all types of build caches, but the focus is primarily on OCI container registries like Docker Hub or Github Packages as a storage backend for binary caches. Spack supports a range of storage backends, like an ordinary filesystem, S3, and Google Cloud Storage, but OCI build caches have a few interesting properties that make them worth exploring more in depth.

Before we configure a build cache, let's install the julia package, which is an interesting example because it has some non-trivial dependencies like llvm, and features an interactive REPL that we can use to verify that the installation works.

$ mkdir ~/myenv && cd ~/myenv
$ spack env create --with-view view .
$ spack -e . add julia
$ spack -e . install

Let's run the julia REPL

$ ./view/bin/julia
julia> 1 + 1
2

Now we'd like to share these executables with other users. First we will focus on sharing the binaries with other Spack users, and later we will see how users completely unfamiliar with Spack can easily use the applications too.

Setting up an OCI build cache on GitHub Packages

For this tutorial we will be using GitHub Packages as an OCI registry, since most people have a GitHub account and it's easy to use.

First go to https://github.com/settings/tokens to generate a Personal access token with write:packages permissions. Copy this token.

Next, we will add this token to the mirror config section of the Spack environment:

$ spack -e . mirror add \
    --oci-username <user> \
    --oci-password <token> \
    --unsigned \
    my-mirror \
    oci://ghcr.io/<github_user>/buildcache-${USER}-${HOSTNAME}

Note

We talk about mirrors and build caches almost interchangeably, because every build cache is a binary mirror. Source mirrors exist too, which we will not cover in this tutorial.

Your spack.yaml file should now contain the following:

spack:
  specs:
  - julia
  mirrors:
     my-mirror:
        url: oci://ghcr.io/<github_user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>
        access_pair:
        - <user>
        - <token>
        signed: false

Let's push julia and its dependencies to the build cache

$ spack -e . buildcache push my-mirror

which outputs

==> Selected 66 specs to push to oci://ghcr.io/<github_user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>
==> Checking for existing specs in the buildcache
==> 66 specs need to be pushed to ghcr.io/<github_user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>
==> Uploaded sha256:d8d9a5f1fa443e27deea66e0994c7c53e2a4a618372b01a43499008ff6b5badb (0.83s, 0.11 MB/s)
...
==> Uploading manifests
==> Uploaded sha256:cdd443ede8f2ae2a8025f5c46a4da85c4ff003b82e68cbfc4536492fc01de053 (0.64s, 0.02 MB/s)
...
==> Pushed [email protected]/ew3aaos to ghcr.io/<user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>:zstd-1.5.6-ew3aaosbmf3ts2ylqgi4c6enfmf3m5dr.spack
...
==> Pushed [email protected]/dfzhutf to ghcr.io/<user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>:julia-1.9.3-dfzhutfh3s2ekaltdmujjn575eip5uhl.spack

The location of the pushed package

ghcr.io/<github_user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>:julia-1.9.3-dfzhutfh3s2ekaltdmujjn575eip5uhl.spack

looks very similar to a container image --- we will get to that in a bit.

Note

Binaries pushed to GitHub packages are private by default, which means you need a token to download them. You can change the visibility to public by going to GitHub Packages from your GitHub account, selecting the buildcache package, go to package settings, and change the visibility to public in the Danger Zone section. This page can also be directly accessed by going to

https://github.com/users/<user>/packages/container/buildcache/settings

Installing from the build cache

We will now verify that the build cache works by reinstalling julia.

Let's make sure that we only use the build cache that we just created, and not the builtin one that is configured for the tutorial. The easiest way to do this is to override the mirrors config section in the environment by using a double colon in the spack.yaml file:

spack:
  specs:
  - julia
  mirrors::  # <- note the double colon
     my-mirror:
        url: oci://ghcr.io/<github_user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>
        access_pair:
        - <user>
        - <token>
        signed: false

An "overwrite install" should be enough to show that the build cache is used:

$ spack -e . install --overwrite julia
==> Fetching https://ghcr.io/v2/<user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>/blobs/sha256:34f4aa98d0a2c370c30fbea169a92dd36978fc124ef76b0a6575d190330fda51
==> Fetching https://ghcr.io/v2/<user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>/blobs/sha256:3c6809073fcea76083838f603509f10bd006c4d20f49f9644c66e3e9e730da7a
==> Extracting julia-1.9.3-dfzhutfh3s2ekaltdmujjn575eip5uhl from binary cache
[+] /home/spack/spack/opt/spack/linux-ubuntu22.04-x86_64_v3/gcc-11.4.0/julia-1.9.3-dfzhutfh3s2ekaltdmujjn575eip5uhl

Two blobs are fetched for each spec: a metadata file and the actual binary package. If you've used docker pull or other container runtimes before, these types of hashes may look familiar. OCI registries are content addressed, which means that we see hashes like these instead of human-readable file names.

Reuse of binaries from a build cache

Spack's concretizer optimizes for reuse. This means that it will avoid source builds if it can use specs for which binaries are readily available.

In the previous example we managed to install packages from our build cache, but we did not concretize our environment again. Users on other machines with different distributions will have to concretize, and therefore we should make sure that the build cache is indexed so that the concretizer can take it into account. This can be done by running

$ spack -e . buildcache update-index my-mirror

This operation can take a while for large build caches, since it fetches all metadata of available packages. For convenience you can also run spack buildcache push --update-index ... to avoid a separate step.

Note

As of Spack 0.22, build caches can be used across different Linux distros. The concretizer will reuse specs that have a host compatible libc dependency (e.g. glibc or musl). For packages compiled with gcc (and a few others), users do not have to install compilers first, as the build cache contains the compiler runtime libraries as a separate package.

After an index is created, it's possible to list the available packages in the build cache:

$ spack -e . buildcache list --allarch

Creating runnable container images

The build cache we have created uses an OCI registry, which is the same technology that is used to store container images. So far we have used this build cache as any other build cache: the concretizer can use it to avoid source builds, and spack install will fetch binaries from it.

However, we can also use this build cache to share binaries directly as runnable container images.

We can already attempt to run the image associated with the julia package that we have pushed earlier:

$ docker run ghcr.io/<user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>:julia-1.9.3-dfzhutfh3s2ekaltdmujjn575eip5uhl.spack julia
exec /home/spack/spack/opt/spack/linux-ubuntu22.04-x86_64_v3/gcc-11.4.0/julia-1.9.3-dfzhutfh3s2ekaltdmujjn575eip5uhl/bin/julia: no such file or directory

but immediately we see it fails. The reason is that one crucial part is missing, and that is a glibc, which Spack always treats as an external package.

To fix this, we force push to the registry again, but this time we specify a base image with a recent version of glibc, for example from ubuntu:24.04:

$ spack -e . buildcache push --force --base-image ubuntu:24.04 my-mirror
...
==> Pushed [email protected]/dfzhutf to ghcr.io/<user>/buildcache:julia-1.9.3-dfzhutfh3s2ekaltdmujjn575eip5uhl.spack

Now let's pull this image again and run it:

$ docker pull ghcr.io/<github_user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>:julia-1.9.3-dfzhutfh3s2ekaltdmujjn575eip5uhl.spack
$ docker run -it --rm ghcr.io/<github_user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>:julia-1.9.3-dfzhutfh3s2ekaltdmujjn575eip5uhl.spack
root@f53920f8695a:/# julia
julia> 1 + 1
2

This time it works! The minimal ubuntu:24.04 image provides us not only with glibc, but also other utilities like a shell.

Notice that you can use any base image of choice, like fedora or rockylinux. The only constraint is that it has a libc compatible with the external in the Spack built the binaries. Spack does not validate this.

Spack environments as container images

The previous container image is a good start, but it would be nice to add some more utilities to the image. If you've paid attention to the output of some of the commands we have run so far, you may have noticed that Spack generates exactly one image tag for each package it pushes to the registry. Every Spack package corresponds to a single layer in each image, and the layers are shared across the different image tags.

Because Spack installs every package into a unique prefix, it is incredibly easy to compose multiple packages into a container image. In contrast to Docker images built from commands in a Dockerfile where each command is run in order, Spack package layers are independent, and can in principle be combined in any order.

Let's add a simple text editor like vim to our previous environment next to julia, so that we could both edit and run Julia code.

Note

You may want to change mirrors:: to mirrors: in the spack.yaml file to avoid a source build of vim --- but a source build should be quick.

$ spack -e . install --add vim

This time we push to the OCI registry, but also pass --tag julia-and-vim to instruct Spack to create an image for the environment as a whole, with a human-readable tag:

$ spack -e . buildcache push --base-image ubuntu:24.04 --tag julia-and-vim my-mirror
==> Tagged ghcr.io/<user>/buildcache:julia-and-vim

Now let's run a container from this image:

$ docker run -it --rm ghcr.io/<github_user>/buildcache-<user>-<host>:julia-and-vim
root@f53920f8695a:/# vim ~/example.jl  # create a new file with some Julia code
root@f53920f8695a:/# julia ~/example.jl  # and run it

Do I need docker or buildah?

In older versions of Spack it was common practice to generate a Dockerfile from a Spack environment using the spack containerize command, and then use docker build or other runtimes to create a container image.

This would trigger a multi-stage build, where the first stage would install Spack itself, compilers and the environment, and the second stage would copy the installed environment into a smaller image. For those familiar with Dockerfile syntax, it would structurally look like this:

FROM <base image> AS build
COPY spack.yaml /root/env/spack.yaml
RUN spack -e /root/env install

FROM <base image>
COPY --from=build /opt/spack/opt /opt/spack/opt

This approach is still valid, and the spack containerize command continues to exist, but it has a few downsides:

  • When RUN spack -e /root/env install fails, docker will not cache the layer, meaning that all dependencies that did install successfully are lost. Troubleshooting the build typically means starting from scratch in docker run or on the host system.
  • In certain CI environments, it is not possible to use docker build. For example, the CI script itself may already run in a docker container, and running docker build safely inside a container is tricky.

The takeaway is that Spack decouples the steps that docker build combines: build isolation, running the build, and creating an image. You can run spack install on your host machine or in a container, and run spack buildcache push separately to create an image.

Relocation

Spack is different from many package managers in that it lets users choose where to install packages. This makes Spack very flexible, as users can install packages in their home directory and do not need root privileges. The downside is that sharing binaries is more complicated, as binaries may contain hard-coded, absolute paths to machine specific locations, which have to be adjusted when binaries are installed on a different machine.

Fortunately Spack handles this automatically upon install from a binary cache. But when you build binaries that are intended to be shared, there is one thing you have to keep in mind: Spack can relocate hard-coded paths in binaries provided that the target prefix is shorter than the prefix used during the build.

The reason is that binaries typically embed these absolute paths in string tables, which is a list of null terminated strings, to which the program stores offsets. That means we can only modify strings in-place, and if the new path is longer than the old one, we would overwrite the next string in the table.

To maximize the chances of successful relocation, you should build your binaries in a relative long path. Fortunately Spack can automatically pad paths to make them longer, using the following command:

$ spack -e . config add config:install_tree:padded_length:256

Using build caches in CI

Build caches are a great way to speed up CI pipelines. Both GitHub Actions and Gitlab CI support container registries, and this tutorial should give you a good starting point to leverage them.

Spack also provides a basic GitHub Action to already provide you with a binary cache:

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
    - name: Set up Spack
      uses: spack/setup-spack@v2
    - run: spack install python  # uses a shared build cache

and the setup-spack readme shows you how to cache further binaries that are not in the shared build cache.

Summary

In this tutorial we have created a build cache on top of an OCI registry, which can be used

  • to spack install julia vim on machines without source builds
  • to automatically create container images for individual packages while pushing to the cache
  • to create container images for multiple packages at once