Part_4.md

Pipes In Linux

Look at the output of this command

cat timetraveldiaries.txt | grep doctor

Link for the file - timetraveldiaries.txt file.

If you closely notice there are two commands cat and grep connected by a | - famous as the pipe character.
Now let's try to figure out what's going on here. Look at the parts separately (You could try running 1. and 3. separately)

1. cat timetraveldiaries.txt - This will print 🖨️ out the file on your terminal. Pretty trivial, right?😌. What you should know that cat actually prints to stdout - the standard output.
   The stdout of cat happens to be attached to the terminal we're working on. In another case, it could have been 'something else'.
2. | - Well, it's the pipe character. Hold on for a bit to know what it does 😌.
3. grep doctor - If you run this command separately, you'll see nothing happens. Why's that? grep If not given a file reads from stdin - the standard input and searches for the search term - in our case doctor.
   We did not give a file. So, grep searches doctor in stdin. Type I am doing fine but I am not the Dr. Press Enter. Nothing Happens. Now type I am doing fine and I am the doctor. Now it higlights doctor. To exit press Ctrl + D.

Now that we know that how individual pieces work (except the | character), we are ready to understand how the whole thing works. It will be useful to visualize pipe as this:

cat timetraveldiaries.txt >===< grep doctor

| connects the stdout of cat to stdin of grep The cat command dumps the content of file on it's stdout which is also the stdin of grep now. grep reads from it's stdin like it normally does and searches doctor for us.

This whole thing has the effect of searching doctor in the file timetraveldiaries.txt

This attachment of stdin of one command to stdout of another is taken care of by the kernel and we as a user don't need to concern ourselves.

More examples

I couldn't think of examples. So I used | to search for | character in my history 😇.

history | grep '|'

Remember ls? To know the most recent file in current directory you could do

ls -ltr | tail -1

To help with the thought process when using pipes, I'll walk you through an example:

Suppose I wanted to know the 5 most recent commands that I typed on the terminal that used | character.

1. What I need first is my history 😌. history command takes care of that.
2. Then I need to somehow filter commands that had | character in them. If I am able to do that, I can get any number of commands that had | let alone 5.
3. history is good and I know I can search or filter using grep but how do I connect them? Any guesses?😁
4. | is a connector - a tool for composition of separate tools. I use it like I did in an above example:

history | grep '|'

This gives me each command(or group of commands really since pipe was used) that had | in them.

5. Now I somehow need to get only the last 5 lines from this. tail command does exactly that. I have the commands with | and I know tail -5 will get me the last 5 lines but how do I connect them? Again, pipes!
6. Finally, I would type

history | grep '|' | tail -5

Yes, you can pipe any number of times. Think of left side of a pipe as a single unit. Every time you pipe, you should be closer to what you want.

A suggestion/warning

When working with pipes, if the commands that are used with them go along well, you'll get the desired results. By going along I mean they work on atleast some similar kind of data - line based data, column based data. This totally depends on the command. A line based could go well with column based. Again, depends on the commands.
I was sure that the last 5 lines of history | grep '|' would give me 'recent' commands because I knew how history prints the history.

Taking it further

At the cost of sounding too complicated, and it can be done, what you could do is run the last command that contained | character. Since I need only the most recent command, I use tail -1 instead of tail -5.

history | grep '|' | tail -1

At this stage we know we have the most recent command that contains | but it's only a history entry which looks something like:

1988  ls -ltr | tail -1

How do I execute it? Well if you want to execute a command you can pipe it to bash command. You could say something like this:

 history | grep '|' | tail -1 | bash

But notice that the output also contains 1988 . Bash will complain as 1988 is not a command. We need filtering! And this time grep won't do as we need to 'extract' something and not search it.
sed comes to rescue here.

 history | grep '|' | tail -1 | sed 's/^[ ]*[0-9]*[ ]*//g' | bash

Don't get intimidated by this long command. Also once you know sed then after a little bit of searching, you can figure out how to get everything except the 1st field (I did it by searching 😌).
You then simply pass everything except the 1st field to bash.

Note: You need that extra leading space if you pipe this command to bash. It's because the command is itself written to history before completing. So without a leading space this command will end up executing itself. Commands with a leading space are not written to history.

This was one way of doing it. You may find your own using different commands. 😇

Excercise

Learn about awk and cut. You can achieve similar filtering through them like the sed command. Check this StackOverflow answer to see how other people have achieved filtering.