diff --git a/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.core/src/com/oracle/svm/core/SubstrateOptions.java b/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.core/src/com/oracle/svm/core/SubstrateOptions.java
index 3a7a5c5cbc90..42a553ded691 100644
--- a/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.core/src/com/oracle/svm/core/SubstrateOptions.java
+++ b/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.core/src/com/oracle/svm/core/SubstrateOptions.java
@@ -943,12 +943,8 @@ public static int codeAlignment() {
     public static final HostedOptionKey<Integer> GenerateDebugInfo = new HostedOptionKey<>(0, SubstrateOptions::validateGenerateDebugInfo) {
         @Override
         protected void onValueUpdate(EconomicMap<OptionKey<?>, Object> values, Integer oldValue, Integer newValue) {
-            if (!OS.DARWIN.isCurrent()) {
-                /*
-                 * Keep the symbol table, as it may be used by debugging or profiling tools (e.g.,
-                 * perf). On Windows, the symbol table is included in the pdb-file, while on Linux,
-                 * it is part of the .debug file.
-                 */
+            if (OS.WINDOWS.isCurrent()) {
+                /* Keep symbols on Windows. The symbol table is part of the pdb-file. */
                 DeleteLocalSymbols.update(values, newValue == 0);
             }
         }
diff --git a/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/image/CCLinkerInvocation.java b/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/image/CCLinkerInvocation.java
index f476c2d3dee4..7a7e6d226951 100644
--- a/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/image/CCLinkerInvocation.java
+++ b/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/image/CCLinkerInvocation.java
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ private static class BinutilsCCLinkerInvocation extends CCLinkerInvocation {
 
             additionalPreOptions.addAll(HostedLibCBase.singleton().getAdditionalLinkerOptions(imageKind));
 
-            if (SubstrateOptions.DeleteLocalSymbols.getValue()) {
+            if (SubstrateOptions.DeleteLocalSymbols.getValue() && !SubstrateOptions.StripDebugInfo.getValue()) {
                 additionalPreOptions.add("-Wl,-x");
             }
         }
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ private void setLinkerFlags(NativeLibraries nativeLibs, boolean useFallback) {
                 VMError.shouldNotReachHere(e);
             }
 
-            if (SubstrateOptions.DeleteLocalSymbols.getValue()) {
+            if (SubstrateOptions.DeleteLocalSymbols.getValue() && !SubstrateOptions.StripDebugInfo.getValue()) {
                 additionalPreOptions.add("-Wl,-x");
             }
 
diff --git a/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/image/NativeImageDebugInfoStripFeature.java b/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/image/NativeImageDebugInfoStripFeature.java
index 4002cccf2cbf..740873693b91 100644
--- a/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/image/NativeImageDebugInfoStripFeature.java
+++ b/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/image/NativeImageDebugInfoStripFeature.java
@@ -24,10 +24,7 @@
  */
 package com.oracle.svm.hosted.image;
 
-import static com.oracle.svm.core.SubstrateOptions.DeleteLocalSymbols;
-
 import java.io.IOException;
-import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 
 import org.graalvm.nativeimage.Platform;
@@ -117,8 +114,13 @@ private static void stripLinux(AfterImageWriteAccessImpl accessImpl) {
                     BuildArtifacts.singleton().add(ArtifactType.DEBUG_INFO, debugInfoFilePath);
                     FileUtils.executeCommand(objcopyExe, "--add-gnu-debuglink=" + debugInfoFilePath, imageFilePath);
                 }
-                Path exportedSymbolsPath = createKeepSymbolsListFile(accessImpl);
-                FileUtils.executeCommand(objcopyExe, "--strip-all", "--keep-symbols=" + exportedSymbolsPath, imageFilePath);
+                if (SubstrateOptions.DeleteLocalSymbols.getValue()) {
+                    /* Strip debug info and local symbols. */
+                    FileUtils.executeCommand(objcopyExe, "--strip-all", imageFilePath);
+                } else {
+                    /* Strip debug info only. */
+                    FileUtils.executeCommand(objcopyExe, "--strip-debug", imageFilePath);
+                }
             } catch (IOException e) {
                 throw UserError.abort("Generation of separate debuginfo file failed", e);
             } catch (InterruptedException e) {
@@ -126,10 +128,4 @@ private static void stripLinux(AfterImageWriteAccessImpl accessImpl) {
             }
         }
     }
-
-    private static Path createKeepSymbolsListFile(AfterImageWriteAccessImpl accessImpl) throws IOException {
-        Path exportedSymbolsPath = accessImpl.getTempDirectory().resolve("keep-symbols.list").toAbsolutePath();
-        Files.write(exportedSymbolsPath, accessImpl.getImageSymbols(DeleteLocalSymbols.getValue()));
-        return exportedSymbolsPath;
-    }
 }