Kubernetes Dashboard

Dashboard is a web-based Kubernetes user interface. You can use Dashboard to deploy containerized applications to a Kubernetes cluster, troubleshoot your containerized application, and manage the cluster resources. You can use Dashboard to get an overview of applications running on your cluster, as well as for creating or modifying individual Kubernetes resources (such as Deployments, Jobs, DaemonSets, etc). For example, you can scale a Deployment, initiate a rolling update, restart a pod or deploy new applications using a deploy wizard.

Dashboard also provides information on the state of Kubernetes resources in your cluster and on any errors that may have occurred.

Configure your local routing

You need to add a route to your local machine to access the internal network of Virtualbox.

sudo ip route add 192.168.4.0/27 via 192.168.4.30 dev vboxnet0
sudo ip route add 192.168.4.32/27 via 192.168.4.62 dev vboxnet0

Access the BusyBox

We need to get the BusyBox IP to access it via ssh:

vboxmanage guestproperty get busybox "/VirtualBox/GuestInfo/Net/0/V4/IP"

Expected output:

Value: 192.168.4.57

Use the returned value to access the BusyBox:

~$ ssh debian@192.168.4.57

Expected output:

Linux busybox 4.19.0-18-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.208-1 (2021-09-29) x86_64

The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.

Deploy

Configure kubectl in the BusyXox. To do so, copy the configuration from the master node:

debian@busybox:~$ mkdir ~/.kube

debian@busybox:~$ ssh kube-mast01 'sudo cat /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf' > ~/.kube/config

Install the Dashboard by applying the kubernetes-dashboard.yaml file:

debian@busybox:~$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.5.0/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

Expected output:

namespace/kubernetes-dashboard created
serviceaccount/kubernetes-dashboard created
service/kubernetes-dashboard created
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-certs created
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-csrf created
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder created
configmap/kubernetes-dashboard-settings created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard created
service/dashboard-metrics-scraper created
deployment.apps/dashboard-metrics-scraper created

Check the state of the pods after the Dashboard deployed:

debian@busybox:~$ kubectl get pods -o wide -n kubernetes-dashboard

Expected output:

NAME                                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP           NODE          NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
dashboard-metrics-scraper-5b8896d7fc-2v4kp   1/1     Running   0          21s   10.244.3.2   kube-node01   <none>           <none>
kubernetes-dashboard-cb988587b-rx828         1/1     Running   0          21s   10.244.4.2   kube-node02   <none>           <none>

Notice we now have a pod named kubernetes-dashboard-cb988587b-rx828

Configure the Dashboard

`serviceaccount`

We need a service account to access the K8S Dashboard.

Create service account

debian@busybox:~$ kubectl create serviceaccount cluster-admin-dashboard -n kubernetes-dashboard

debian@busybox:~$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding cluster-admin-dashboard \
    --clusterrole=cluster-admin \
    --serviceaccount=kubernetes-dashboard:cluster-admin-dashboard \
    -n kubernetes-dashboard

Expected output:

serviceaccount/cluster-admin-dashboard created

clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/cluster-admin-dashboard created

Access the Dashboard

Bearer Token

To access the Dashboard, we need to have a token from the cluster-admin-dashboard service account.

As referenced in: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/#service-account-token-secrets as of Kubernetes v1.22 a secret is not dynamically generated when a service account is created.

First, try:

debian@busybox:~$ kubectl create token cluster-admin-dashboard -n kubernetes-dashboard

If a token is successfully generated, move on to "View the Dashboard" Section.

Query secrets

debian@busybox:~$ kubectl get secret -n kubernetes-dashboard

Expected output:

NAME                                  TYPE                                  DATA   AGE
cluster-admin-dashboard-token-p2qm9   kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      18s
default-token-ptzj7                   kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      75s
kubernetes-dashboard-certs            Opaque                                0      75s
kubernetes-dashboard-csrf             Opaque                                1      75s
kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder       Opaque                                2      75s
kubernetes-dashboard-token-59xt6      kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      75s

We can see the cluster-admin-dashboard service account token has a token named cluster-admin-dashboard-token-p2qm9

To fetch the token, describe the cluster-admin-dashboard-token-p2qm9 secret:

debian@busybox:~$ kubectl describe secret cluster-admin-dashboard-token-p2qm9 -n kubernetes-dashboard

Expected output:

Name:         cluster-admin-dashboard-token-p2qm9
Namespace:    kubernetes-dashboard
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  kubernetes.io/service-account.name: cluster-admin-dashboard
              kubernetes.io/service-account.uid: a2cb115c-3d82-42cf-80ac-3fa003e568cf

Type:  kubernetes.io/service-account-token

Data
====
ca.crt:     1025 bytes
namespace:  20 bytes
token:      eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImpTTHVJZ0h6LVpGSnFadzBpaXBUSjYyemVWZFJNZUZ3X29qMjIxRHBQOU0ifQ.   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.uibwq9m149OSdWG8FJGYJIxEBQle_QEVTnctBMY_67_HkCVLBA0R9d2brGhcw-bq9_IQWfOkMLRBj3duPr7YBTqKg53i6jXsnKnlh_t_UOCjx543or5Aw5HgcasslfHAVken6CtcEIYin4ya1LOb5DNH7mfHvdGWDFzTsSM3TxXe4FD6rvLfS-S0ICju7RBRLaOsrEptGjoX7z7mRXoQbeO3cFRlMsOQG7uShxgfz9BZDYrYICYw3YjhupQ9FXvWe_guLCA4XD3GNpPVp8bSgX_UayvgMouAleYs93QrlKqdBT0oD72VEFAHr0GeRjnoC9z-XDBixeaM4BFxGuAfqw

We are going to use the eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImpTTHVJZ0h6L...72VEFAHr0GeRjnoC9z-XDBixeaM4BFxGuAfqw token. For shortness, we show only the first and last blocks here, but we must use the full printed value to access the Dashboard.

View the Dashboard

To view the Dashboard, open your browser at https://192.168.4.20:6443/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/

By now, you should get an Access Denied error similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "Status",
  "apiVersion": "v1",
  "metadata": {},
  "status": "Failure",
  "message": "services \"https:kubernetes-dashboard:\" is forbidden: User \"system:anonymous\" cannot get resource \"services/proxy\" in API group \"\" in the namespace \"kubernetes-dashboard\"",
  "reason": "Forbidden",
  "details": {
    "name": "https:kubernetes-dashboard:",
    "kind": "services"
  },
  "code": 403
}

To solve this issue, create a role to access kubernetes-dashboard resources. The yaml block below is just for clarity. The important part is the console command right after that:

kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-anonymous
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["services/proxy"]
    resourceNames: ["https:kubernetes-dashboard:"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch", "delete"]
  - nonResourceURLs:
      [
        "/ui",
        "/ui/*",
        "/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/*",
      ]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch", "delete"]

debian@busybox:~$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-anonymous
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["services/proxy"]
  resourceNames: ["https:kubernetes-dashboard:"]
  verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch", "delete"]
- nonResourceURLs: ["/ui", "/ui/*", "/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/*"]
  verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch", "delete"]
EOF

Expected output:

clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-anonymous created

Create the role binding for anonymous access (system:anonymous) - again, the yaml block below is just for clarity:

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-anonymous
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-anonymous
subjects:
  - kind: User
    name: system:anonymous

debian@busybox:~$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-anonymous
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-anonymous
subjects:
- kind: User
  name: system:anonymous
EOF

Expected output:

clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-anonymous created

Now, copy and paste the token when prompted for it in the log in screen:
Click the Sign In button and that's it. You are now logged in as an admin:

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kube-dashboard.md

kube-dashboard.md

Kubernetes Dashboard

Configure your local routing

Access the BusyBox

Deploy

Configure the Dashboard

`serviceaccount`

Access the Dashboard

Bearer Token

View the Dashboard

Files

kube-dashboard.md

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kube-dashboard.md

File metadata and controls

Kubernetes Dashboard

Configure your local routing

Access the BusyBox

Deploy

Configure the Dashboard

serviceaccount

Access the Dashboard

Bearer Token

View the Dashboard

`serviceaccount`