diff --git a/pdoc/doc_ast.py b/pdoc/doc_ast.py
index e4cde15d..fe008d6f 100644
--- a/pdoc/doc_ast.py
+++ b/pdoc/doc_ast.py
@@ -265,7 +265,9 @@ def _parse_function(source: str) -> ast.FunctionDef | ast.AsyncFunctionDef:
             # we have a lambda function,
             # to simplify the API return the ast.FunctionDef stub.
             pass
-    return ast.FunctionDef(name="pdoc_empty", args=ast.arguments(), body=[], decorator_list=[])  # type: ignore
+    return ast.FunctionDef(
+        name="pdoc_empty", args=ast.arguments(), body=[], decorator_list=[]
+    )  # type: ignore
 
 
 def _parse(
diff --git a/test/testdata/enums.txt b/test/testdata/enums.txt
index 44aeb4d5..fbc939ac 100644
--- a/test/testdata/enums.txt
+++ b/test/testdata/enums.txt
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
         <var BAR = <IntEnum.BAR: 2>>
         <var name  # inherited from enum.Enum.name, The name of the Enum…>
         <var value  # inherited from enum.Enum.value, The value of the Enu…>
-        <method def conjugate(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.int.conjugate, Returns self, the co…>
+        <method def conjugate(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.int.conjugate, Returns self, the co…>
         <method def bit_length(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.int.bit_length, Number of bits neces…>
         <method def bit_count(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.int.bit_count, Number of ones in th…>
         <method def to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False): ...  # inherited from builtins.int.to_bytes, Return an array of b…>
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
         <var name  # inherited from enum.Enum.name, The name of the Enum…>
         <var value  # inherited from enum.Enum.value, The value of the Enu…>
         <method def encode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.encode, Encode the string us…>
-        <method def replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.replace, Return a copy with a…>
+        <method def replace(self, old, new, /, count=-1): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.replace, Return a copy with a…>
         <method def split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.split, Return a list of the…>
         <method def rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.rsplit, Return a list of the…>
         <method def join(self, iterable, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.join, Concatenate any numb…>
@@ -43,16 +43,16 @@
         <method def casefold(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.casefold, Return a version of …>
         <method def title(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.title, Return a version of …>
         <method def center(self, width, fillchar=' ', /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.center, Return a centered st…>
-        <method def count(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.count, S.count(sub[, start[…>
+        <method def count(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.count, Return the number of…>
         <method def expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.expandtabs, Return a copy where …>
-        <method def find(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.find, S.find(sub[, start[,…>
+        <method def find(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.find, Return the lowest in…>
         <method def partition(self, sep, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.partition, Partition the string…>
-        <method def index(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.index, S.index(sub[, start[…>
+        <method def index(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.index, Return the lowest in…>
         <method def ljust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.ljust, Return a left-justif…>
         <method def lower(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.lower, Return a copy of the…>
         <method def lstrip(self, chars=None, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.lstrip, Return a copy of the…>
-        <method def rfind(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.rfind, S.rfind(sub[, start[…>
-        <method def rindex(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.rindex, S.rindex(sub[, start…>
+        <method def rfind(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.rfind, Return the highest i…>
+        <method def rindex(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.rindex, Return the highest i…>
         <method def rjust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.rjust, Return a right-justi…>
         <method def rstrip(self, chars=None, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.rstrip, Return a copy of the…>
         <method def rpartition(self, sep, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.rpartition, Partition the string…>
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@
         <method def swapcase(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.swapcase, Convert uppercase ch…>
         <method def translate(self, table, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.translate, Replace each charact…>
         <method def upper(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.upper, Return a copy of the…>
-        <method def startswith(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.startswith, S.startswith(prefix[…>
-        <method def endswith(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.endswith, S.endswith(suffix[, …>
+        <method def startswith(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.startswith, Return True if the s…>
+        <method def endswith(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.endswith, Return True if the s…>
         <method def removeprefix(self, prefix, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.removeprefix, Return a str with th…>
         <method def removesuffix(self, suffix, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.removesuffix, Return a str with th…>
         <method def isascii(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.isascii, Return True if all c…>
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@
         <method def isidentifier(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.isidentifier, Return True if the s…>
         <method def isprintable(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.isprintable, Return True if the s…>
         <method def zfill(self, width, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.zfill, Pad a numeric string…>
-        <method def format(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.format, S.format(*args, **kw…>
-        <method def format_map(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.format_map, S.format_map(mapping…>
+        <method def format(self, /, *args, **kwargs): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.format, Return a formatted v…>
+        <method def format_map(self, mapping, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.format_map, Return a formatted v…>
         <static def maketrans(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.str.maketrans, Return a translation…>
     >
 >
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/testdata/flavors_google.txt b/test/testdata/flavors_google.txt
index 7b0720ad..7a8e477b 100644
--- a/test/testdata/flavors_google.txt
+++ b/test/testdata/flavors_google.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
         <var msg>
         <var code>
         <method def add_note(self, note: str): ...  # This method is prese…>
-        <method def with_traceback(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.with_traceback, Exception.with_trace…>
+        <method def with_traceback(self, object, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.with_traceback, Exception.with_trace…>
         <var args  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.args>
     >
     <class flavors_google.ExampleClass  # The summary line for…
diff --git a/test/testdata/flavors_numpy.txt b/test/testdata/flavors_numpy.txt
index 61752bda..6ac05a77 100644
--- a/test/testdata/flavors_numpy.txt
+++ b/test/testdata/flavors_numpy.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
         <var msg>
         <var code>
         <method def add_note(self, note: str): ...  # This method is prese…>
-        <method def with_traceback(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.with_traceback, Exception.with_trace…>
+        <method def with_traceback(self, object, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.with_traceback, Exception.with_trace…>
         <var args  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.args>
     >
     <class flavors_numpy.ExampleClass  # The summary line for…
diff --git a/test/testdata/misc.txt b/test/testdata/misc.txt
index e66aaf97..cc4edf5a 100644
--- a/test/testdata/misc.txt
+++ b/test/testdata/misc.txt
@@ -124,13 +124,13 @@
         <method def setdefault(self, key, default=None, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.setdefault, Insert key with a va…>
         <method def pop(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.pop, D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, r…>
         <method def popitem(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.popitem, Remove and return a …>
-        <method def keys(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.keys, D.keys() -> a set-li…>
-        <method def items(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.items, D.items() -> a set-l…>
-        <method def values(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.values, D.values() -> an obj…>
+        <method def keys(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.keys, Return a set-like ob…>
+        <method def items(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.items, Return a set-like ob…>
+        <method def values(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.values, Return an object pro…>
         <method def update(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.update, D.update([E, ]**F) -…>
         <method def fromkeys(type, iterable, value=None, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.fromkeys, Create a new diction…>
-        <method def clear(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.clear, D.clear() -> None.  …>
-        <method def copy(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.copy, D.copy() -> a shallo…>
+        <method def clear(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.clear, Remove all items fro…>
+        <method def copy(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.copy, Return a shallow cop…>
     >
     <class misc.DocstringFromNew
         <method def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs): ...  # This is a class with…>
diff --git a/test/testdata/misc_py311.txt b/test/testdata/misc_py311.txt
index bd38268c..27b58aee 100644
--- a/test/testdata/misc_py311.txt
+++ b/test/testdata/misc_py311.txt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <module misc_py311
     <class misc_py311.CustomException  # custom exception typ…
         <method def __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): ...  # inherited from builtins.RuntimeError.__init__>
-        <method def with_traceback(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.with_traceback, Exception.with_trace…>
-        <method def add_note(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.add_note, Exception.add_note(n…>
+        <method def with_traceback(self, object, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.with_traceback, Exception.with_trace…>
+        <method def add_note(self, object, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.add_note, Exception.add_note(n…>
         <var args  # inherited from builtins.BaseException.args>
     >
 >
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/testdata/misc_py312.txt b/test/testdata/misc_py312.txt
index fc7d488f..415a981b 100755
--- a/test/testdata/misc_py312.txt
+++ b/test/testdata/misc_py312.txt
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@
         <method def setdefault(self, key, default=None, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.setdefault, Insert key with a va…>
         <method def pop(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.pop, D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, r…>
         <method def popitem(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.popitem, Remove and return a …>
-        <method def keys(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.keys, D.keys() -> a set-li…>
-        <method def items(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.items, D.items() -> a set-l…>
-        <method def values(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.values, D.values() -> an obj…>
+        <method def keys(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.keys, Return a set-like ob…>
+        <method def items(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.items, Return a set-like ob…>
+        <method def values(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.values, Return an object pro…>
         <method def update(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.update, D.update([E, ]**F) -…>
         <method def fromkeys(type, iterable, value=None, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.fromkeys, Create a new diction…>
-        <method def clear(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.clear, D.clear() -> None.  …>
-        <method def copy(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.copy, D.copy() -> a shallo…>
+        <method def clear(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.clear, Remove all items fro…>
+        <method def copy(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.copy, Return a shallow cop…>
     >
     <class misc_py312.Bar  # A TypedDict subclass…
         <var a: Optional[int]  # inherited from misc_py312.Foo.a, First attribute.>
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@
         <method def setdefault(self, key, default=None, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.setdefault, Insert key with a va…>
         <method def pop(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.pop, D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, r…>
         <method def popitem(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.popitem, Remove and return a …>
-        <method def keys(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.keys, D.keys() -> a set-li…>
-        <method def items(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.items, D.items() -> a set-l…>
-        <method def values(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.values, D.values() -> an obj…>
+        <method def keys(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.keys, Return a set-like ob…>
+        <method def items(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.items, Return a set-like ob…>
+        <method def values(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.values, Return an object pro…>
         <method def update(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.update, D.update([E, ]**F) -…>
         <method def fromkeys(type, iterable, value=None, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.fromkeys, Create a new diction…>
-        <method def clear(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.clear, D.clear() -> None.  …>
-        <method def copy(unknown): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.copy, D.copy() -> a shallo…>
+        <method def clear(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.clear, Remove all items fro…>
+        <method def copy(self, /): ...  # inherited from builtins.dict.copy, Return a shallow cop…>
     >
 >
\ No newline at end of file