Blockchain Planet Earth 7 Billions IDs

BLOCKCHAIN PLANET EARTH

7 Billion digital Passports ID of Planet Earth 


const (
	BlockGasTargetDivisor uint64 = 1024 // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations
)

// Blockchain is a blockchain reference
type Blockchain struct {
	logger hclog.Logger // The logger object

	db        storage.Storage // The Storage object (database)
	consensus Verifier
	executor  Executor

	config  *chain.Chain // Config containing chain information
	genesis types.Hash   // The hash of the genesis block

	headersCache    *lru.Cache // LRU cache for the headers
	difficultyCache *lru.Cache // LRU cache for the difficulty

	currentHeader     atomic.Value // The current header
	currentDifficulty atomic.Value // The current difficulty of the chain (total difficulty)

	stream *eventStream // Event subscriptions

	// Average gas price (rolling average)
	averageGasPrice      *big.Int // The average gas price that gets queried
	averageGasPriceCount *big.Int // Param used in the avg. gas price calculation

	agpMux sync.Mutex // Mutex for the averageGasPrice calculation
}

type Verifier interface {
	VerifyHeader(parent, header *types.Header) error
	GetBlockCreator(header *types.Header) (types.Address, error)
}

type Executor interface {
	ProcessBlock(parentRoot types.Hash, block *types.Block, blockCreator types.Address) (*state.BlockResult, error)
}

// UpdateGasPriceAvg Updates the rolling average value of the gas price
func (b *Blockchain) UpdateGasPriceAvg(newValue *big.Int) {
	b.agpMux.Lock()

	b.averageGasPriceCount.Add(b.averageGasPriceCount, big.NewInt(1))

	differential := big.NewInt(0)
	differential.Div(newValue.Sub(newValue, b.averageGasPrice), b.averageGasPriceCount)

	b.averageGasPrice.Add(b.averageGasPrice, differential)

	b.agpMux.Unlock()
}

// GetAvgGasPrice returns the average gas price
func (b *Blockchain) GetAvgGasPrice() *big.Int {
	return b.averageGasPrice
}

// NewBlockchain creates a new blockchain object
func NewBlockchain(
	logger hclog.Logger,
	dataDir string,
	config *chain.Chain,
	consensus Verifier,
	executor Executor,
) (*Blockchain, error) {
	b := &Blockchain{
		logger:    logger.Named("blockchain"),
		config:    config,
		consensus: consensus,
		executor:  executor,
		stream:    &eventStream{},
	}

	var (
		db  storage.Storage
		err error
	)

	if dataDir == "" {
		if db, err = memory.NewMemoryStorage(nil); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else {
		if db, err = leveldb.NewLevelDBStorage(
			filepath.Join(dataDir, "blockchain"),
			logger,
		); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	b.db = db

	b.headersCache, _ = lru.New(100)
	b.difficultyCache, _ = lru.New(100)

	// Push the initial event to the stream
	b.stream.push(&Event{})

	// Initialize the average gas price
	b.averageGasPrice = big.NewInt(0)
	b.averageGasPriceCount = big.NewInt(0)

	return b, nil
}

// ComputeGenesis computes the genesis hash, and updates the blockchain reference
func (b *Blockchain) ComputeGenesis() error {
	// try to write the genesis block
	head, ok := b.db.ReadHeadHash()

	if ok {
		// initialized storage
		b.genesis, ok = b.db.ReadCanonicalHash(0)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to load genesis hash")
		}

		// validate that the genesis file in storage matches the chain.Genesis
		if b.genesis != b.config.Genesis.Hash() {
			return fmt.Errorf("genesis file does not match current genesis")
		}

		header, ok := b.GetHeaderByHash(head)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get header with hash %s", head.String())
		}

		diff, ok := b.GetTD(head)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read difficulty")
		}

		b.logger.Info(
			"Current header",
			"hash",
			header.Hash.String(),
			"number",
			header.Number,
		)

		b.setCurrentHeader(header, diff)
	} else {
		// empty storage, write the genesis
		if err := b.writeGenesis(b.config.Genesis); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	b.logger.Info("genesis", "hash", b.config.Genesis.Hash())

	return nil
}

func (b *Blockchain) GetConsensus() Verifier {
	return b.consensus
}

// SetConsensus sets the consensus
func (b *Blockchain) SetConsensus(c Verifier) {
	b.consensus = c
}

// setCurrentHeader sets the current header
func (b *Blockchain) setCurrentHeader(h *types.Header, diff *big.Int) {
	// Update the header (atomic)
	header := h.Copy()
	b.currentHeader.Store(header)

	// Update the difficulty (atomic)
	difficulty := new(big.Int).Set(diff)
	b.currentDifficulty.Store(difficulty)
}

// Header returns the current header (atomic)
func (b *Blockchain) Header() *types.Header {
	header, ok := b.currentHeader.Load().(*types.Header)
	if !ok {
		return nil
	}

	return header
}

// CurrentTD returns the current total difficulty (atomic)
func (b *Blockchain) CurrentTD() *big.Int {
	td, ok := b.currentDifficulty.Load().(*big.Int)
	if !ok {
		return nil
	}

	return td
}

// Config returns the blockchain configuration
func (b *Blockchain) Config() *chain.Params {
	return b.config.Params
}

// GetHeader returns the block header using the hash
func (b *Blockchain) GetHeader(hash types.Hash, number uint64) (*types.Header, bool) {
	return b.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
}

// GetBlock returns the block using the hash
func (b *Blockchain) GetBlock(hash types.Hash, number uint64, full bool) (*types.Block, bool) {
	return b.GetBlockByHash(hash, full)
}

// GetParent returns the parent header
func (b *Blockchain) GetParent(header *types.Header) (*types.Header, bool) {
	return b.readHeader(header.ParentHash)
}

// Genesis returns the genesis block
func (b *Blockchain) Genesis() types.Hash {
	return b.genesis
}

// CalculateGasLimit returns the gas limit of the next block after parent
func (b *Blockchain) CalculateGasLimit(number uint64) (uint64, error) {
	parent, ok := b.GetHeaderByNumber(number - 1)
	if !ok {
		return 0, fmt.Errorf("parent of block %d not found", number)
	}

	return b.calculateGasLimit(parent.GasLimit), nil
}

// calculateGasLimit calculates gas limit in reference to the block gas target
func (b *Blockchain) calculateGasLimit(parentGasLimit uint64) uint64 {
	// The gas limit cannot move more than 1/1024 * parentGasLimit
	// in either direction per block
	blockGasTarget := b.Config().BlockGasTarget

	// Check if the gas limit target has been set
	if blockGasTarget == 0 {
		// The gas limit target has not been set,
		// so it should use the parent gas limit
		return parentGasLimit
	}

	// Check if the gas limit is already at the target
	if parentGasLimit == blockGasTarget {
		// The gas limit is already at the target, no need to move it
		return blockGasTarget
	}

	delta := parentGasLimit * 1 / BlockGasTargetDivisor
	if parentGasLimit < blockGasTarget {
		// The gas limit is lower than the gas target, so it should
		// increase towards the target
		return common.Min(blockGasTarget, parentGasLimit+delta)
	}

	// The gas limit is higher than the gas target, so it should
	// decrease towards the target
	return common.Max(blockGasTarget, common.Max(parentGasLimit-delta, 0))
}

// writeGenesis wrapper for the genesis write function
func (b *Blockchain) writeGenesis(genesis *chain.Genesis) error {
	header := genesis.GenesisHeader()
	header.ComputeHash()

	if err := b.writeGenesisImpl(header); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

// writeGenesisImpl writes the genesis file to the DB + blockchain reference
func (b *Blockchain) writeGenesisImpl(header *types.Header) error {
	// Update the reference
	b.genesis = header.Hash

	// Update the DB
	if err := b.db.WriteHeader(header); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Update the average gas price to take into account the genesis block
	b.UpdateGasPriceAvg(new(big.Int).SetUint64(header.GasUsed))

	// Advance the head
	if _, err := b.advanceHead(header); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Create an event and send it to the stream
	event := &Event{}
	event.AddNewHeader(header)
	b.stream.push(event)

	return nil
}

// Empty checks if the blockchain is empty
func (b *Blockchain) Empty() bool {
	_, ok := b.db.ReadHeadHash()

	return !ok
}

// GetChainTD returns the latest difficulty
func (b *Blockchain) GetChainTD() (*big.Int, bool) {
	header := b.Header()

	return b.GetTD(header.Hash)
}

// GetTD returns the difficulty for the header hash
func (b *Blockchain) GetTD(hash types.Hash) (*big.Int, bool) {
	return b.readTotalDifficulty(hash)
}

// writeCanonicalHeader writes the new header
func (b *Blockchain) writeCanonicalHeader(event *Event, h *types.Header) error {
	parentTD, ok := b.readTotalDifficulty(h.ParentHash)
	if !ok {
		return fmt.Errorf("parent difficulty not found")
	}

	newTD := big.NewInt(0).Add(parentTD, new(big.Int).SetUint64(h.Difficulty))
	if err := b.db.WriteCanonicalHeader(h, newTD); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	event.Type = EventHead
	event.AddNewHeader(h)
	event.SetDifficulty(newTD)

	b.setCurrentHeader(h, newTD)

	return nil
}

// advanceHead Sets the passed in header as the new head of the chain
func (b *Blockchain) advanceHead(newHeader *types.Header) (*big.Int, error) {
	// Write the current head hash into storage
	if err := b.db.WriteHeadHash(newHeader.Hash); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Write the current head number into storage
	if err := b.db.WriteHeadNumber(newHeader.Number); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Matches the current head number with the current hash
	if err := b.db.WriteCanonicalHash(newHeader.Number, newHeader.Hash); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Check if there was a parent difficulty
	parentTD := big.NewInt(0)

	if newHeader.ParentHash != types.StringToHash("") {
		td, ok := b.readTotalDifficulty(newHeader.ParentHash)
		if !ok {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parent difficulty not found")
		}

		parentTD = td
	}

	// Calculate the new total difficulty
	newTD := big.NewInt(0).Add(parentTD, big.NewInt(0).SetUint64(newHeader.Difficulty))
	if err := b.db.WriteTotalDifficulty(newHeader.Hash, newTD); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Update the blockchain reference
	b.setCurrentHeader(newHeader, newTD)

	return newTD, nil
}

// GetReceiptsByHash returns the receipts by their hash
func (b *Blockchain) GetReceiptsByHash(hash types.Hash) ([]*types.Receipt, error) {
	return b.db.ReadReceipts(hash)
}

// GetBodyByHash returns the body by their hash
func (b *Blockchain) GetBodyByHash(hash types.Hash) (*types.Body, bool) {
	return b.readBody(hash)
}

// GetHeaderByHash returns the header by his hash
func (b *Blockchain) GetHeaderByHash(hash types.Hash) (*types.Header, bool) {
	return b.readHeader(hash)
}

// readHeader Returns the header using the hash
func (b *Blockchain) readHeader(hash types.Hash) (*types.Header, bool) {
	// Try to find a hit in the headers cache
	h, ok := b.headersCache.Get(hash)
	if ok {
		// Hit, return the3 header
		header, ok := h.(*types.Header)
		if !ok {
			return nil, false
		}

		return header, true
	}

	// Cache miss, load it from the DB
	hh, err := b.db.ReadHeader(hash)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, false
	}

	// Compute the header hash and update the cache
	hh.ComputeHash()
	b.headersCache.Add(hash, hh)

	return hh, true
}

// readBody reads the block's body, using the block hash
func (b *Blockchain) readBody(hash types.Hash) (*types.Body, bool) {
	bb, err := b.db.ReadBody(hash)
	if err != nil {
		b.logger.Error("failed to read body", "err", err)

		return nil, false
	}

	return bb, true
}

// readTotalDifficulty reads the total difficulty associated with the hash
func (b *Blockchain) readTotalDifficulty(headerHash types.Hash) (*big.Int, bool) {
	// Try to find the difficulty in the cache
	foundDifficulty, ok := b.difficultyCache.Get(headerHash)
	if ok {
		// Hit, return the difficulty
		fd, ok := foundDifficulty.(*big.Int)
		if !ok {
			return nil, false
		}

		return fd, true
	}

	// Miss, read the difficulty from the DB
	dbDifficulty, ok := b.db.ReadTotalDifficulty(headerHash)
	if !ok {
		return nil, false
	}

	// Update the difficulty cache
	b.difficultyCache.Add(headerHash, dbDifficulty)

	return dbDifficulty, true
}

// GetHeaderByNumber returns the header using the block number
func (b *Blockchain) GetHeaderByNumber(n uint64) (*types.Header, bool) {
	hash, ok := b.db.ReadCanonicalHash(n)
	if !ok {
		return nil, false
	}

	h, ok := b.readHeader(hash)
	if !ok {
		return nil, false
	}

	return h, true
}

// WriteHeaders writes an array of headers
func (b *Blockchain) WriteHeaders(headers []*types.Header) error {
	return b.WriteHeadersWithBodies(headers)
}

// WriteHeadersWithBodies writes a batch of headers
func (b *Blockchain) WriteHeadersWithBodies(headers []*types.Header) error {
	// Check the size
	if len(headers) == 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("passed in headers array is empty")
	}

	// Validate the chain
	for i := 1; i < len(headers); i++ {
		// Check the sequence
		if headers[i].Number-1 != headers[i-1].Number {
			return fmt.Errorf(
				"number sequence not correct at %d, %d and %d",
				i,
				headers[i].Number,
				headers[i-1].Number,
			)
		}

		// Check if the parent hashes match
		if headers[i].ParentHash != headers[i-1].Hash {
			return fmt.Errorf("parent hash not correct")
		}
	}

	// Write the actual headers
	for _, h := range headers {
		event := &Event{}
		if err := b.writeHeaderImpl(event, h); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// Notify the event stream
		b.dispatchEvent(event)
	}

	return nil
}

// WriteBlock writes a single block
func (b *Blockchain) WriteBlock(block *types.Block) error {
	// Check the param
	if block == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("the passed in block is empty")
	}

	// Log the information
	b.logger.Info(
		"write block",
		"num",
		block.Number(),
		"parent",
		block.ParentHash(),
	)

	parent, ok := b.readHeader(block.ParentHash())
	if !ok {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"parent of %s (%d) not found: %s",
			block.Hash().String(),
			block.Number(),
			block.ParentHash(),
		)
	}

	if parent.Hash == types.ZeroHash {
		return fmt.Errorf("parent not found")
	}

	// Validate the chain
	// Check the parent numbers
	if block.Number()-1 != parent.Number {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"number sequence not correct at %d and %d",
			block.Number(),
			parent.Number,
		)
	}

	// Check the parent hash
	if block.ParentHash() != parent.Hash {
		return fmt.Errorf("parent hash not correct")
	}

	// Verify the header
	if err := b.consensus.VerifyHeader(parent, block.Header); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to verify the header: %w", err)
	}

	// Verify body data
	if hash := buildroot.CalculateUncleRoot(block.Uncles); hash != block.Header.Sha3Uncles {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"uncle root hash mismatch: have %s, want %s",
			hash,
			block.Header.Sha3Uncles,
		)
	}

	if hash := buildroot.CalculateTransactionsRoot(block.Transactions); hash != block.Header.TxRoot {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"transaction root hash mismatch: have %s, want %s",
			hash,
			block.Header.TxRoot,
		)
	}

	// Checks are passed, write the chain
	header := block.Header

	// Process and validate the block
	res, err := b.processBlock(block)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := b.writeBody(block); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Write the header to the chain
	evnt := &Event{}
	if err := b.writeHeaderImpl(evnt, header); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// write the receipts, do it only after the header has been written.
	// Otherwise, a client might ask for a header once the receipt is valid
	// but before it is written into the storage
	if err := b.db.WriteReceipts(block.Hash(), res.Receipts); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	b.dispatchEvent(evnt)

	// Update the average gas price
	b.UpdateGasPriceAvg(new(big.Int).SetUint64(header.GasUsed))

	logArgs := []interface{}{
		"number", header.Number,
		"hash", header.Hash,
		"txns", len(block.Transactions),
	}

	if prevHeader, ok := b.GetHeaderByNumber(header.Number - 1); ok {
		diff := header.Timestamp - prevHeader.Timestamp
		logArgs = append(logArgs, "generation_time_in_seconds", diff)
	}

	b.logger.Info("new block", logArgs...)

	return nil
}

// writeBody writes the block body to the DB.
// Additionally, it also updates the txn lookup, for txnHash -> block lookups
func (b *Blockchain) writeBody(block *types.Block) error {
	body := block.Body()

	// Write the full body (txns + receipts)
	if err := b.db.WriteBody(block.Header.Hash, body); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Write txn lookups (txHash -> block)
	for _, txn := range block.Transactions {
		if err := b.db.WriteTxLookup(txn.Hash, block.Hash()); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// ReadTxLookup returns the block hash using the transaction hash
func (b *Blockchain) ReadTxLookup(hash types.Hash) (types.Hash, bool) {
	v, ok := b.db.ReadTxLookup(hash)

	return v, ok
}

// processBlock Processes the block, and does validation
func (b *Blockchain) processBlock(block *types.Block) (*state.BlockResult, error) {
	header := block.Header

	// Process the block
	parent, ok := b.readHeader(header.ParentHash)
	if !ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown ancestor")
	}

	blockCreator, err := b.consensus.GetBlockCreator(header)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	result, err := b.executor.ProcessBlock(parent.StateRoot, block, blockCreator)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if len(result.Receipts) != len(block.Transactions) {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad size of receipts and transactions")
	}

	// Validate the fields
	if result.Root != header.StateRoot {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid merkle root")
	}

	if result.TotalGas != header.GasUsed {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("gas used is different")
	}

	receiptSha := buildroot.CalculateReceiptsRoot(result.Receipts)
	if receiptSha != header.ReceiptsRoot {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid receipts root")
	}

	if gasLimitErr := b.verifyGasLimit(header); gasLimitErr != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit, %w", gasLimitErr)
	}

	return result, nil
}

// verifyGasLimit is a helper function for validating a gas limit in a header
func (b *Blockchain) verifyGasLimit(header *types.Header) error {
	if header.GasUsed > header.GasLimit {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"block gas used exceeds gas limit, limit = %d, used=%d",
			header.GasLimit,
			header.GasUsed,
		)
	}

	// Skip block limit difference check for genesis
	if header.Number == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	// Grab the parent block
	parent, ok := b.GetHeaderByNumber(header.Number - 1)
	if !ok {
		return fmt.Errorf("parent of %d not found", header.Number)
	}

	// Find the absolute delta between the limits
	diff := int64(parent.GasLimit) - int64(header.GasLimit)
	if diff < 0 {
		diff *= -1
	}

	limit := parent.GasLimit / BlockGasTargetDivisor
	if uint64(diff) > limit {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"invalid gas limit, limit = %d, want %d +- %d",
			header.GasLimit,
			parent.GasLimit,
			limit-1,
		)
	}

	return nil
}

// GetHashHelper is used by the EVM, so that the SC can get the hash of the header number
func (b *Blockchain) GetHashHelper(header *types.Header) func(i uint64) (res types.Hash) {
	return func(i uint64) (res types.Hash) {
		num, hash := header.Number-1, header.ParentHash

		for {
			if num == i {
				res = hash

				return
			}

			h, ok := b.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
			if !ok {
				return
			}

			hash = h.ParentHash

			if num == 0 {
				return
			}

			num--
		}
	}
}

// GetHashByNumber returns the block hash using the block number
func (b *Blockchain) GetHashByNumber(blockNumber uint64) types.Hash {
	block, ok := b.GetBlockByNumber(blockNumber, false)
	if !ok {
		return types.Hash{}
	}

	return block.Hash()
}

// dispatchEvent pushes a new event to the stream
func (b *Blockchain) dispatchEvent(evnt *Event) {
	b.stream.push(evnt)
}

// writeHeaderImpl writes a block and the data, assumes the genesis is already set
func (b *Blockchain) writeHeaderImpl(evnt *Event, header *types.Header) error {
	currentHeader := b.Header()

	// Write the data
	if header.ParentHash == currentHeader.Hash {
		// Fast path to save the new canonical header
		return b.writeCanonicalHeader(evnt, header)
	}

	if err := b.db.WriteHeader(header); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	currentTD, ok := b.readTotalDifficulty(currentHeader.Hash)
	if !ok {
		panic("failed to get header difficulty")
	}

	// parent total difficulty of incoming header
	parentTD, ok := b.readTotalDifficulty(header.ParentHash)
	if !ok {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"parent of %s (%d) not found",
			header.Hash.String(),
			header.Number,
		)
	}

	// Write the difficulty
	if err := b.db.WriteTotalDifficulty(
		header.Hash,
		big.NewInt(0).Add(
			parentTD,
			big.NewInt(0).SetUint64(header.Difficulty),
		),
	); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Update the headers cache
	b.headersCache.Add(header.Hash, header)

	incomingTD := big.NewInt(0).Add(parentTD, big.NewInt(0).SetUint64(header.Difficulty))
	if incomingTD.Cmp(currentTD) > 0 {
		// new block has higher difficulty, reorg the chain
		if err := b.handleReorg(evnt, currentHeader, header); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	} else {
		// new block has lower difficulty, create a new fork
		evnt.AddOldHeader(header)
		evnt.Type = EventFork

		if err := b.writeFork(header); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// writeFork writes the new header forks to the DB
func (b *Blockchain) writeFork(header *types.Header) error {
	forks, err := b.db.ReadForks()
	if err != nil {
		if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrNotFound) {
			forks = []types.Hash{}
		} else {
			return err
		}
	}

	newForks := []types.Hash{}

	for _, fork := range forks {
		if fork != header.ParentHash {
			newForks = append(newForks, fork)
		}
	}

	newForks = append(newForks, header.Hash)
	if err := b.db.WriteForks(newForks); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

// handleReorg handles a reorganization event
func (b *Blockchain) handleReorg(
	evnt *Event,
	oldHeader *types.Header,
	newHeader *types.Header,
) error {
	newChainHead := newHeader
	oldChainHead := oldHeader

	oldChain := []*types.Header{}
	newChain := []*types.Header{}

	var ok bool

	// Fill up the old headers array
	for oldHeader.Number > newHeader.Number {
		oldHeader, ok = b.readHeader(oldHeader.ParentHash)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("header '%s' not found", oldHeader.ParentHash.String())
		}

		oldChain = append(oldChain, oldHeader)
	}

	// Fill up the new headers array
	for newHeader.Number > oldHeader.Number {
		newHeader, ok = b.readHeader(newHeader.ParentHash)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("header '%s' not found", newHeader.ParentHash.String())
		}

		newChain = append(newChain, newHeader)
	}

	for oldHeader.Hash != newHeader.Hash {
		oldHeader, ok = b.readHeader(oldHeader.ParentHash)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("header '%s' not found", oldHeader.ParentHash.String())
		}

		newHeader, ok = b.readHeader(newHeader.ParentHash)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("header '%s' not found", newHeader.ParentHash.String())
		}

		oldChain = append(oldChain, oldHeader)
	}

	for _, b := range oldChain[:len(oldChain)-1] {
		evnt.AddOldHeader(b)
	}

	evnt.AddOldHeader(oldChainHead)
	evnt.AddNewHeader(newChainHead)

	for _, b := range newChain {
		evnt.AddNewHeader(b)
	}

	if err := b.writeFork(oldChainHead); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write the old header as fork: %w", err)
	}

	// Update canonical chain numbers
	for _, h := range newChain {
		if err := b.db.WriteCanonicalHash(h.Number, h.Hash); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	diff, err := b.advanceHead(newChainHead)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Set the event type and difficulty
	evnt.Type = EventReorg
	evnt.SetDifficulty(diff)

	return nil
}

// GetForks returns the forks
func (b *Blockchain) GetForks() ([]types.Hash, error) {
	return b.db.ReadForks()
}

// GetBlockByHash returns the block using the block hash
func (b *Blockchain) GetBlockByHash(hash types.Hash, full bool) (*types.Block, bool) {
	header, ok := b.readHeader(hash)
	if !ok {
		return nil, false
	}

	block := &types.Block{
		Header: header,
	}

	if !full {
		return block, true
	}

	// Load the entire block body
	body, ok := b.readBody(hash)
	if !ok {
		return block, false
	}

	// Set the transactions and uncles
	block.Transactions = body.Transactions
	block.Uncles = body.Uncles

	return block, true
}

// GetBlockByNumber returns the block using the block number
func (b *Blockchain) GetBlockByNumber(blockNumber uint64, full bool) (*types.Block, bool) {
	blockHash, ok := b.db.ReadCanonicalHash(blockNumber)
	if !ok {
		return nil, false
	}

	// if blockNumber 0 (genesis block), do not try and get the full block
	if blockNumber == uint64(0) {
		full = false
	}

	return b.GetBlockByHash(blockHash, full)
}

// Close closes the DB connection
func (b *Blockchain) Close() error {
	return b.db.Close()
}