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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Having Happy Children</title>
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<a href="#" class="pure-menu-heading custom-brand head">Having Happy Children</a>
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<ul class="pure-menu-list" style="padding-right: 2em;">
<li class="pure-menu-item"><a href="#part-1" class="pure-menu-link">Part 1</a></li>
<li class="pure-menu-item"><a href="#part-2" class="pure-menu-link">Part 2 – for experts</a></li>
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<div class="l-box" style="margin-right: 3.75em; text-align:left;">
<h2 class="subhead-1"><b><i>However young – "Start preparing now"</i> say the scientists</b> – <a class="subhead-1" href="#part-1"><u>Part 1.</u></a></h2>
<h3 class="subhead-2">For Experts - More Evidence – <a class="subhead-2" href="#part-2"><u>Part 2</u>.</a></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1">
<figure style="width: 90%;" class="center">
<img class="pure-img" src="img/image6.webp" alt="Photo of a young, smiling Afro-Caribbean child facing the camera, wearing pink and holding a bunch of grapes in one hand. With her other hand she touches her forehead.">
<figcaption><a href="https://www.foundationyears.org.uk/eat-better-start-better/">Eat-Better-Start-Better</a> <a href="#references">[1]</a></figcaption>
</figure>
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<div class="lead-container">
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<section id="part-1">
<h3 style="line-height: 0.2;">PART 1.</h3>
</section>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>The beginnings of any children you may have one day are already within you,</strong> so best to start feeding their beginnings now. Your health now will affect them physically and mentally. Building your nutritional stores and keeping free from toxins, and finding help in stressful times, will be valuable not only to your own health and ability but also to any children you may have.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-3-8 pure-u-lg-3-8">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong>Greta Thunberg and many children are more ready to act for our future than many adults</strong> - just one reason why I am writing this first part directly to you.
The second part is more technical but I am sure your science teacher will help explain.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-5-8 pure-u-lg-5-8">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/Greta-Thunberg.webp" alt="Photo of a young Greta Thunburg at podium holding mic, making a speech. In the backtround are other children, out of focus">
</figure>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-3-8 pure-u-lg-3-8">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong>Natural foods in the right balance</strong> are the best, and keeping well exercised.</p>
<p>I took this photo in 1986 at Namalemba in Uganda, when the country was in a terrible state, but the people here were growing their own natural food and were not far from the Nile and Lake Victoria for fish.</p>
<p>Walking everywhere, growing their own food, carrying all their water, helped keep them healthy.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-5-8 pure-u-lg-5-8">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/50UgMaBaBC2_JPG.webp" alt="Photo of smiling Afro-Caribbean woman holding child level with her face, facing camera. In the backgound are other women looking on standing by a tree, out of focus">
<figcaption>Simon H House</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-2">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong><a class="inline-link" href="https://www.foundationyears.org.uk/eat-better-start-better/">Eat-Better-Start-Better</a> websites</strong> give excellent advice on choice of foods.
Preschool parent-child care schemes, like <a class="inline-link" href="https://www.foundationyears.org.uk/childrens-centres/">Sure Start [1]</a>
and <a class="inline-link" href="https://www.foundationyears.org.uk/eat-better-start-better/">Early Years Foundation [2]</a>,
succeed in saving children from not just early <a class="inline-link" href="https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=1b31dcda-e1ce-49a3-8d53-020f28d2e071">problems</a>
in behaviour and learning but <a class="inline-link" href="https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=1b31dcda-e1ce-49a3-8d53-020f28d2e071">through life [3]</a>.
Otherwise early problems can lead to <a class="inline-link" href="https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/publications/chance-lifetime">school exclusion, unemployment, and even offending.</a>
<a href="#references">[4]</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-2">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/childwithfruit.webp" alt="Photo of young Afro-Caribbean child sitting at a table, taking grapes off a bunch on a plate of fruit ">
<figcaption><a href="https://www.foundationyears.org.uk/eat-better-start-better/">Eat-Better-Start-Better</a> <a href="#references">[1]</a></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong>Are you a hopeful would-be grandparent?</strong> Can you help your children bring you healthy grandchildren?</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-2">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong>Knowing some of the hidden processes in conceiving</strong> and bearing babies encourages people to become healthy and well nourished, This gives the best chance of producing healthy, able and happy children.</p>
<p>Here are some scientific reasons for preparing in advance. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-2">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/childwithtomato.webp" alt="Photo of infant Afro-Caribbean child holding a knife and a sliced tomato, smiling. They are helped by Caucacian female arms, face off camera">
<figcaption><a href="https://www.foundationyears.org.uk/eat-better-start-better/">Eat-Better-Start-Better</a> <a href="#references">[1]</a></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #D4D4D4; width: 100%;">
<div class="container">
<div class="pure-g">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-2-5 pure-u-lg-2-5">
<div class="l-box">
<p>
<strong>As early as 7 weeks before ovulation</strong> this 'pre-egg', or <span class="red-style">Oocyte</span>, in the ovary since before birth, will have 'woken up' and be developing.
</p>
<p>
Round the <span class="red-style">Oocyte</span>, <span class="green-style">Food-stores</span> form for the coming 8-day free-floating journey to the womb-wall. A <span class="weird-style">Gland</span> to sustain pregnancy also forms.
</p>
<p>
The right nutrients are vital to build healthy cells, free of interfering toxins.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-3-5 pure-u-lg-3-5">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/OocyteFoodFol.webp" alt="Photo of cells under a microscope ">
</figure>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1-2">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong>Public pollution</strong> - we can help reduce.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1-2">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong>Personal pollution</strong> - we can stop. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/pollution.webp" alt="Trypitch of pictures: cartoon cars in traffic; young rebellious-looking woman in hoodie, cigarette between her lips, looking to camera, holding a lighter with flame emerging; young woman smiling at hen party, holding cocktail, wearing mock bridal veil, in background are similar women">
</figure>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-3-8 pure-u-lg-3-8">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong>At conception the sperm and ovum</strong> have been long developing, so smoking and alcohol are harmful, not just in pregnancy, but in the months before pregnancy. <a href="#references">[18]</a></p>
<p class="collapse" style="margin-top: 4em;"> </p>
<p><strong>For some weeks before conceiving</strong>, changing from a contraceptive pill to condoms avoids possible harm from residue of a hormonal contraceptive. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-5-8 pure-u-lg-5-8">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/SmokgDrinkgRisk.webp" alt="Slide of table showing women's risk of miscarriage incrased by smoking: 60%, drinking only: 250%, combined drinking and smoking: 410%">
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #F0ECAC; width: 100%;">
<div class="container">
<div class="pure-g">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-3-8 pure-u-lg-3-8">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong>Low birthweight and prematurity carry risks.</strong> What factors increase the risks? </p>
<p>This list shows the 10 main risks from before conception. <a href="#references">[113, 4]</a></p>
<p>Premature birth, often due to poor growth, aggravates problems. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-5-8 pure-u-lg-5-8">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/Precpnc10Risks.webp" alt="Slide listing various factors before conception with risk of low birthweight.">
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #A1CA93; width: 100%;">
<div class="container">
<div class="pure-g">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-3-8 pure-u-lg-3-8">
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<p><strong>When people are young and may be swept off</strong> their feet in love, they may find themselves starting a baby sooner than they expected. It's best if people keep themselves well nurtured to give any children the best chance in life.</p>
<p>Stress, whether emotional, nutritional or from disease, is best minimised for everyone's sake, especially the child's. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-5-8 pure-u-lg-5-8">
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</div>
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<p><strong>The man as well as the woman needs to be</strong> toxin-free and well-nourished. Sperm are developing many months ahead of possible fertilisation, an important time for the child-to-be.</p>
<p><strong>In both sperm and ovum, around conception</strong>, switches on the genes ('epigenetic') are being reset (see below). </p>
<p>Appropriate settings are essential to development and health through life, another reason for robust health and nutrition of both partners before conception. </p>
<p>The health of each parent affects their children's lasting health and ability, and their children's children. <a href="#references">[5,6,7]</a> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-5-8 pure-u-lg-5-8">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/DSCF0015_edited.webp" alt="Electron microsocope photo of sperms penetrating outside of human egg cells">
<figcaption>L Nilsson</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-3-8 pure-u-lg-3-8">
<div class="l-box">
</div>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-5-8 pure-u-lg-5-8">
<figure>
<img class="pure-img" src="img/unnamed-9.webp" alt="Cartoon of two woman looking at a baby in a basket. One is saying to the other, 'We think it was the novelty condom - he likes anything banana flavoured'">
</figure>
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-1">
<div class="l-box">
<p><strong>Preconception care is not a new idea</strong></p>
<p>Good feeding before conception has been practised for thousands of generations - for farm animals if not always for humans! A renewal of preconception care was sparked by the terrible Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944/5. </p>
<p><strong>Babies <u>conceived during</u> the worst shortage suffered most deaths and malformations</strong> </p>
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<p>Babies conceived during, and just following, the worst shortage were worst affected, and their children too suffered effects. </p>
<p>By the 1990s, vitamins including B9 folate, and minerals, given before conception in controlled trials, greatly reduced infant malformations.</p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/DutchHunger07-png.webp" alt="Chart of perinatal deaths per 1000 shown rising sharply during the period in question">
<figcaption>Sources (Stein 1975, Heijmans 2008, House 2009) {99, 100, 101}</figcaption>
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<p>The embryo at 3 weeks is a disc, which curls and then seals into a neural tube. If specific nutrients are short, sealing may be incomplete, leaving malformation. Ensuring complete sealing protects from spina bifida, cleft palate and limb reduction. </p>
<p>Those brain cells you can see are also vulnerable at this early stage. </p>
<p>Physical impairments cannot be corrected by subsequent development but can mainly be <strong>prevented by preconception care.</strong> </p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/unnamed-8.webp" alt="Electron microscope photo of neural tube sealing at 3 weeks and brain cells at 3 weeks">
<figcaption>L Nilsson</figcaption>
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<br><strong>Preparation for conceiving a child could not be more rewarding.</strong>
<br>Preconception care gives your child the greatest chance of fulfilling his or her genetic potential.
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<p><strong>The preconception supplement</strong> best known is folic acid - or better folate - vitamin B9, which is best eaten as food - leafy greens, beans etc. <a href="#references">[12]</a> </p>
<p>People conceived during Gambia's wet <strong>vegetable</strong> season are 10 times <strong>less</strong> likely to die from disease than those conceived in its dry grain season. </p>
<p>Folate fortification of flour is reducing neural tube defects in many places including UK. </p>
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<p>Nutrients powerfully affect first trimester development, as has long been clear of the neural tube, for instance. </p>
<p><strong>Specifically brain development is affected</strong> by first trimester intake of nuts.</p>
<p>Performance at 1.5 years; 5 years; and 8 years correlated with nut intake specifically in the first trimester - longitudinal study May 2019 by Gignac F, Julvez J. et al. <a href="#references">[25]</a></p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/NutsFirstTrimest.webp" alt="Photo of a bowl full of mixed nuts, some overflowing to the table">
<figcaption>Obstetrics & gynaecology</figcaption>
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<br><strong>Fish for the brain</strong>
<br>Another vital nutrient, especially for the brain, is omega-3 DHA, mainly from fish, long associated with brain quality, and explained scientifically in the 1970s. <a href="#references">[21]</a>
<p><strong>By 6 months in the womb, the already large brain</strong> is growing extra fast, making a huge demand on the mother for DHA. The 'placental pump' favours the fetus, If DHA is short, the fetus draws it from the mother's brain, Her lack of DHA often causes her depression, as is common with the Western diet and affects the child <a href="#references">[24]</a> . </p>
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<p><strong>Brain grows fastest</strong> from 6-months in the womb to the first months after birth. </p>
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<p>Contrast the hand-sizes of mother and baby. The baby's brain and head size is fast catching up with his mother's. </p>
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<p><strong>DHA has been essential to evolve and sustain</strong> the brains of all species. Of larger mammals, only sea mammals can reach brain size comparable to humans, since they need mainly fish or algae.</p>
<p>Only seashore evolution - or riverside or lakeside - and fish could have fed our brain to reach the size it has <a href="#references">[24]</a></p>
<p>Shellfish are perfect for pregnant mothers to gather their own supply. <a href="#references">[48]</a> </p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/unnamed-3.webp" alt="Photo of a school of dophins jumping out of the sea. Behind them rises a large cresting wave">
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<p><strong>Foresight Preconception Care was established for couples suffering</strong> infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth, or a malformed baby.
For 40 years Nim Barnes showed the value of preparing for pregnancy,</p>
<p>Foresight screened both partners, and corrected for nutrient deficits, toxins, and hidden diseases. In a university-monitored cohort of 367 couples 89% conceived, all bearing healthy well-developed babies. Subsequent records are also available. <a href="#references">[26]</a></p>
<p>Foresight Preconception Care achieved twice the success rate of IVF's just for conception, <a href="#references">[29]</a> preventing the need for IVF with its related risks, and raising IVF's success rate when used in combination. </p>
<p>The very caring attitude of Nim Barnes no doubt reduced stress, a significant factor. <a href="#references">[27,28]</a> For further comment click: <a href="https://www.michellesblog.co.uk/conceiving-healthy-babies-naturally/">https://www.michellesblog.co.uk/conceiving-healthy-babies-naturally/</a> </p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/1644397118.webp" alt="Jacket of the book 'How To Conceive Healthy Babies - the natural way' showing a photo of two smiling infants in dungarees">
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<p><strong>Like the baby here, we all begin in our grandmothers, a generation before our conception!</strong></p>
<p>Transgenerational effects pass down by both genders. <a href="#references">[38]</a></p>
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<p>So our grandparents' lifestyles have affected how we are, and our lifestyles are affecting how our grandchildren will be, as well as our children. </p>
<p>The longer ahead parents have been building their own health, the healthier the generations to come - unintended babies too!</p>
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<p><strong>Do not forget - we are still evolving!</strong></p>
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<p>Both parents, especially the woman, need to be healthy. As children they need to have learned how to nourish themselves, keep exercised, and free of infection and toxins. </p>
<p>Children need to learn young how to build their health.</p>
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<p><strong>Whatever your age</strong>, you may like to understand more about this fascinating subject in Part 2.</p>
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<h3 style="position: absolute; left: -100%; top: 0;">Part 2</h3>
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<p><strong><span style="font-size:21px;">PART 2.</span> is primarily for health professionals, teachers, and authorities,</strong> yet it is for everyone who wishes to understand the reasons to promote healthy conception. It is the way for the world's babies to begin life with the best chances possible.</p>
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<p><strong>Our Brain, most important, complex and vulnerable</strong>, is most in need of protection to reach its full potential. Preconception care can turn the rising tide of disorders, of learning and behavioural problems, school exclusion, un-employability and crime. </p>
<p class="weird-center">So many children are conceived and <strong>born to be happy</strong>. But . . </p>
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<figcaption>MRI scan M Witmore</figcaption>
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<br><i><strong style="font-size: 30px;">80% of crime follows childhood behaviour problems,</strong></i>
<br>some at 2 or 3 years, <a href="#references">[4]</a>
<br>with a high risk of problems
<br>of learning, of unemployment, even prison.
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<br>Yet specialist care preschool
<br><strong>stabilised half the children by age 5½</strong>
<br>in mainstream education,
<br>freeing them from high risk.
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<p style="text-align: right"><a href="#references">[4,39,40]</a></p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/7EatWellStartWellMelon.webp" alt="Artistic picture of two children riding a slice of water melon as if it was a see-saw">
<figcaption>Eat-Better-Start-Better [1]</figcaption>
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<p><strong>Epigenetic switches are altered</strong> biochemically by nutrition and emotions. At conception they are set some according to mother's, some to father's. Epigenetic changes continue but fewer after conception. </p>
<p><strong>Epigenetic settings from healthy parents</strong> help <strong>protect a child</strong> from: obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular and mental disorders,
Healthy settings also <strong>reduce risks</strong> of:
autism, dyslexia, dyscalculia, behaviour and learning problems, and eating disorders.
Causes of these are likely prenatal, very likely before conception.</p>
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<br><strong>Low birth weight has long been the main marker of poor development.</strong>
<br>The lower a child's birth-weight below 3.2 kg the greater the risk of problems.
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<p>Below 3.2 kg - only slightly below average - <strong>a child's birth-weight correlates</strong> with the mother's nutrient deficits by some: </p>
<br> 20% - key minerals & vitamins, <a href="#references">[19]</a>
<br> 50% - omega-3 DHA <a href="#references">[19,20]</a>
<br> 70% - ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 oils (since omega-6 competes with omega-3 for enzyme use).
<p><strong>Note</strong>: The wide range of theses nutrients trialed and advised is tabled & referenced shortly before the main References.</p>
<p><strong>The source of omega-3 DHA is mainly fish</strong>, long associated with brain quality, since 1972 shown scientifically. <a href="#references">[21]</a> </p>
<p><strong>The mother's build-up of micro-nutrient</strong> stores for crucial stages, such as the neural tube's sealing at 3 weeks; or major call for DHA in the brain's rapid growth spurt in the third trimester, is high priority. DHA shortage will prejudice the baby's brain and deplete the mother’s brain, rendering her liable to depression.</p>
<p><strong>Deprivation's worst and lasting effects</strong> on the fetus are due to poor maternal nutrition, and increased stress, with high maternal-fetal cortisol. <a href="#references">[41]</a> Stress and its effects are reduced by caring family, friends, and professional support, Comfort reduces cortisol, increasing endorphins and other hormones favouring development.</p>
<p>All negative factors play a part in the Cycle of Deprivation, repeating each generation. Badly deprived areas have many more low birthweight babies than better off areas, eg UK <a href="#references">[42]</a> or Berlin <a href="#references">[61]</a></p>
<p><strong>Twins, low birthweight and IVF</strong>.</p>
<p>With twins: low birthweight is 10 times as likely to occur; preterm 9 times as likely, infant death 5 times; cerebral palsy 4 times, neonatal costs are on average 16 times average. Of 20 twin pairs in the UK, 13 to 19 have been from IVF. </p>
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<p><strong>IVF is used most wisely and effectively</strong> in the tenth of cases when preconception care has not been enough to allow conception. Preconception care saves hassle, risk, and high cost and it has been shown to double the chance of IVF success,<a href="#references">[27]</a> with a strong record of achieving fully healthy children. IVF is important in specific cases such as a blocked fallopian tube. </p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/VitMinR.webp" alt="Table showing the effects of various nutrients on birthweight: Minerals, Vitamins, and Other Nutrients. Each nutrient has a corresponding coefficient indicating its effect. The table also includes a row for babies with birthweight less than 3200g, with specific coefficients for omega-3 DHA and the long-chain omega-6s/-3s ratio. ">
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/23DHAn3BWsGAs.webp" alt="Table showing the correlations between birth weights (under 3200g) and gestational age at delivery with cord red blood corpuscles, DHA, and omega-6/-3 long-chain ratio. The table includes data for both the general population and a risk group.">
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/24TwinsRisks.webp" alt="Table showing the relative risks of various health issues for twins compared to singletons, including low birthweight, preterm birth, infant death, neonatal unit admission, neonatal cost, cerebral palsy, and language disabilities in boys">
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<p><strong>Prevention of problems before conception</strong> works best. Preconception supplementing of minerals & vitamins, notably folate, was shown to prevent neural tube disorders by around 90% and cardiovascular disorders by 50% in large controlled trials. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/11/4760/htm">[9</a>, <a href="#references">10, 11]</a> </p>
<p>Folate takes some weeks to build up in red blood cells so needs to be increased well in advance of conception. </p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/CzeizelNTDcardio.webp" alt="Slide showing results of a double-blind controlled trial by Andrew Czeizel in 1995 found that preconception care with supplements (folic acid, other B vitamins, zinc, etc.) reduced the incidence of neural tube disorders and cardiovascular disorders in pregnancies.">
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<p><strong>Foresight Preconception Care</strong>, for couples suffering infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth, or malformation, <strong>screened both partners,
correcting for</strong> nutrient deficits, toxins, and hidden diseases. With such high risk parents, figures on the right show a university monitored cohort, Similar records extend over several decades.</p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/ForesitPC367.webp" alt="Cohort: 367 couples, Achieved 327 babies (89%), All healthy, full-term, full-weight. Monitored by Surrey University Neil Ward, 1993">
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<br><strong>Building cells and setting switches</strong>
<br>Epigenetic re-setting continues during gestation and subsequently but never as extensively as at conception. These settings are reversible, but in evolution multiple epigenetic changes correlate with mutations, which are not reversible, making diet especially significant (House 2011). <a href="#references">[43]</a> The danger is sudden changes to our evolutionary diet through our revolutions in agriculture, industry and food preparation. These endanger our health, particularly in reproduction. 'The metabolic syndrome' - obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular and mental disorders - is related particularly to periconceptional epigenetics.
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<p><strong>Brain development and vital omega-3 DHA</strong> (docosahexaenoic acid) - The connection between brain health and fish was first made scientifically in 1972 by Professor Michael Crawford (Crawford & Crawford 1972).<a href="#references">[44]</a> The prime molecule is omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most important lipid (fat) in the brain’s structure, and even in the whole body.</p>
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<br><strong>The mother's shortage at conception</strong> of omega-3 DHA risks leaving her baby's brain with developmental flaws visible in scans at birth. <a href="#references">[22,23]</a> This is scarcely surprising, recalling the visibility of early brain-cells at 3 weeks from conception.
<br>Any such flaws will be experienced later as mental disorder.
<p>The main factors underlying brain developmental disorders are understood through blood analyses, brain-scans, epidemiology, genetics and epigenetics.</p>
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<p><strong>Mental health's dependence on fish/ DHA</strong> is clear in these cross-nations graphs (Hibbeln 2001). <a href="#references">[47]</a> </p>
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<br>The biggest demand for DHA is when the <strong>already large fetal brain is growing rapidly</strong>, during the 3rd-trimester and soon after birth (Crawford & Sinclair 1972)<a href="#references">[45]</a>, when the brain's demands are often too much for the mother's supply (Cunnane 2014)<a href="#references">[46]</a>.
<br>The 'placental pump' then favours the fetus, leaving the mother's brain short of DHA.
<br>This is commonly the cause of a mothers' <strong>perinatal depression</strong>, which harms her bonding with her child and wellbeing of both.
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/HibPNDpSeaF2.webp" alt="A scatter plot showing the relationship between apparent seafood consumption and postnatal depression prevalence in various countries. The data shows a negative correlation (r = -0.81, p < 0.0005), suggesting that higher seafood consumption is associated with lower rates of postnatal depression.">
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<p>The baby's large brain's months of fastest growth, before and following birth, making heaviest demand for DHA, must be when <strong>shortage impacts worst on mother & baby</strong>. </p>
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<p>As well as leaving the mother with depression, shortage can impact on the offspring's brain, with subsequent problems in mental health, behaviour and learning.</p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/HibPNDpDHA.webp" alt="A scatter plot showing the relationship between postnatal depression prevalence and DHA content in mothers' milk from various countries. Suggesting that higher DHA content in mothers' milk is associated with lower rates of postnatal depression.">
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<p><strong>Children's mental problems are often named to classify a child's prime need for help in school</strong>. But they they are not entirely distinct.. 67% of Conduct Disorders co-occur with Speech Language & Communication Needs (SLCN), <a href="#references">[59]</a> which in turn co-occurs with Cerebral Palsy, Epilepsy and Autism.
<a href="#references">[60]</a> And children's classifications vary from one school-stage to another. </p>
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<p><strong>Cerebral Palsy</strong>, not common but can be a severe brain disorder at high cost - the tip of the iceberg.</p>
<p><strong>Autism and Epilepsy</strong> come next, less severe, less expensive per person, but more common.</p>
<p>Still less severe but still more common are
<strong>Speech, Language & Communication Needs</strong> (SLCN).
Boundaries between these three are unclear.
Prevalence & Costs are UK indicated in Chart.</p>
<p>All these problems impinge heavily on the child's life, the family, and the school. </p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/BrainProbsPyramid.webp" alt="A pyramid chart showing the prevalence and cost of various developmental problems in the UK. Divided into three levels of severity: Severe, Less Severe, and Mild. The top level (Severe) includes Cerebral Palsy with a prevalence of 0.03 million and a cost of £8 billion per year. The middle level (Less Severe) includes Autistic Spectrum & Epilepsy with a prevalence of 1 million and a cost of £35 billion per year. The bottom level (Mild) includes Speech, Language & Communication Needs with a prevalence of 6 million and a cost of £5 billion per year.">
<figcaption>Sources (Boyes Turner UK, All Party PG Epilepsy 2007, Knapp 2014, Secretary for Health 2001, Cooper 2004, Freeman 2006) <a href="#references">[53,54,55,56,57,58]</a></figcaption>
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<br><strong>Behaviour problems and co-occurring disorders</strong>
<br>Behaviour difficulties correlate with Disadvantaged Environment <a href="#references">[62]</a> as well as with Low Birthweight,
<br>and either factor raises the risk of behavioural problems.
<br> - behavioural problems increase 30% for each kilogram drop in birthweight. <a href="#references">[63]</a>
<br> - at school age ADHD and other behaviours directly relate to prematurity, as do cognitive scores. <a href="#references">[64]</a>
<br>These problems can be temporarily ameliorated by nutrition. Both children's behavioural problems, and young prisoners' violence, were significantly reduced by fish oil supplements. <a href="#references">[65,66]</a>
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<p><strong>Special Educational Needs (SEN)</strong> are clearly related to prenatal factors, as shown by SEN's strong correlation with low birthweight.
(The dip after 'Very low' is due to mercifully few birthweights so low). <a href="#references">[61]</a></p>
<p>The size of Bettge's study indicates reliability.</p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/LBWcorelSEN.webp" alt="A line chart showing the correlation between birthweight and the likelihood of needing Special Educational Needs (SEN) at age 5-6 in a study of 134,000 children in Berlin. The chart indicates that lower birthweight is associated with a higher risk of SEN.">
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<p><strong>The correlation of birthweight below 3kg</strong> with learning difficulties at 5-6 years, reflects the harsh reality that:
Central Nervous System Disorders likewise correlate with Low Birth Weight. <a href="#references">[102]</a></p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/40CNSvsBW.webp" alt="A line graph showing the relationship between birthweight and the prevalence of central nervous system disorders related to birthweight in the UK. The graph demonstrates a clear inverse correlation. Birthweight is associated with higher rates of central nervous system disorders. Additionally, a note indicates that the rate of low birthweight in the UK increased from 6.6% in 1953 to 8% in 2005.">
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<br><strong>Late adolescence and adulthood </strong>
<br>In unfolding lives we see developmental problems striking teenagers more deeply. Many find themselves excluded from school, 'Not in Education, Training or Employment' (NEET), and even falling into crime.
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<p>The prevalence and cost of NEETs, and of crime after early onset behaviour problems, are portrayed in this Chart. <a href="#references">[27,4]</a></p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/EarlyOnsetNEETcrime.webp" alt="A pyramid chart showing the prevalence and cost of developmental problems in the UK. The base of the pyramid represents less severe conditions like speech, language, and communication needs, followed by more severe issues like autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy. The top of the pyramid represents the most severe condition, cerebral palsy. The chart also shows the estimated annual cost of each condition in billions of pounds and notes that 80% of UK crime can be attributed to early-onset behavioral problems.">
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<br><strong>Preventing offensive behaviours before they arise</strong>
<br>The excellent success of Sure Start and others' parent-child preschool programs, particularly in disadvantaged areas, (Farrington 2006) <a href="#references">[70]</a> encourages preconception care to prevent developmental problems before any occur.
Education in such as nutrition and not smoking, care to reduce hidden diseases, and stress, would reduce low birth-weight, prematurity, and brain damage, behavioural and learning problems.
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<br>Children, whose mothers in pregnancy had eaten <strong>less</strong> than two meals of fish a week, scored <strong>lower</strong> at age 3 years, and at 7, on four intelligence counts:
<br> - social
<br> - prosocial development
<br> - fine motor
<br> - verbal IQ
<br>Serious shortfall in such development is likely to risk serious social problems, even violence, <a href="#references">[50]</a>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/MatlSeaFd4Scores.webp" alt="Four bar charts showing the percentage of children with suboptimal development in various areas (social development, prosocial skills, fine motor skills, and verbal IQ) based on their mothers' seafood consumption during pregnancy. The x-axis shows the frequency of seafood consumption (none, under 2 meals per week, over 2 meals per week), and the y-axis shows the percentage of children with suboptimal development. Overall, the charts suggest that children whose mothers consumed more seafood during pregnancy had lower rates of suboptimal development in all areas.">
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<p><strong>Homicide and suicide rates across nations</strong> correlate with lower seafood consumption. Again, fish or DHA shortage is likely to affect populations at the point in the life-cycle when it is needed in greatest quantity, that is in the third trimester, the peak of demand by fetus and mother. </p>
<p>Clearly increasing fish intake promises a fall in violent behaviour, and best policy would be a general raising of DHA levels by algae and fish consumption, especially for those most likely to conceive. </p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/HibHomicSeaF.webp" alt="Scatter plot showing a negative correlation between homicide mortality and apparent seafood consumption per person per year in 26 countries.">
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<p><strong>Particularly with tendencies to violence</strong>, plentiful DHA is vital not only in brain development but in sustaining its good function, </p>
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<img class="pure-img" src="img/HibSuicSeaF.webp" alt="Scatter plot showing a negative correlation between suicide mortality and apparent seafood consumption per person per year in 26 countries.">
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