Objective-C in Rust

The crates you're interested in is probably:

• objc2, which provides bi-directional interop between Rust and Objective-C, including support for defining Objective-C classes in Rust.
• objc2-* crates, which provides an autogenerated interfaces to Apple's Objective-C frameworks (AppKit, Foundation, Metal, WebKit, you name it, we aim to have it).
• block2, which provides bindings for Apple's C blocks, the C-equivalent of a Rust closure.

Goals

There are many conflicting priorities in an open-source project like this (performance, ergonomics, understandability, portability, ...), but the following two can be seen as the guiding principles for everything else in this project.

1. Complete Soundness

The non-negotiable goal of these crates is to be completely "sound", meaning it must not be possible for safe Rust to cause undefined behaviour!

As of January 2023, I (@madsmtm) have yet to find a single Rust crate or project calling Objective-C soundly. Issues I have found include:

• Wrong method calling ABI.
• Wrong memory management (in the best cases they just leak a lot).
• Incorrect usage of &mut.
• Incorrect main-thread safety.

I don't state this to throw shade at these projects, it is very much understandable! Objective-C and Rust have vastly different semantics, so tackling these issues require vigilance and a focus that e.g. a system clipboard crate just doesn't have! Rather, I state it to provide reassurance: Rust's fearless concurrency can be won back! This project's approach to the issue works, and leaks, segfaults, race conditions and so on can be completely eliminated!

Needless to say, nothing is perfect, so if you think you've found a soundness hole, please don't hesitate to report it on the issue tracker. Known soundness holes (however theoretical) are tracked in the I-unsound label.

2. Idiomatic Rust

Soundness would be easy to achieve if we just marked every API as unsafe, and called it a day (the precursor to this, objc, is basically sound). However, that just pushes the burden onto you, the user, and then we're not much better off!

As such, we'll try to be as safe and idiomatic as possible; using references instead of pointers to represent objects and their mutability, Option instead of null, doing memory management automatically instead of manually, and so on (see again these notes on "Layered Safety"). These abstractions should ideally be zero-cost, but this is of course a balancing act against being ergonomic.

Some APIs in objc2 and block2 will still have to remain unsafe, so these contain thorough # Safety sections, to let you know exactly which safety guarantees you need to uphold. The framework crates are a bit difficult in this regard, since they are mostly autogenerated, which means that almost nothing can be safe by default! However, we can still try to mitigate this problem by marking manually audited functionality as safe (which we need your help with).

Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV)

The currently minimum supported Rust version is 1.60; this is not defined by policy, though, so it may change in at any time in a patch release.

Help us define a policy over in #203.

Migrating from objc and family

If size of your project is fairly small, it'll probably be easiest to just jump straight into replacing everything to use the framework crates (when you do, don't forget to mark unsafe methods that you use as safe along the way).

If your project is large, you can consider upgrading in small steps, following the changelog at each step of the way. For the most common cases, the changelogs will include a helpful example on how to upgrade.

As an example you'd start by using objc2 instead of objc in your Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
objc = { package = "objc2", version = "0.2.7" }

Afterwards, you can upgrade to the next release, in this case v0.3.0-alpha.0, and make the required changes to your code following the changelog. And so on, with every following release.

License

This project is licensed under the MIT license, see LICENSE.txt.

Work is in progress to make it dual-licensed under the Apache License (Version 2.0) as well, see this.

Acknowledgements / Prior art

This repository is a merge of the following projects, see reasoning for the fork here:

• objc
  • Renamed to objc2.
• objc-encode
  • Renamed to objc2-encode.
• objc_exception
  • Moved to objc2::exception.
• objc_id
  • Moved to objc2::rc.
• objc-foundation
  • Renamed to objc2-foundation.
• block
  • Renamed to block2.

These were created almost solely by @SSheldon, so a huge thanks for their fantastic work on these crates!

This project also draws inspiration from:

• apple-sys
• cacao
• the core-foundation-rs project
• fruity
• metal
• objrs
• objr and family
• rust-macios
• uikit-sys and @simlay's Objective-C work on bindgen
• cidre

Finally, this is by far not the only project that ever tried to interoperate with Objective-C; other languages have done so as well (to varying degrees of success):

• Swift: Built from the beginning for Objective-C interop, and is what objc2 aspires to have feature-parity with (though will probably never reach). Truly beautifully designed language!
• C#: Xamarin, Xamarin.Mac, a good source of inspiration for what "should" work.
• Python: PyObjC (previously?) official Apple project that worked with "BridgeSupport", nowadays they also generate metadata by invoking Clang. Others include objp and rubicon.objc
• Ruby: MacRuby, RubyCocoa
• Dart: ffigen
• Kotlin: somewhat built-in support
• Nim: somewhat built-in support, darwin, objc
• D: somewhat built-in support, derelict
• Java: Java-Objective-C-Bridge, Multi-OS Engine: Nat/J (also has a generator), Apple also has a very old official project.
• Node.js: NodObjC, objc
• Zig: zig-objcrt
• D: somewhat built-in support, derelict
• V: Not really existing, they just write and compile Objective-C code, and use manual C-bindings.
• Go: MacDriver