diff --git a/foundation/org.eclipse.persistence.core/src/main/java/org/eclipse/persistence/expressions/ExpressionOperator.java b/foundation/org.eclipse.persistence.core/src/main/java/org/eclipse/persistence/expressions/ExpressionOperator.java
index 6ede993480c..a2333b59066 100644
--- a/foundation/org.eclipse.persistence.core/src/main/java/org/eclipse/persistence/expressions/ExpressionOperator.java
+++ b/foundation/org.eclipse.persistence.core/src/main/java/org/eclipse/persistence/expressions/ExpressionOperator.java
@@ -2379,12 +2379,9 @@ public void printCollection(List<Expression> items, ExpressionSQLPrinter printer
             dbStringIndex = 1;
         }
 
-        if (this.argumentIndices == null) {
-            this.argumentIndices = new int[items.size()];
-            for (int i = 0; i < this.argumentIndices.length; i++){
-                this.argumentIndices[i] = i;
-            }
-        }
+        // Empty `this.argumentIndices` means the operator expects a list of arguments with a variable length.
+        // #2136: As operator's state is shared among all threads, we are not allowed to modify the field `this.argumentIndices`.
+        int[] argumentIndexes = (this.argumentIndices != null ? this.argumentIndices : arrayIndexSequence(items.size()));
 
         String[] dbStrings = getDatabaseStrings(items.size());
         for (final int index : this.argumentIndices) {
@@ -2403,6 +2400,14 @@ public void printCollection(List<Expression> items, ExpressionSQLPrinter printer
         }
     }
 
+    private int[] arrayIndexSequence(int size) {
+        int[] result = new int[size];
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            result[i] = i;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
     /**
      * INTERNAL: Print the collection onto the SQL stream.
      */
diff --git a/jpa/eclipselink.jpa.test.jse/src/it/java/org/eclipse/persistence/jpa/test/jpql/TestArgumentListFunctionExpressionConcurrency.java b/jpa/eclipselink.jpa.test.jse/src/it/java/org/eclipse/persistence/jpa/test/jpql/TestArgumentListFunctionExpressionConcurrency.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c21bd6c35bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jpa/eclipselink.jpa.test.jse/src/it/java/org/eclipse/persistence/jpa/test/jpql/TestArgumentListFunctionExpressionConcurrency.java
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 IBM Corporation. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
+ * terms of the Eclipse Public License v. 2.0 which is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0,
+ * or the Eclipse Distribution License v. 1.0 which is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause
+ */
+package org.eclipse.persistence.jpa.test.jpql;
+
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.function.ObjIntConsumer;
+
+import org.eclipse.persistence.jpa.test.framework.DDLGen;
+import org.eclipse.persistence.jpa.test.framework.Emf;
+import org.eclipse.persistence.jpa.test.framework.EmfRunner;
+import org.eclipse.persistence.jpa.test.jpql.model.JPQLEntity;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import jakarta.persistence.EntityManager;
+import jakarta.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * This test reproduces the issues #2136, #1867 and #1717.
+ *
+ * @author Igor Mukhin
+ */
+@RunWith(EmfRunner.class)
+public class TestArgumentListFunctionExpressionConcurrency {
+
+    private static final int MAX_THREADS = Math.min(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(), 4);
+    private static final int ITERATIONS_PER_THREAD = 1000;
+
+    @Emf(name = "argumentListFunctionExpressionConcurrencyEMF", createTables = DDLGen.DROP_CREATE, classes = { JPQLEntity.class })
+    private EntityManagerFactory emf;
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConcurrentUseOfCoalesce() throws Exception {
+        runInParallel((em, i) -> {
+            String jpql;
+            if (i % 2 == 0) {
+                jpql = "SELECT p FROM JPQLEntity p  WHERE p.string1 = coalesce(p.string2, '" + cacheBuster(i) + "')";
+            } else {
+                jpql = "SELECT p FROM JPQLEntity p  WHERE p.string1 = coalesce(p.string2, p.string1, '" + cacheBuster(i) + "')";
+            }
+            em.createQuery(jpql, JPQLEntity.class).getResultList();
+            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " - " + i % 2);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConcurrentUseOfCaseCondition() throws Exception {
+        runInParallel((em, i) -> {
+            String jpql;
+            if (i % 2 == 0) {
+                jpql = "SELECT p FROM JPQLEntity p"
+                        + " WHERE p.string1 = case "
+                        + "   when p.string2 = '" + cacheBuster(i) + "' then p.string1 "
+                        + "   else null "
+                        + "   end";
+            } else {
+                jpql = "SELECT p FROM JPQLEntity p"
+                        + " WHERE p.string1 = case "
+                        + "   when p.string2 = '" + cacheBuster(i) + "' then p.string1"
+                        + "   when p.string2 = 'x' then p.string2"
+                        + "   else null "
+                        + "   end";
+
+            }
+            em.createQuery(jpql, JPQLEntity.class).getResultList();
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static String cacheBuster(Integer i) {
+        return "cacheBuster." + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "." + i;
+    }
+
+    private void runInParallel(ObjIntConsumer<EntityManager> runnable) throws Exception {
+        AtomicReference<Exception> exception = new AtomicReference<>();
+
+        // start all threads
+        List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int t = 0; t < MAX_THREADS; t++) {
+            Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
+                try {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < ITERATIONS_PER_THREAD; i++) {
+                        if (exception.get() != null) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        try (EntityManager em = emf.createEntityManager()) {
+                            runnable.accept(em, i);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    exception.set(e);
+                }
+            });
+            threads.add(thread);
+            thread.start();
+        }
+
+        // wait for all threads to finish
+        threads.forEach(thread -> {
+            try {
+                thread.join();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                exception.set(e);
+            }
+        });
+
+        // throw the first exception that occurred
+        if (exception.get() != null) {
+            throw exception.get();
+        }
+    }
+}