Move dusk into a multi-pass design

[BenWeber42]

While the single pass design allowed for rapid prototyping and worked well in the beginning, the semantic checks have become too complex for the current single pass design.
Dusk should probably move into a multi-pass design. For this we should get some infrastructure in place so that passes can be executed sequentially, invariants checked between as well as pre-conditions & post-conditions. For some stages it would also be good to have a simple IR infrastructure (possibly with dialects).