<p>By: Yves Chandler E. Castillo</p>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>Computing is basically anything you do with computers to get stuff done. It can be anything from using a
computer to make your life easier, to actually building and programming computers. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing">wikipedia</a>.</p>
<p>It is also the act of calculating something, see
<a
href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/computing">dictionary</a> for further
details you can research it yourself </p>
<a
href="https://www.google.com/search?q=computing+meaning&rlz=1C1BNSD_enPH1084PH1084&oq=computing+meaning&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqDggAEEUYJxg7GIAEGIoFMg4IABBFGCcYOxiABBiKBTIHCAEQABiABDIHCAIQABiABDIMCAMQABgUGIcCGIAEMgcIBBAAGIAEMgcIBRAAGIAEMgcIBhAAGIAEMgcIBxAAGIAEMgcICBAAGIAEMgcICRAAGIAE0gEIMjE2MmowajeoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8">
search it yourself.</a>
<h1 id="known-issues" class="collapsible">Computing</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<h1>Early Computing Devices.</h1>
</li>
<li></li>
<p>1.Abacus</p>
<p>-Abacus was invented by the Chinese around 4000 years ago. It’s a wooden rack with metal rods with
beads attached to them. The abacus operator moves the beads according to certain guidelines to complete
arithmetic computations.</p>
<p> 2.Napier’s Bone</p>
<p>-John Napier devised Napier’s Bones, a manually operated calculating apparatus. For calculating,
this instrument used 9 separate ivory strips (bones) marked with numerals to multiply and divide. It was
also the first machine to calculate using the decimal point system.</p>
<p> 3.Pascaline</p>
<p>-Pascaline was invented in 1642 by Biaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher. It is thought
to
be the first mechanical and automated calculator. It was a wooden box with gears and wheels inside.</p>
<p> 4.Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz wheel</p>
<p>-In 1673, a German mathematician-philosopher named Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on Pascal’s
invention to create this apparatus. It was a digital mechanical calculator known as the stepped reckoner
because it used fluted drums instead of gears.</p>
<p> 5.Difference Engine</p>
<p>-In the early 1820s, Charles Babbage created the Difference Engine. It was a mechanical computer that
could do basic computations. It was a steam-powered calculating machine used to solve numerical tables
such as logarithmic tables.</p>
<p> 6.Analytical Engine</p>
<p>-Charles Babbage created another calculating machine, the Analytical Engine, in 1830. It was a mechanical
computer that took input from punch cards. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and
storing data in an indefinite memory.</p>
<p> 7.Tabulating machine</p>
<p>-An American Statistician – Herman Hollerith invented this machine in the year 1890. Tabulating
Machine was a punch card-based mechanical tabulator. It could compute statistics and record or sort data
or information. Hollerith began manufacturing these machines in his company, which ultimately became
International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924.</p>
<p> 8.Differential Analyzer</p>
<p>-Vannevar Bush introduced the first electrical computer, the Differential Analyzer, in 1930. This machine
is made up of vacuum tubes that switch electrical impulses in order to do calculations. It was capable
of performing 25 calculations in a matter of minutes.</p>
<p> 9.Mark I</p>
<p>-Howard Aiken planned to build a machine in 1937 that could conduct massive calculations or calculations
using enormous numbers. The Mark I computer was constructed in 1944 as a collaboration between IBM and
Harvard.</p>
</ul>
<p>The history of computing goes way back before we even had actual computer hardware. It also involves all the
ways people used to do math with just pen and paper, or chalk and slate, sometimes with the help of
tables. Numbers have always been a big part of computing, even though the math needed for computing was
around before we had our numeral systems..</p>
<h2 id="licenses" class="collapsible">Charles Babbage</h2>
<div>
<p>Since the dawn of humanity, tools have been utilized for calculations over many centuries. Among the
earliest and most renowned devices was the abacus. In 1822, Charles Babbage, considered the pioneer of
computing, embarked on the development of the first mechanical computer. By 1833, he had conceived the
Analytical Engine, a versatile computer featuring an Arithmetic Logic Unit, fundamental flowchart
principles, and the notion of integrated memory. Over a century later, the ENIAC, or Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer, marked the advent of the first general-purpose electronic computer.
</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.43.0" nr="6" class="collapsible"> Generations of Computers
</h2>
<div>
<p>
<h3>1st Generation(1940-1955).</h3>
</p>
<p>This was when machine language was developed for the use of computers. They used vacuum tubes for the
circuitry. For the purpose of memory, they used magnetic drums. These machines were complicated, large,
and expensive. They were mostly reliant on batch operating systems and punch cards. As output and input
devices, magnetic tape and paper tape were implemented. For example, ENIAC, UNIVAC-1, EDVAC, and so on.
</p>
<p>
<h3>2nd Generation(1957-1963).</h3>
</p>
<p>In second-generation computers, COBOL and FORTRAN are employed as assembly languages and programming
languages. Here they advanced from vacuum tubes to transistors. This made the computers smaller, faster
and more energy-efficient. And they advanced from binary to assembly languages. For instance, IBM 1620,
IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, and so forth.</p>
<p>
<h3>3rd Generation(1964-1971).</h3>
</p>
<p>The hallmark of this period was the development of the integrated circuit. A single integrated circuit
(IC) is made up of many transistors, which increases the power of a computer while simultaneously
lowering its cost. These computers were quicker, smaller, more reliable, and less expensive than their
predecessors. High-level programming languages such as FORTRON-II to IV, COBOL, and PASCAL PL/1 were
utilized. For example, the IBM-360 series, the Honeywell-6000 series, and the IBM-370/168.</p>
<p>
<h3>4th Generation(1971-1980).</h3>
</p>
<p> The invention of the microprocessors brought along the fourth generation of computers. C, C++ and Java
were the programming languages utilized in this generation of computers. For instance, the STAR 1000,
PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP, and Apple II. This was when we started producing computers for home use.</p>
<p>
<h3>5th Generation(1980-now).</h3>
</p>
<p> This is the present and the future of the computer world. The defining aspect of this generation is
artificial intelligence. The use of parallel processing and superconductors are making this a reality
and provide a lot of scope for the future. Fifth-generation computers use ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology. These are the most recent and sophisticated computers. C, C++, Java,.Net, and
more programming languages are used. For instance, IBM, Pentium, Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Ultrabook,
and so on.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.42.0(2)" nr="7" class="collapsible"> History of Computers<br /></h2>
<div>
<p>
<h3>19th Century</h3>
</p>
<p> 1801 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, a weaver and businessman from France, devised a loom that employed
punched wooden cards to automatically weave cloth designs.</p>
<p>1822 – Charles Babbage, a mathematician, invented the steam-powered calculating machine capable of
calculating number tables. The “Difference Engine” idea failed owing to a lack of technology
at the time.</p>
<p>1848 – The world’s first computer program was written by Ada Lovelace, an English
mathematician. Lovelace also includes a step-by-step tutorial on how to compute Bernoulli numbers using
Babbage’s machine.</p>
<p>1890 – Herman Hollerith, an inventor, creates the punch card technique used to calculate the 1880
U.S. census. He would go on to start the corporation that would become IBM.</p>
<p>
<h3> Early 20th Century</h3>
</p>
<p> 1930 – Differential Analyzer was the first large-scale automatic general-purpose mechanical
analogue computer invented and built by Vannevar Bush.</p>
<p>1936 – Alan Turing had an idea for a universal machine, which he called the Turing machine, that
could compute anything that could be computed.</p>
<p>1939 – Hewlett-Packard was discovered in a garage in Palo Alto, California by Bill Hewlett and
David Packard.</p>
<p>1941 – Konrad Zuse, a German inventor and engineer, completed his Z3 machine, the world’s
first digital computer. However, the machine was destroyed during a World War II bombing strike on
Berlin.</p>
<p>1941 – J.V. Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry devise a computer capable of solving 29
equations at the same time. The first time a computer can store data in its primary memory.</p>
<p>1945 – University of Pennsylvania academics John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert create an Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). It was Turing-complete and capable of solving “a vast
class of numerical problems” by reprogramming, earning it the title of “Grandfather of
computers.”</p>
<p>1946 – The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first general-purpose electronic digital
computer designed in the United States for corporate applications.</p>
<p>1949 – The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), developed by a team at the
University of Cambridge, is the “first practical stored-program computer.”</p>
<p>1950 – The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) was built in Washington, DC, and it was the
first stored-program computer completed in the United States.</p>
<p>
<h3>Late 20th Century</h3>
</p>
<p> 1953 – Grace Hopper, a computer scientist, creates the first computer language, which becomes
known as COBOL, which stands for COmmon, Business-Oriented Language. It allowed a computer user to offer
the computer instructions in English-like words rather than numbers.</p>
<p>1954 – John Backus and a team of IBM programmers created the FORTRAN programming language, an
acronym for FORmula TRANslation. In addition, IBM developed the 650.</p>
<p>1958 – The integrated circuit, sometimes known as the computer chip, was created by Jack Kirby and
Robert Noyce.</p>
<p>1962 – Atlas, the computer, makes its appearance. It was the fastest computer in the world at the
time, and it pioneered the concept of “virtual memory.”</p>
<p>1964 – Douglas Engelbart proposes a modern computer prototype that combines a mouse and a graphical
user interface (GUI).</p>
<p>1969 – Bell Labs developers, led by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, revealed UNIX, an operating
system developed in the C programming language that addressed program compatibility difficulties.</p>
<p>1970 – The Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip, is unveiled by Intel.</p>
<p>1971 – The floppy disc was invented by Alan Shugart and a team of IBM engineers. In the same year,
Xerox developed the first laser printer, which not only produced billions of dollars but also heralded
the beginning of a new age in computer printing.</p>
<p>1973 – Robert Metcalfe, a member of Xerox’s research department, created Ethernet, which is
used to connect many computers and other gear.</p>
<p>1974 – Personal computers were introduced into the market. The first were the Altair Scelbi &
Mark-8, IBM 5100, and Radio Shack’s TRS-80.</p>
<p>1975 – Popular Electronics magazine touted the Altair 8800 as the world’s first minicomputer
kit in January. Paul Allen and Bill Gates offer to build software in the BASIC language for the Altair.
</p>
<p>1976 – Apple Computers is founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who expose the world to the
Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board.</p>
<p>1977 – At the first West Coast Computer Faire, Jobs and Wozniak announce the Apple II. It has
colour graphics and a cassette drive for storing music.</p>
<p>1978 – The first computerized spreadsheet program, VisiCalc, is introduced.</p>
<p>1979 – WordStar, a word processing tool from MicroPro International, is released.</p>
<p>1981 – IBM unveils the Acorn, their first personal computer, which has an Intel CPU, two floppy
drives, and a colour display. The MS-DOS operating system from Microsoft is used by Acorn.</p>
<p>1983 – The CD-ROM, which could carry 550 megabytes of pre-recorded data, hit the market. This year
also saw the release of the Gavilan SC, the first portable computer with a flip-form design and the
first to be offered as a “laptop.”</p>
<p>1984 – Apple launched Macintosh during the Superbowl XVIII commercial. It was priced at $2,500</p>
<p>1985 – Microsoft introduces Windows, which enables multitasking via a graphical user interface. In
addition, the programming language C++ has been released.</p>
<p>1990 – Tim Berners-Lee, an English programmer and scientist, creates HyperText Markup Language,
widely known as HTML. He also coined the term “WorldWideWeb.” It includes the first browser,
a server, HTML, and URLs.</p>
<p>1993 – The Pentium CPU improves the usage of graphics and music on personal computers.</p>
<p>1995 – Microsoft’s Windows 95 operating system was released. A $300 million promotional
campaign was launched to get the news out. Sun Microsystems introduces Java 1.0, followed by Netscape
Communications’ JavaScript.</p>
<p>1996 – At Stanford University, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created the Google search engine.</p>
<p>1998 – Apple introduces the iMac, an all-in-one Macintosh desktop computer. These PCs cost $1,300
and came with a 4GB hard drive, 32MB RAM, a CD-ROM, and a 15-inch monitor.</p>
<p>1999 – Wi-Fi, an abbreviation for “wireless fidelity,” is created, originally covering
a range of up to 300 feet.</p>
<p>
<h3>21st Century</h3>
</p>
<p> 2000 – The USB flash drive is first introduced in 2000. They were speedier and had more storage
space than other storage media options when used for data storage.</p>
<p>2001 – Apple releases Mac OS X, later renamed OS X and eventually simply macOS, as the successor to
its conventional Mac Operating System.</p>
<p>2003 – Customers could purchase AMD’s Athlon 64, the first 64-bit CPU for consumer computers.
</p>
<p>2004 – Facebook began as a social networking website.</p>
<p>2005 – Google acquires Android, a mobile phone OS based on Linux.</p>
<p>2006 – Apple’s MacBook Pro was available. The Pro was the company’s first dual-core,
Intel-based mobile computer.</p>
<p>Amazon Web Services, including Amazon Elastic Cloud 2 (EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service, were also
launched (S3)</p>
<p>2007 – The first iPhone was produced by Apple, bringing many computer operations into the palm of
our hands. Amazon also released the Kindle, one of the first electronic reading systems, in 2007.</p>
<p>2009 – Microsoft released Windows 7.</p>
<p>2011 – Google introduces the Chromebook, which runs Google Chrome OS.</p>
<p>2014 – The University of Michigan Micro Mote (M3), the world’s smallest computer, was
constructed.</p>
<p>2015 – Apple introduces the Apple Watch. Windows 10 was also released by Microsoft.</p>
<p>2016 – The world’s first reprogrammable quantum computer is built.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.42.0" nr="8" class="collapsible"> Types of Computers</h2>
<div>
<p>
<h3>1. Analog Computers</h3>
</p>
<p> – Analog computers are built with various components such as gears and levers, with no electrical
components. One advantage of analogue computation is that designing and building an analogue computer to
tackle a specific problem can be quite straightforward.</p>
<p>
<h3>2. Digital Computers</h3>
</p>
<p> – Information in digital computers is represented in discrete form, typically as sequences of 0s
and 1s (binary digits, or bits). A digital computer is a system or gadget that can process any type of
information in a matter of seconds. Digital computers are categorized into many different types. They
are as follows:</p>
<p>
<h3> a. Mainframe computers</h3>
</p>
<p> – It is a computer that is generally utilized by large enterprises for mission-critical activities
such as massive data processing. Mainframe computers were distinguished by massive storage capacities,
quick components, and powerful computational capabilities. Because they were complicated systems, they
were managed by a team of systems programmers who had sole access to the computer. These machines are
now referred to as servers rather than mainframes.</p>
<p>
<h3> b. Supercomputers</h3>
</p>
<p> – The most powerful computers to date are commonly referred to as supercomputers. Supercomputers
are enormous systems that are purpose-built to solve complicated scientific and industrial problems.
Quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, oil and gas exploration, molecular modelling, physical
simulations, aerodynamics, nuclear fusion research, and cryptoanalysis are all done on supercomputers.
</p>
<p>
<h3> c. Minicomputers</h3>
</p>
<p> – A minicomputer is a type of computer that has many of the same features and capabilities as a
larger computer but is smaller in size. Minicomputers, which were relatively small and affordable, were
often employed in a single department of an organization and were often dedicated to a specific task or
shared by a small group. Microcomputers – A microcomputer is a small computer that is based on a
microprocessor integrated circuit, often known as a chip. A microcomputer is a system that incorporates
at a minimum a microprocessor, program memory, data memory, and input-output system (I/O). A
microcomputer is now commonly referred to as a personal computer (PC).</p>
<p>
<h3> d. Embedded processors</h3>
</p>
<p> – These are miniature computers that control electrical and mechanical processes with basic
microprocessors. Embedded processors are often simple in design, have limited processing capability and
I/O capabilities, and need little power. Ordinary microprocessors and microcontrollers are the two
primary types of embedded processors. Embedded processors are employed in systems that do not require
the computing capability of traditional devices such as desktop computers, laptop computers, or
workstations.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.41.0(3)" nr="9" class="collapsible"> Famous Computer Scientists<br />Throughout History</h2>
<div>
<p>1. Charles Babbage</p>
<p> Known for being the first to come up with an automatic calculator, Charles Babbage was
a mathematician in Victorian England. He created plans to build the Analytical Engine, a machine that
contained some aspects of modern computers.1 Though it was never built in his lifetime, the concepts and
plans Babbage purposed have earned him the title of the "father of computing."1</p>
<p>2. Ada Lovelace Babbage</p>
<p> was not the only person in Victorian England considering the possibility of
computers. Ada Lovelace is known as the first programmer in history. She was the daughter of poet Lord
Byron and a good friend of Babbage. Having found interest in his ideas, Ada took to writing algorithms
to be used on a machine. While these programs were not used in her lifetime, she laid the foundations
for all modern programmers.</p>
<p>3. Alan Turing</p>
<p>During World War II, the Germans had invented the enigma machine to encrypt messages. Alan Turing led a
team to cracking many of these messages and, in turn, saved many lives. He is now considered
contributing to the modern computer with his contributions to the field.</p>
<p>he is also remembered for his theories on artificial intelligence that are still studied today. The
Turing test is his most prominent idea, as it looks at whether a computer can mimic human behavior
independently and fool people, work in robotics and artificial intelligence is built on these ideas.</p>
<p>4. Tim Berners-Lee</p>
<p>Whenever you search for websites you can thank Tim Berners-Lee for his contributions to the field. He
invented the World Wide Web, a system of pulling up web pages for websites.5 Whenever you type in
“www.” you are searching for a site on the World Wide Web. While many advancements have come
about since then, Tim Berners-Lee’s contributions are still the building blocks of the internet.
</p>
<p>5. Steve Wozniak</p>
<p>Everyone is aware of Steve Jobs and how Apple is one of the biggest names in the computer and smartphone
markets. However, many are unaware of Steve Wozniak and his contributions. Computers were originally
very large and too expensive for regular Americans to own. Companies like Windows and Apple changed this
trend. Wozniak cofounded Apple Computer Company alongside Steve Jobs in 1976. They released the Apple II
which was one of the first highly successful personal computers in 1977.6</p>
<p>6.Linus Torvalds</p>
<p>Linus Torvalds is best known for creating the Linux Operating System.7 He made the kernel of the
operating system which is the brain that helps the system running correctly. All parts of the system
need a kernel to work correctly. People can use the kernel for free and build all the features they need
for a system.7 This operating system is a good alternative to Windows and Mac IOS since it gives a
people the ability to modify the system even at the base level.</p>
<p>7. Guido van Rossum </p>
<p> programming languages have come and gone over the years. Each program can be
beneficial in certain situations, but some languages have widespread usage. When Guido van Rossum made
the Python programming language, he made it for a general purpose in mind.8</p>
<p>Today, Python is one of the most widely used and recognized languages on the market.8 Programming is a
sought after skill that can lead you into software development among other fields.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.41.0(2)" nr="10" class="collapsible"> Computer's Impact on Society<br />
</h2>
<div>
<p>Computers helped us take a large step into the future. Businesses and entertainment uses them to make
profits, Education uses them to help educate students better, and the Medical field uses computers in
different ways. Even you are playing computer games, when you are watching the latest movies, or you are
researching on a topic for your essay on computer, you are affected by the computer.</p>
<p>Computers absolutely completely changed the world and it keeps changing. Everyone was impacted by this
remarkable device. You might disagree with me a little bit, one thing is certain: without computers, we
are not anywhere close to where we are today</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.41.0" nr="11" class="collapsible"> Information Technology<br /><small>I.T.
</small></h2>
<div>
<p>A set of related fields that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, and data and
information processing, and storage. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT).
</p>
<p>An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system,
or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and
peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users, and an IT project usually refers
to the commissioning and implementation of an IT system.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.40.1" nr="12" class="collapsible"> Hardware<br />
</h2>
<div>
<p>Central Processing Unit (CPU)</p>
<p>-Is that part of a computer which executes software program instructions.</p>
<p>Power Supply Unit (PSU)</p>
<p>-Converts general purpose electric current from the mains to direct current for the other components of
the computer.</p>
<p>Random Access Memory (RAM)</p>
<p>-PC's main memory is a fast storage area that is directly accessible by the CPU, and is used to store the
currently executing program and immediately needed data. PCs use semiconductor random access memory
(RAM) of various kinds such as DRAM, SDRAM or SRAM as their main memory.</p>
<p>Hard Drives</p>
<p>-Mass storage devices such as hard drives store programs and data even when the power is off; they do
require power to perform read and write functions during usage.</p>
<p>Optical Drives</p>
<p>-Optical drives, including CD, DVD, and Blu-ray Disc, are data storage devices using rapidly rotating
discs coated with reflective material and read using a laser diode. -Hard disk drives (HDD) are data
storage devices used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks
(platters) coated with magnetic material. -Solid state drives (SSD) are data storage devices using
integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently.</p>
<p>Video cards</p>
<p>-Otherwise called graphics cards, graphics adapters or video adapters—process the graphics output
from the motherboard and transmit it to the display.</p>
<p>Audio cards</p>
<p>-Are internal computer expansion cards that facilitate economical input and output of audio signals to
and from a computer under control of computer programs, also known as a sound card.</p>
<p>Network Interface Controller (NIC)</p>
<p>-Also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter, and by similar terms) is a
computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.</p>
<p>Modem (modulator-demodulator)</p>
<p>-Is a device that modulates signals to encode digital information and demodulates signals to decode the
transmitted information, initially used for telephone line data transmission, but also used with DSL and
cable high speed connections.</p>
<p>Motherboard</p>
<p>-Also referred to as system board or main board, is the primary circuit board within a personal computer,
and other major system components plug directly onto or cable into the motherboard.</p>
<p>System cooling</p>
<p>-Is required to remove the waste heat produced by computer components, to keep components within
permissible operating temperature limits. Methods include case fans, CPU fans, and liquid cooling.</p>
<p>Liquid cooling</p>
<p>-Uses a liquid rather than air as the heat conductor, with the most common heat transfer fluid in desktop
PCs being (distilled) water.</p>
<p>BIOS</p>
<p>-The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to
load a boot loader or an operating system from a mass storage device.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.40.0" nr="13" class="collapsible"> Input, Output, and Storage</h2>
<div>
<p>A peripheral device is an additional piece of hardware that a computer uses to communicate information
externally. It is a hardware component that can be accessed and controlled by a computer, but is not
considered a core part of the computer.</p>
<p>Peripherals can be classified based on how information flows in relation to the computer:</p>
<p> 1.Input devices: such as mouse, keyboards, scanners, game controllers, microphones, and webcams, send
data to the computer.</p>
<p>2.Output devices: like monitors, printers, headphones, and speakers, receive data from the computer.</p>
<p>3.Storage devices: modems, routers, gateways, and network adapters, both send and receive data. Many
modern
electronic devices, such as digital watches, video game consoles, smartphones, and tablets, have
interfaces that allow them to be used as peripherals.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.39.2" nr="14" class="collapsible">Networking<br />
</h2>
<div>
<p>Networking </p>
<p>• A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers
to exchange data. Networked computing devices pass data to each other in the form of packets
across connections established using either cable or wireless media.</p>
<p>• A network packet is a formatted unit of data sent through a network to the destination.
Once packets arrive, they are reassembled into their original message.</p>
<p>• Wired media includes coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, and optical fiber.</p>
<p>• Wireless local area network connections use spread spectrum technology based on a common
flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology defined as IEEE 802.11 and known as
Wi-Fi.</p>
<p>• A network interface controller (NIC) is hardware that provides a computer with the ability
to access the transmission media, and has the ability to process low-level network information.
</p>
<p>Device Addresses</p>
<p>• In Ethernet networks, each NIC has a unique 48-bit Media Access Control (MAC) address.</p>
<p>• An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device
participating in a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address
serves two principal functions: host identification and network addressing.</p>
<p> • IP addresses are 32-bit (IPv4) or 128-bit (IPv6) numbers usually written and displayed in
human-readable notations, such as 198.51.100.1 (IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (IPv6).</p>
<p>• IP addresses are assigned to a host either anew at the time of booting, or permanently by
fixed configuration of its hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using
a static IP address. In contrast, in situations when the computer's IP address is assigned newly
each time, this is known as using a dynamic IP address.</p>
<p> • Static IP addresses are manually assigned to a computer by an administrator.</p>
<p>• Dynamic IP addresses are assigned either by the computer interface or host software itself
through automatic configuration, or assigned by a server using Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP).[12]</p>
<p>Device Types</p>
<p>• A switch is a device that connects and filters multiple network segments or devices, by
forwarding data only to one or multiple devices that need to receive the data based on
destination MAC address.</p>
<p>• A router is a device that forwards data packets between different computer networks based
on network address (IP address).</p>
<p> • A modem is a device used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for
digital network traffic, by modulating the digital signal to produce an analog signal for
transmission. • A firewall is a device used to control network security and access rules by
rejecting access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from recognized ones.
</p>
<p> • An access point is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network
using Wi-Fi, or related standards.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.39.1" nr="15" class="collapsible"> The Role of Information Technology in <br />the modern
world
</h2>
<div>
<p>Improved Efficiency and Productivity</p>
<p>-Automation of routine tasks, data processing, workflow through software reduces manual errors and allows
employees to focus on more strategic and creative tasks.</p>
<p>Communication</p>
<p>-Email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and collaboration tools have made it easier for employees
to communicate and collaborate. This seamless communication fosters better teamwork and decision-making,
ultimately leading to improved business outcomes.</p>
<p> Data Management and Analysis</p>
<p>- IT systems enable efficient data collection, storage, and analysis. Through data analytics tools,
companies can extract valuable insights that guide decision-making, customer segmentation, and market
trends analysis.</p>
<p> Innovation and Competitive Advantage</p>
<p>-Fuels innovation by providing tools and platforms for research, development, and experimentation.
Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and blockchain to create
innovative products and services.</p>
<p> Supply Chain Management</p>
<p>IT plays a crucial role in optimizing supply chain operations. Through the use of sophisticated software,
businesses can track inventory levels, manage logistics, and improve demand forecasting. This ensures
timely deliveries, reduces costs, and enhances overall supply chain efficiency.</p>
<p> Cybersecurity</p>
<p>-IT professionals work diligently to protect sensitive data and information systems from cyber threats.
Advanced security measures, such as firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems,</p>
<p> Cost Reduction</p>
<p>-Automation and efficient data management can reduce operational costs, while cloud computing can
eliminate the need for expensive on-premises servers and hardware.</p>s
</div>
<h2 id="v2.39.0(2)" nr="16" class="collapsible"> Operating System<br /></h2>
<div>
<p>-a manager for a computer. It helps decide how to share the computer's power and memory between different
programs that are running. When you use a computer, you might want to play a game, listen to music, and
browse the internet all at the same time. The operating system makes sure that each of these programs
gets some time to use the computer's brain (the CPU) and some space to remember things (the memory). It
also keeps the programs separate so that if one has a problem, it doesn't mess up the others. But it
allows them to talk to each other when they need to.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.39.0" nr="17" class="collapsible"> Operating System Types</h2>
<div>
<p>Mobile OS</p>
<p>-operating system for mobile phones, tablets, smartwatches, 2-in-1 PCs (that can be convert to a laptop
mode or detach and work as a tablet mode) or other mobile devices.</p>
<p>Desktop OS</p>
<p>-manage computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for personal computer
programs. Popular workstation operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Apple macOS, and Linux</p>
<p>Server OS</p>
<p>-provide functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". Like application
servers, communication servers, computing servers, database servers, file servers, mail servers, media
servers, print servers, virtual servers, and web servers.</p>
<p>Embedded OS</p>
<p>- combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices—that
has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system. This type of operating system
is typically designed to be resource-efficient and reliable.</p>
<p>Firmware</p>
<p>specific class of computer software that provides the low-level control for a device's specific hardware.
Firmware can either provide a standardized operating environment for more complex device software, or,
for less complex devices, act as the device's complete operating system, performing all control,
monitoring and data manipulation functions</p>
</div>
<h2 id="v2.38.1" nr="18" class="collapsible"> Types of Software<br />
</h2>
<div>
<p>-As the instructions executed by the computer hardware, or more broadly including other concepts, tools,
and methods needed to make an executable system on computer hardware</p>
<p>-Operating systems are "the layer of software that manages a computer's resources for its users and
their applications"</p>
<p>-Application software runs on top of the operating system and uses the computer's resources to perform a
task. Applications account for most software and require the environment provided by an operating
system, and often other applications, in order to function.</p>
</div>
<script>
(() => {
const hideEl = window.location.hash && window.location.hash != '#latest' ?
(el) => "#" + el.id !== window.location.hash :
(el) => el.getAttribute('nr') !== '1';
for (let el of document.getElementsByClassName('collapsible')) {
let arrow = document.createElement('div');
arrow.innerHTML = '▽';
arrow.style.float = 'left';
arrow.style.position = 'relative';
arrow.style.left = '-1em';
arrow.style.top = '+1.5em';
arrow.style.fontSize = 'larger';
arrow.style.cursor = 'pointer';
const toggle = () => {
// this.classList.toggle('active');
let details = el.nextElementSibling;
if (details.style.display === 'none') {
details.style.display = 'block';
arrow.innerHTML = '▽';
} else {
details.style.display = 'none';
arrow.innerHTML = '▷';
}
};
if (hideEl(el)) {
toggle();
}
el.addEventListener('click', toggle);
arrow.addEventListener('click', toggle);
el.parentElement.insertBefore(arrow, el);
}
})();
</script>
</div>
-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
chanyes1/Yevschan001.io
This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository.
Folders and files
| Name | Name | Last commit message | Last commit date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Repository files navigation
About
No description, website, or topics provided.
Resources
Stars
Watchers
Forks
Releases
No releases published
Packages 0
No packages published