references.bib

@article{mcphee_dynamics_1987,
	title = {Dynamics and {Thermodynamics} of the {Ice}/{Upper} {Ocean} {System} in the {Marginal} {Ice} {Zone} of the {Greenland} {Sea}},
	volume = {92},
	url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1987/JC092iC07p07017.shtml},
	doi = {10.1029/JC092iC07p07017},
	number = {C7},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {McPhee, Miles G. and Maykut, Gary A. and Morison, James H.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {7017--7031},
	file = {McPhee et al. - 1987 - Dynamics and Thermodynamics of the Ice-Upper Ocean System in the Marginal Ice.pdf:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/PIJ4YHNS/McPhee et al. - 1987 - Dynamics and Thermodynamics of the Ice-Upper Ocean System in the Marginal Ice.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mcphee_analytic_1981,
	title = {An analytic similarity theory for the planetary boundary layer stabilized by surface buoyancy},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0006-8314},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF00119277},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00119277},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {McPhee, Miles G.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {sea ice},
	pages = {325--339},
	file = {Attachment:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/8MJMWPJC/McPhee - 1981 - An analytic similarity theory for the planetary boundary layer stabilized by surface buoyancy.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mcphee_revisiting_2008,
	title = {Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean interface: {Ocean} flux and modeling considerations},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JC004383.shtml},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JC004383},
	number = {C6},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	author = {McPhee, M. G. and Morison, J. H. and Nilsen, F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {modeling, ice-ocean interactions, sea ice},
	pages = {1--10},
	file = {McPhee et al. - 2008 - Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean interface.pdf:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/EJBAELMT/McPhee et al. - 2008 - Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean interface.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{vreugdenhil_stratification_2019,
	title = {Stratification effects in the turbulent boundary layer beneath a melting ice shelf: insights from resolved large-eddy simulations},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	shorttitle = {Stratification effects in the turbulent boundary layer beneath a melting ice shelf},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0252.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-18-0252.1},
	abstract = {Ocean turbulence contributes to the basal melting and dissolution of ice shelves by transporting heat and salt towards the ice. The meltwater causes a stable salinity stratification to form beneath the ice that suppresses turbulence. Here we use large-eddy simulations motivated by the ice-shelf/ocean boundary layer (ISOBL) to examine the inherently linked processes of turbulence and stratification, and their influence on the melt rate. Our rectangular domain is bounded from above by the ice base where a dynamic melt condition is imposed. By varying the speed of the flow and the ambient temperature, we identify a fully turbulent, well-mixed regime and an intermittently turbulent, strongly stratified regime. The transition between regimes can be characterised by comparing the Obukhov length, which provides a measure of the distance away from the ice base where stratification begins to dominate the flow, to the viscous length scale of the interfacial sublayer. Upper limits on simulated turbulent transfer coefficients are used to predict the transition from fully to intermittently turbulent flow. The predicted melt rate is sensitive to the choice of the heat and salt transfer coefficients and the drag coefficient. For example, when coefficients characteristic of fully-developed turbulence are applied to intermittent flow, the parameterized three-equation model overestimates the basal melt rate by almost a factor of ten. These insights may help to guide when existing parameterisations of ice melt are appropriate for use in regional or large-scale ocean models, and may also have implications for other ice-ocean interactions such as fast ice or drifting ice.},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Vreugdenhil, Catherine A. and Taylor, John R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/UNXSK9SP/Vreugdenhil and Taylor - 2019 - Stratification effects in the turbulent boundary l.pdf:application/pdf;Vreugdenhil Taylor - 2019 - Stratification effects in the turbulent boundary layer beneath a melting ice.pdf:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/6GQ65U3Z/Vreugdenhil Taylor - 2019 - Stratification effects in the turbulent boundary layer beneath a melting ice.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mcconnochie_testing_2017,
	title = {Testing a common ice-ocean parameterization with laboratory experiments},
	volume = {122},
	copyright = {© 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017JC012918},
	doi = {10.1002/2017JC012918},
	abstract = {Numerical models of ice-ocean interactions typically rely upon a parameterization for the transport of heat and salt to the ice face that has not been satisfactorily validated by observational or experimental data. We compare laboratory experiments of ice-saltwater interactions to a common numerical parameterization and find a significant disagreement in the dependence of the melt rate on the fluid velocity. We suggest a resolution to this disagreement based on a theoretical analysis of the boundary layer next to a vertical heated plate, which results in a threshold fluid velocity of approximately 4 cm/s at driving temperatures between 0.5 and C, above which the form of the parameterization should be valid.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2019-10-18},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {McConnochie, C. D. and Kerr, R. C.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {ice-ocean interactions, parameterization, laboratory experiments},
	pages = {5905--5915},
	file = {McConnochie_Kerr - 2017 - Testing a common ice-ocean parameterization with laboratory experiments.pdf:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/Z4QL269L/McConnochie_Kerr - 2017 - Testing a common ice-ocean parameterization with laboratory experiments.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ramudu_large_2018,
	title = {Large {Eddy} {Simulation} of {Heat} {Entrainment} {Under} {Arctic} {Sea} {Ice}},
	volume = {123},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017JC013267},
	doi = {10.1002/2017JC013267},
	abstract = {Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly in recent decades. The faster than projected retreat suggests that free-running large-scale climate models may not be accurately representing some key processes. The small-scale turbulent entrainment of heat from the mixed layer could be one such process. To better understand this mechanism, we model the Arctic Ocean's Canada Basin, which is characterized by a perennial anomalously warm Pacific Summer Water (PSW) layer residing at the base of the mixed layer and a summertime Near-Surface Temperature Maximum (NSTM) within the mixed layer trapping heat from solar radiation. We use large eddy simulation (LES) to investigate heat entrainment for different ice-drift velocities and different initial temperature profiles. The value of LES is that the resolved turbulent fluxes are greater than the subgrid-scale fluxes for most of our parameter space. The results show that the presence of the NSTM enhances heat entrainment from the mixed layer. Additionally there is no PSW heat entrained under the parameter space considered. We propose a scaling law for the ocean-to-ice heat flux which depends on the initial temperature anomaly in the NSTM layer and the ice-drift velocity. A case study of “The Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012” gives a turbulent heat flux from the mixed layer that is approximately 70\% of the total ocean-to-ice heat flux estimated from the PIOMAS model often used for short-term predictions. Present results highlight the need for large-scale climate models to account for the NSTM layer.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-17},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Ramudu, Eshwan and Gelderloos, Renske and Yang, Di and Meneveau, Charles and Gnanadesikan, Anand},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {ice-ocean interaction, large eddy simulation, Near-Surface Temperature Maximum, Pacific Summer Water, Ocean / Arctic / mixed layer, Ocean / Heat entrainment},
	pages = {287--304},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/DM5CJH8C/Ramudu et al. - 2018 - Large Eddy Simulation of Heat Entrainment Under Ar.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/EVLGEPUG/2017JC013267.html:text/html},
}

@article{wells_geophysical-scale_2008,
	title = {A geophysical-scale model of vertical natural convection boundary layers},
	volume = {609},
	issn = {0022-1120},
	url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022112008002346},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112008002346},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Wells, Andrew J. and Worster, M. Grae},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {modeling, general climate},
	pages = {111--137},
	file = {Wells_Worster - 2008 - A geophysical-scale model of vertical natural convection boundary layers.pdf:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/22E6L6ZS/Wells_Worster - 2008 - A geophysical-scale model of vertical natural convection boundary layers.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{maronga_overview_2020,
	title = {Overview of the {PALM} model system 6.0},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1991-959X},
	url = {https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/13/1335/2020/},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1335-2020},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Abstract.{\textless}/strong{\textgreater} In this paper, we describe the PALM model system 6.0. PALM (formerly an abbreviation for Parallelized Large-eddy Simulation Model and now an independent name) is a Fortran-based code and has been applied for studying a variety of atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers for about 20 years. The model is optimized for use on massively parallel computer architectures. This is a follow-up paper to the PALM 4.0 model description in {\textless}span class="cit" id="xref\_text.1"{\textgreater}{\textless}a href="\#bib1.bibx73"{\textgreater}Maronga et al.{\textless}/a{\textgreater} ({\textless}a href="\#bib1.bibx73"{\textgreater}2015{\textless}/a{\textgreater}){\textless}/span{\textgreater}. During the last years, PALM has been significantly improved and now offers a variety of new components. In particular, much effort was made to enhance the model with components needed for applications in urban environments, like fully interactive land surface and radiation schemes, chemistry, and an indoor model. This paper serves as an overview paper of the PALM 6.0 model system and we describe its current model core. The individual components for urban applications, case studies, validation runs, and issues with suitable input data are presented and discussed in a series of companion papers in this special issue.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-03-27},
	journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
	author = {Maronga, Björn and Banzhaf, Sabine and Burmeister, Cornelia and Esch, Thomas and Forkel, Renate and Fröhlich, Dominik and Fuka, Vladimir and Gehrke, Katrin Frieda and Geletič, Jan and Giersch, Sebastian and Gronemeier, Tobias and Groß, Günter and Heldens, Wieke and Hellsten, Antti and Hoffmann, Fabian and Inagaki, Atsushi and Kadasch, Eckhard and Kanani-Sühring, Farah and Ketelsen, Klaus and Khan, Basit Ali and Knigge, Christoph and Knoop, Helge and Krč, Pavel and Kurppa, Mona and Maamari, Halim and Matzarakis, Andreas and Mauder, Matthias and Pallasch, Matthias and Pavlik, Dirk and Pfafferott, Jens and Resler, Jaroslav and Rissmann, Sascha and Russo, Emmanuele and Salim, Mohamed and Schrempf, Michael and Schwenkel, Johannes and Seckmeyer, Gunther and Schubert, Sebastian and Sühring, Matthias and Tils, Robert von and Vollmer, Lukas and Ward, Simon and Witha, Björn and Wurps, Hauke and Zeidler, Julian and Raasch, Siegfried},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH},
	pages = {1335--1372},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/XQZUF3Z8/Maronga et al. - 2020 - Overview of the PALM model system 6.0.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/7ZHMKNFB/2020.html:text/html},
}

@article{davis_turbulence_2019,
	title = {Turbulence {Observations} beneath {Larsen} {C} {Ice} {Shelf}, {Antarctica}},
	volume = {0},
	copyright = {This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019JC015164},
	doi = {10.1029/2019JC015164},
	abstract = {Increased ocean-driven basal melting beneath Antarctic ice shelves causes grounded ice to flow into the ocean at an accelerated rate, with consequences for global sea level. The turbulent transfer of heat through the ice shelf-ocean boundary layer is critical in setting the basal melt rate, yet the processes controlling this transfer are poorly understood and inadequately represented in global climate models. This creates large uncertainties in predictions of future sea-level rise. Using a hot-water drilled access hole, two turbulence instrument clusters (TICs) were deployed 2.5 and 13.5 meters beneath Larsen C Ice Shelf in December 2011. Both instruments returned a year-long record of turbulent velocity fluctuations, providing a unique opportunity to explore the turbulent processes within the ice shelf-ocean boundary layer. Although the scaling between the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate and mean flow speed varies with distance from the ice shelf base, at both TICs the TKE dissipation rate is balanced entirely by the rate of shear production. The freshwater released by basal melting plays no role in the TKE balance. When the upper TIC is within the log-layer, we derive an under-ice drag coefficient of 0.0022 and a roughness length of 0.44 mm, indicating that the ice base is smooth. Finally, we demonstrate that although the canonical three-equation melt rate parameterization can accurately predict the melt rate for this example of smooth ice underlain by a cold, tidally-forced boundary layer, the law of the wall assumption employed by the parameterization does not hold at low flow speeds.},
	language = {en},
	number = {ja},
	urldate = {2019-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Davis, Peter E. D. and Nicholls, Keith W.},
	year = {2019},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/MT32TRMS/Davis and Nicholls - Turbulence Observations beneath Larsen C Ice Shelf.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/9HEFARRB/2019JC015164.html:text/html},
}

@article{arya_buoyancy_1975,
	title = {Buoyancy effects in a horizontal flat-plate boundary layer},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/buoyancy-effects-in-a-horizontal-flatplate-boundary-layer/1212C3130504795ADF39FED9FDB0AC40},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112075000833},
	abstract = {Observations made in a well-developed, thermally stratified, horizontal, flat- plate boundary layer are used to study the effects of buoyancy on the mean flow and turbulence structure. These are represented in a similarity framework obtained from the concept of local equilibrium in a fully developed turbulent flow. Mean velocity and temperature profiles in both the inner and outer layers are strongly dependent on the thermal stratification, the former suggesting an increase in the thickness of the viscous sublayer with increasing stability. The coefficients of skin friction and heat transfer, on the other hand, decrease with increasing stability.Normalized turbulent intensities, fluxes and their correlation coefficients also vary with buoyancy. In stable conditions, turbulence becomes rapidly suppressed with increasing stability as more and more energy has to be expended in over- coming buoyancy forces. The buoyancy effects are found to be more dominant in the stress budget than in the turbulent energy budget. The horizontal heat flux is much greater than the vertical heat flux and their ratio increases with stability. The ratio of the eddy diffusivities of heat and momentum, on the other hand, decreases with increasing stability. The spectra of velocity and temperature fluctuations indicate no buoyancy subrange, but the wavenumber corresponding to peak energy is found to increase with increasing stability.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Arya, S. P. S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1975},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	pages = {321--343},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/9FNV76RD/1212C3130504795ADF39FED9FDB0AC40.html:text/html},
}

@article{raasch_palm-large-eddy_2001,
	title = {{PALM}-{A} large-eddy simulation model performing on massively parallel computers},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0363},
	abstract = {An existing code of a large-eddy simulation (LES) model for the study of turbulent processes in the atmo-spheric and oceanic boundary layer has been completely recoded for use on massively parallel systems with distributed memory. Parallelization is achieved by two-dimensional domain decomposition and communica-tion is realized by the message passing interface (MPI). Periodic boundary conditions, which are used in both horizontal directions, helped to minimize the parallelization effort. The performance of the new PArallelized LES Model (PALM) is excellent on SGI/Cray-T3E systems and an almost linear speed-up is achieved up to very large numbers of processors. Parallelization strategy and model performance is discussed and validation experiments as well as future applications are presented. Zusammenfassung Für Untersuchungen turbulenter Prozesse in der atmosphärischen und ozeanischen Grenzschicht wurde ein bereits existierender LES-Code zur Nutzung auf massiv parallelen Systemen mit verteiltem Speicher vollständig neu implementiert. Die Parallelisierung geschieht mittels zweidimensionaler Gebietszerlegung, wobei die Kommunikation zwischen den Prozessoren durch das Message Passing Interface (MPI) reali-siert ist. Die im Modell in beiden horizontalen Richtungen verwendeten periodischen Randbedingunge n tra-gen dazu bei, den Parallelisierungsaufwand zu minimieren. Auf SGI/Cray-T3E Systemen skaliert das neue PArallelisierte LES Modell (PALM) hervorragend: selbst bis zu einer großen Anzahl verwendeter Prozes-soren wird ein nahezu linearer Speed-Up erreicht. In dieser Arbeit werden neben der Parallelisierungsstrategie sowohl die Ergebnisse von Skalierungstests und Validierungsrechnungen präsentiert und diskutiert, als auch zukünftige Anwendungen des Modells aufgezeigt.},
	journal = {Meteorol. Z.},
	author = {Raasch, Siegfried and Schr{\"o}ter, Michael},
	month = nov,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {363--372},
}

@article{maronga_parallelized_2015,
	title = {The {Parallelized} {Large}-{Eddy} {Simulation} {Model} ({PALM}) version 4.0 for atmospheric and oceanic flows: model formulation, recent developments, and future perspectives},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1991-9603},
	shorttitle = {The {Parallelized} {Large}-{Eddy} {Simulation} {Model} ({PALM}) version 4.0 for atmospheric and oceanic flows},
	url = {https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/8/2515/2015/},
	doi = {10.5194/gmd-8-2515-2015},
	abstract = {In this paper we present the current version of the Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) whose core has been developed at the Institute of Meteorology and Climatology at Leibniz Universität Hannover (Germany). PALM is a Fortran 95-based code with some Fortran 2003 extensions and has been applied for the simulation of a variety of atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers for more than 15 years. PALM is optimized for use on massively parallel computer architectures and was recently ported to general-purpose graphics processing units. In the present paper we give a detailed description of the current version of the model and its features, such as an embedded Lagrangian cloud model and the possibility to use Cartesian topography. Moreover, we discuss recent model developments and future perspectives for LES applications.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2018-08-23},
	journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
	author = {Maronga, B. and Gryschka, M. and Heinze, R. and Hoffmann, F. and Kanani-Sühring, F. and Keck, M. and Ketelsen, K. and Letzel, M. O. and Sühring, M. and Raasch, S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {2515--2551},
}

@article{rozema_minimum-dissipation_2015,
	title = {Minimum-dissipation models for large-eddy simulation},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1070-6631},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4928700},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4928700},
	abstract = {Minimum-dissipation eddy-viscosity models are a class of sub-filter models for large-eddy simulation that give the minimum eddy dissipation required to dissipate the energy of sub-filter scales. A previously derived minimum-dissipation model is the QR model. This model is based on the invariants of the resolved rate-of-strain tensor and has many desirable properties. It appropriately switches off for laminar and transitional flows, has low computational complexity, and is consistent with the exact sub-filter tensor on isotropic grids. However, the QR model proposed in the literature gives insufficient eddy dissipation. It is demonstrated that this can be corrected by increasing the model constant. The corrected QR model gives good results in simulations of decaying grid turbulence on an isotropic grid. On anisotropic grids the QR model is not consistent with the exact sub-filter tensor and requires an approximation of the filter width. It is demonstrated that the results of the QR model on anisotropic grids are primarily determined by the used filter width approximation, and that no approximation gives satisfactory results in simulations of both a temporal mixing layer and turbulent channel flow. A new minimum-dissipation model for anisotropic grids is proposed. This anisotropic minimum-dissipation (AMD) model generalizes the desirable practical and theoretical properties of the QR model to anisotropic grids and does not require an approximation of the filter width. The AMD model is successfully applied in simulations of decaying grid turbulence on an isotropic grid and in simulations of a temporal mixing layer and turbulent channel flow on anisotropic grids.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Physics of Fluids},
	author = {Rozema, Wybe and Bae, Hyun J. and Moin, Parviz and Verstappen, Roel},
	year = {2015},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/BMCDGG7I/Rozema et al. - 2015 - Minimum-dissipation models for large-eddy simulati.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/K5CD878N/1.html:text/html},
}

@article{abkar_minimum-dissipation_2016,
	title = {Minimum-dissipation scalar transport model for large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows},
	volume = {1},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.1.041701},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevFluids.1.041701},
	abstract = {Minimum-dissipation models are a simple alternative to the Smagorinsky-type approaches to parametrize the subfilter turbulent fluxes in large-eddy simulation. A recently derived model of this type for subfilter stress tensor is the anisotropic minimum-dissipation (AMD) model [Rozema et al., Phys. Fluids 27, 085107 (2015)], which has many desirable properties. It is more cost effective than the dynamic Smagorinsky model, it appropriately switches off in laminar and transitional flows, and it is consistent with the exact subfilter stress tensor on both isotropic and anisotropic grids. In this study, an extension of this approach to modeling the subfilter scalar flux is proposed. The performance of the AMD model is tested in the simulation of a high-Reynolds-number rough-wall boundary-layer flow with a constant and uniform surface scalar flux. The simulation results obtained from the AMD model show good agreement with well-established empirical correlations and theoretical predictions of the resolved flow statistics. In particular, the AMD model is capable of accurately predicting the expected surface-layer similarity profiles and power spectra for both velocity and scalar concentration.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-01-10},
	journal = {Physical Review Fluids},
	author = {Abkar, Mahdi and Bae, Hyun J. and Moin, Parviz},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {041701},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/3HPTTJ2D/PhysRevFluids.1.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/C9HHN7LU/Abkar et al. - 2016 - Minimum-dissipation scalar transport model for lar.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{abkar_large-eddy_2017,
	title = {Large-{Eddy} {Simulation} of {Thermally} {Stratified} {Atmospheric} {Boundary}-{Layer} {Flow} {Using} a {Minimum} {Dissipation} {Model}},
	volume = {165},
	issn = {1573-1472},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0288-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10546-017-0288-4},
	abstract = {A generalized form of a recently developed minimum dissipation model for subfilter turbulent fluxes is proposed and implemented in the simulation of thermally stratified atmospheric boundary-layer flows. Compared with the original model, the generalized model includes the contribution of buoyant forces, in addition to shear, to the production or suppression of turbulence, with a number of desirable practical and theoretical properties. Specifically, the model has a low computational complexity, appropriately switches off in laminar and transitional flows, does not require any ad hoc shear and stability corrections, and is consistent with theoretical subfilter turbulent fluxes. The simulation results show remarkable agreement with well-established empirical correlations, theoretical predictions, and field observations in the atmosphere. In addition, the results show very little sensitivity to the grid resolution, demonstrating the robustness of the model in the simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer, even with relatively coarse resolutions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-05-13},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Abkar, Mahdi and Moin, Parviz},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {405--419},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/AZ3VSWQ4/Abkar and Moin - 2017 - Large-Eddy Simulation of Thermally Stratified Atmo.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{asay-davis_experimental_2016,
	title = {Experimental design for three interrelated marine ice sheet and ocean model intercomparison projects: {MISMIP} v. 3 ({MISMIP} +), {ISOMIP} v. 2 ({ISOMIP} +) and {MISOMIP} v. 1 ({MISOMIP1})},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1991-9603},
	shorttitle = {Experimental design for three interrelated marine ice sheet and ocean model intercomparison projects},
	url = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/9/2471/2016/},
	doi = {10.5194/gmd-9-2471-2016},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2017-05-15},
	journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.},
	author = {Asay-Davis, X. S. and Cornford, S. L. and Durand, G. and Galton-Fenzi, B. K. and Gladstone, R. M. and Gudmundsson, G. H. and Hattermann, Tore and Holland, D. M. and Holland, D. and Holland, P. R. and Martin, D. F. and Mathiot, P. and Pattyn, F. and Seroussi, H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	note = {00003},
	pages = {2471--2497},
	file = {Geosci. Model Dev. PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/RMNZ3WBG/Asay-Davis et al. - 2016 - Experimental design for three interrelated marine .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{jackett_algorithms_2006,
	title = {Algorithms for {Density}, {Potential} {Temperature}, {Conservative} {Temperature}, and the {Freezing} {Temperature} of {Seawater}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0739-0572},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/JTECH1946.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JTECH1946.1},
	abstract = {Algorithms are presented for density, potential temperature, conservative temperature, and the freezing temperature of seawater. The algorithms for potential temperature and density (in terms of potential temperature) are updates to routines recently published by McDougall et al., while the algorithms involving conservative temperature and the freezing temperatures of seawater are new. The McDougall et al. algorithms were based on the thermodynamic potential of Feistel and Hagen; the algorithms in this study are all based on the “new extended Gibbs thermodynamic potential of seawater” of Feistel. The algorithm for the computation of density in terms of salinity, pressure, and conservative temperature produces errors in density and in the corresponding thermal expansion coefficient of the same order as errors for the density equation using potential temperature, both being twice as accurate as the International Equation of State when compared with Feistel’s new equation of state. An inverse function relating potential temperature to conservative temperature is also provided. The difference between practical salinity and absolute salinity is discussed, and it is shown that the present practice of essentially ignoring the difference between these two different salinities is unlikely to cause significant errors in ocean models.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2019-04-24},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology},
	author = {Jackett, David R. and McDougall, Trevor J. and Feistel, Rainer and Wright, Daniel G. and Griffies, Stephen M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1709--1728},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/F7MIQ8RL/Jackett et al. - 2006 - Algorithms for Density, Potential Temperature, Con.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/QV2N5FCF/JTECH1946.html:text/html},
}

@article{holland_modeling_1999,
	title = {Modeling {Thermodynamic} {Ice}–{Ocean} {Interactions} at the {Base} of an {Ice} {Shelf}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1787:MTIOIA>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {Abstract Models of ocean circulation beneath ice shelves are driven primarily by the heat and freshwater fluxes that are associated with phase changes at the ice–ocean boundary. Their behavior is therefore closely linked to the mathematical description of the interaction between ice and ocean that is included in the code. An hierarchy of formulations that could be used to describe this interaction is presented. The main difference between them is the treatment of turbulent transfer within the oceanic boundary layer. The computed response to various levels of thermal driving and turbulent agitation in the mixed layer is discussed, as is the effect of various treatments of the conductive heat flux into the ice shelf. The performance of the different formulations that have been used in models of sub-ice-shelf circulation is assessed in comparison with observations of the turbulent heat flux beneath sea ice. Formulations that include an explicit parameterization of the oceanic boundary layer give results that lie within about 30\% of observation. Formulations that use constant bulk transfer coefficients entail a definite assumption about the level of turbulence in the water column and give melt/freeze rates that vary by a factor of 5, implying very different forcing on the respective ocean models.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-05-26},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Holland, David M. and Jenkins, Adrian},
	month = aug,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1787--1800},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/KCHFKVZJ/1520-0485(1999)0291787MTIOIA2.0.html:text/html},
}

@article{holland_effects_2006,
	title = {The {Effects} of {Rotation} and {Ice} {Shelf} {Topography} on {Frazil}-{Laden} {Ice} {Shelf} {Water} {Plumes}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO2970.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO2970.1},
	abstract = {A model of the dynamics and thermodynamics of a plume of meltwater at the base of an ice shelf is presented. Such ice shelf water plumes may become supercooled and deposit marine ice if they rise (because of the pressure decrease in the in situ freezing temperature), so the model incorporates both melting and freezing at the ice shelf base and a multiple-size-class model of frazil ice dynamics and deposition. The plume is considered in two horizontal dimensions, so the influence of Coriolis forces is incorporated for the first time. It is found that rotation is extremely influential, with simulated plumes flowing in near-geostrophy because of the low friction at a smooth ice shelf base. As a result, an ice shelf water plume will only rise and become supercooled (and thus deposit marine ice) if it is constrained to flow upslope by topography. This result agrees with the observed distribution of marine ice under Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. In addition, it is found that the model only produces reasonable marine ice formation rates when an accurate ice shelf draft is used, implying that the characteristics of real ice shelf water plumes can only be captured using models with both rotation and a realistic topography.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2016-09-14},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Holland, Paul R. and Feltham, Daniel L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	note = {00037},
	pages = {2312--2327},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/Y8SMEWZY/Holland and Feltham - 2006 - The Effects of Rotation and Ice Shelf Topography o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/TGS3BRH6/JPO2970.html:text/html},
}

@article{holland_response_2008,
	title = {The {Response} of {Ice} {Shelf} {Basal} {Melting} to {Variations} in {Ocean} {Temperature}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0894-8755},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2007JCLI1909.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2007JCLI1909.1},
	abstract = {A three-dimensional ocean general circulation model is used to study the response of idealized ice shelves to a series of ocean-warming scenarios. The model predicts that the total ice shelf basal melt increases quadratically as the ocean offshore of the ice front warms. This occurs because the melt rate is proportional to the product of ocean flow speed and temperature in the mixed layer directly beneath the ice shelf, both of which are found to increase linearly with ocean warming. The behavior of this complex primitive equation model can be described surprisingly well with recourse to an idealized reduced system of equations, and it is shown that this system supports a melt rate response to warming that is generally quadratic in nature. This study confirms and unifies several previous examinations of the relation between melt rate and ocean temperature but disagrees with other results, particularly the claim that a single melt rate sensitivity to warming is universally valid. The hypothesized warming does not necessarily require a heat input to the ocean, as warmer waters (or larger volumes of “warm” water) may reach ice shelves purely through a shift in ocean circulation. Since ice shelves link the Antarctic Ice Sheet to the climate of the Southern Ocean, this finding of an above-linear rise in ice shelf mass loss as the ocean steadily warms is of significant importance to understanding ice sheet evolution and sea level rise.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2016-08-22},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Holland, Paul R. and Jenkins, Adrian and Holland, David M.},
	month = {jun},
	year = {2008},
	note = {00133},
	pages = {2558--2572},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/6JU7D4M6/Holland et al. - 2008 - The Response of Ice Shelf Basal Melting to Variati.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/A69YS376/2007JCLI1909.html:text/html},
}

@article{macayeal_numerical_1983,
	title = {Numerical modeling of ice-shelf motion},
	volume = {3},
	url = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983AnGla...3..189M},
	abstract = {Not Available},
	urldate = {2015-06-01},
	journal = {Annals of Glaciology},
	author = {Macayeal, D. R. and Thomas, R. H.},
	year = {1983},
	note = {bibtex: macayeal\_numerical\_1983},
	pages = {189--194},
}

@article{macayeal_numerical_1984,
	title = {Numerical simulations of the {Ross} {Sea} tides},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JC089iC01p00607/abstract},
	doi = {10.1029/JC089iC01p00607},
	abstract = {Tidal currents below the floating Ross Ice shelf are reconstructed by using a numerical tidal model. They are predominantly diurnal, achieve maximum strength in regions near where the ice shelf runs aground, and are significantly enhanced by topographic Rossby wave propagation along the ice front. A comparison with observations of the vertical motion of the ice shelf surface indicates that the model reproduces the diurnal tidal characteristics within 20\%. Similar agreement for the relatively weak semi-diurnal tides was not obtained, and this calls attention to possible errors of the open boundary forcing obtained from global-ocean tidal simulations and to possible errors in mapping zones of ice shelf grounding. Air-sea contact below the ice shelf is eliminated by the thick ice cover. The dominant sub-ice-shelf circulation may thus be tidally induced. A preliminary assessment of sub-ice-shelf conditions based on the numerical tidal simulations suggests that (1) strong barotropic circulation is driven along the ice front and (2) tidal fronts may form in the sub-ice-shelf cavity where the water column is thin and where the buoyancy input is weak.},
	language = {en},
	number = {C1},
	urldate = {2016-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {MacAyeal, Douglas Reed},
	month = jan,
	year = {1984},
	note = {00160},
	pages = {607--615},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/IVVD7IED/MacAyeal - 1984 - Numerical simulations of the Ross Sea tides.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/3LP4MXBD/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{nicholls_measurements_2006,
	title = {Measurements beneath an {Antarctic} ice shelf using an autonomous underwater vehicle},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1944-8007},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006GL025998/abstract},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GL025998},
	abstract = {The cavities beneath Antarctic ice shelves are among the least studied regions of the World Ocean, yet they are sites of globally important water mass transformations. Here we report results from a mission beneath Fimbul Ice Shelf of an autonomous underwater vehicle. The data reveal a spatially complex oceanographic environment, an ice base with widely varying roughness, and a cavity periodically exposed to water with a temperature significantly above the surface freezing point. The results of this, the briefest of glimpses of conditions in this extraordinary environment, are already reforming our view of the topographic and oceanographic conditions beneath ice shelves, holding out great promises for future missions from similar platforms.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2016-09-14},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Nicholls, K. W. and Abrahamsen, E. P. and Buck, J. J. H. and Dodd, P. A. and Goldblatt, C. and Griffiths, G. and Heywood, K. J. and Hughes, N. E. and Kaletzky, A. and Lane-Serff, G. F. and McPhail, S. D. and Millard, N. W. and Oliver, K. I. C. and Perrett, J. and Price, M. R. and Pudsey, C. J. and Saw, K. and Stansfield, K. and Stott, M. J. and Wadhams, P. and Webb, A. T. and Wilkinson, J. P.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2006},
	note = {00073},
	keywords = {Antarctica, Instruments and techniques, Oceanography / Arctic and Antarctic, Ocean / Continental shelf and slope processes},
	pages = {L08612},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/NIZW2HD4/Nicholls et al. - 2006 - Measurements beneath an Antarctic ice shelf using .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/8DEQVW9K/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{zonta_stably_2018,
	title = {Stably {Stratified} {Wall}-{Bounded} {Turbulence}},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {0003-6900},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040838},
	doi = {10.1115/1.4040838},
	abstract = {Stably stratified wall-bounded turbulence is commonly encountered in many industrial and environmental processes. The interaction between turbulence and stratification induces remarkable modifications on the entire flow field, which in turn influence the overall transfer rates of mass, momentum, and heat. Although a vast proportion of the parameter range of wall-bounded stably stratified turbulence is still unexplored (in particular when stratification is strong), numerical simulations and experiments have recently developed a fairly robust picture of the flow structure, also providing essential ground for addressing more complex problems of paramount technological, environmental and geophysical importance. In this paper, we review models used to describe the influence of stratification on turbulence, as well as numerical and experimental methods and flow configurations for studying the resulting dynamics. Conclusions with a view on current open issues will be also provided.},
	number = {040801},
	urldate = {2021-05-04},
	journal = {Applied Mechanics Reviews},
	author = {Zonta, Francesco and Soldati, Alfredo},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/HH9KRKI2/Zonta and Soldati - 2018 - Stably Stratified Wall-Bounded Turbulence.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/CXQKAF8Z/366076.html:text/html},
}

@article{flores_analysis_2011,
	title = {Analysis of {Turbulence} {Collapse} in the {Stably} {Stratified} {Surface} {Layer} {Using} {Direct} {Numerical} {Simulation}},
	volume = {139},
	issn = {1573-1472},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-011-9588-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s10546-011-9588-2},
	abstract = {The nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) poses several challenges to standard turbulence and dispersion models, since the stable stratification imposed by the radiative cooling of the ground modifies the flow turbulence in ways that are not yet completely understood. In the present work we perform direct numerical simulation of a turbulent open channel flow with a constant (cooling) heat flux imposed at the ground. This configuration provides a very simplified model for the surface layer at night. As a result of the ground cooling, the Reynolds stresses and the turbulent fluctuations near the ground re-adjust on times of the order of L/uτ, where L is the Obukhov length scale and uτis the friction velocity. For relatively weak cooling turbulence survives, but when \$\$\{Re\_L=Lu\_{\textbackslash}tau/{\textbackslash}nu {\textbackslash}lesssim 100\}\$\$turbulence collapses, a situation that is also observed in the ABL. This criterion, which can be locally measured in the field, is justified in terms of the scale separation between the largest and smallest structures of the dynamic sublayer.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Flores, O. and Riley, J. J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {241--259},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/D4KD66JK/Flores and Riley - 2011 - Analysis of Turbulence Collapse in the Stably Stra.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nieuwstadt_direct_2005,
	title = {Direct {Numerical} {Simulation} of {Stable} {Channel} {Flow} at {Large} {Stability}},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {1573-1472},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-2818-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s10546-004-2818-0},
	abstract = {We consider a model for the stable atmospheric boundary at large stability, i.e. near the limit where turbulence is no longer able to survive. The model is a plane horizontally homogeneous channel flow, which is driven by a constant pressure gradient and which has a no-slip wall at the bottom and a free-slip wall at the top. At the lower wall a constant negative temperature flux is imposed. First, we consider a direct numerical simulation of the same channel flow. The simulation is computed with the neutral channel flow as initial condition and computed as a function of time for various values of the stability parameter h/L, where h is the channel height and L is related to the Obukhov length. We find that a turbulent solution is only possible for h/L {\textless} 1.25 and for larger values turbulence decays. Next, we consider a theoretical model for this channel flow based on a simple gradient transfer closure. The resulting equations allow an exact solution for the case of a stationary flow. The velocity profile for this solution is almost linear as a function of height in most of the channel. In the limit of infinite Reynolds number, the temperature profile has a logarithmic singularity at the upper wall of the channel. For the cases where a turbulent flow is maintained in the numerical simulation, we find that the velocity and temperature profiles are in good agreement with the results of the theoretical model when the effects of the surface layer on the exchange coefficients are taken into account.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Nieuwstadt, F. T. M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {277--299},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/VCAAHZQZ/Nieuwstadt - 2005 - Direct Numerical Simulation of Stable Channel Flow.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wiel_cessation_2012,
	title = {The {Cessation} of {Continuous} {Turbulence} as {Precursor} of the {Very} {Stable} {Nocturnal} {Boundary} {Layer}},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atsc/69/11/jas-d-12-064.1.xml},
	doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-12-064.1},
	abstract = {{\textless}section class="abstract"{\textgreater}{\textless}h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d34386520e72"{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}The mechanism behind the collapse of turbulence in the evening as a precursor to the onset of the very stable boundary layer is investigated. To this end a cooled, pressure-driven flow is investigated by means of a local similarity model. Simulations reveal a temporary collapse of turbulence whenever the surface heat extraction, expressed in its nondimensional form {\textless}em{\textgreater}h{\textless}/em{\textgreater}/{\textless}em{\textgreater}L{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, exceeds a critical value. As any temporary reduction of turbulent friction is followed by flow acceleration, the long-term state is unconditionally turbulent. In contrast, the temporary cessation of turbulence, which may actually last for several hours in the nocturnal boundary layer, can be understood from the fact that the time scale for boundary layer diffusion is much smaller than the time scale for flow acceleration. This limits the available momentum that can be used for downward heat transport. In case the surface heat extraction exceeds the so-called maximum sustainable heat flux (MSHF), the near-surface inversion rapidly increases. Finally, turbulent activity is largely suppressed by the intense density stratification that supports the emergence of a different, calmer boundary layer regime.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}/section{\textgreater}},
	language = {EN},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Wiel, B. J. H. Van de and Moene, A. F. and Jonker, H. J. J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society
Section: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	pages = {3097--3115},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/33UUCCVH/Wiel et al. - 2012 - The Cessation of Continuous Turbulence as Precurso.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/6CBGMVRG/jas-d-12-064.1.html:text/html},
}

@article{komori_turbulence_1983,
	title = {Turbulence structure in stably stratified open-channel flow},
	volume = {130},
	issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/turbulence-structure-in-stably-stratified-openchannel-flow/74C716F46BB78899BC053ED6A0046F61},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112083000944},
	abstract = {The effects of stable stratification on turbulence structure have been experimentally investigated in stratified open-channel flow and a theoretical spectral-equation model has been applied to the stably stratified flow. The measurements were made in the outer layer of open-channel flow with strongly stable density gradient, where the wall effect was small. Velocity and temperature fluctuations were simultaneously measured by a laser-Doppler velocimeter and a cold-film probe. Measurements include turbulent intensities, correlation coefficients of turbulent fluxes and coherence–phase relationships. These turbulent quantities were correlated with the local gradient Richardson number and compared with the values calculated using a spectral-equation model and with other laboratory measurements. In stable conditions, turbulent motions approach wavelike motions, and negative heat and momentum transfer against the mean temperature and velocity gradient occurs in strongly stable stratification.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Komori, Satoru and Ueda, Hiromasa and Ogino, Fumimaru and Mizushina, Tokuro},
	month = may,
	year = {1983},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	pages = {13--26},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/DTL528IS/74C716F46BB78899BC053ED6A0046F61.html:text/html},
}

@article{donda_collapse_2015,
	title = {Collapse of turbulence in stably stratified channel flow: a transient phenomenon},
	volume = {141},
	copyright = {© 2014 Royal Meteorological Society},
	issn = {1477-870X},
	shorttitle = {Collapse of turbulence in stably stratified channel flow},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2511},
	abstract = {The collapse of turbulence in a pressure-driven, cooled channel flow is studied by using 3D direct numerical simulations (DNS) in combination with theoretical analysis using a local similarity model. Previous studies with DNS reported a definite collapse of turbulence in cases when the normalized surface cooling h/L (with h the channel depth and L the Obukhov length) exceeded a value of 0.5. A recent study by the present authors succeeded in explaining this collapse using the so-called maximum sustainable heat flux (MSHF) theory. This states that collapse may occur when the ambient momentum of the flow is too weak to transport enough heat downward to compensate for the surface cooling. The MSHF theory predicts that, in pressure-driven flows, acceleration of the fluid after collapse will eventually cause a regeneration of turbulence, in contrast with the aforementioned DNS results. It also predicts that the flow should be able to survive ‘supercritical’ cooling rates, in cases when sufficient momentum is applied to the initial state. Here, both predictions are confirmed using DNS simulations. It is also shown that in DNS a recovery of turbulence will occur naturally, provided that perturbations of finite amplitude are imposed on the laminarized state and provided that sufficient time for flow acceleration is allowed. As such, we conclude that the collapse of turbulence in this configuration is a temporary, transient phenomenon for which a universal cooling rate does not exist. Finally, in the present work a one-to-one comparison between a parametrized, local similarity model and the turbulence-resolving model (DNS) is made. Although local similarity originates from observations that represent much larger Reynolds numbers than those covered by our DNS simulations, both methods appear to predict very similar mean velocity (and temperature) profiles. This suggests that in-depth analysis with DNS can be an attractive complementary tool with which to study atmospheric physics, in addition to tools that are able to represent high Reynolds number flows like large-eddy simulations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {691},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	author = {Donda, J. M. M. and Hooijdonk, I. G. S. van and Moene, A. F. and Jonker, H. J. J. and Heijst, G. J. F. van and Clercx, H. J. H. and Wiel, B. J. H. van de},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/qj.2511},
	keywords = {collapse of turbulence, direct numerical simulation, nocturnal boundary layer, revival of turbulence},
	pages = {2137--2147},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/SKYWLPCB/qj.html:text/html},
}

@article{stoll_large-eddy_2008,
	title = {Large-{Eddy} {Simulation} of the {Stable} {Atmospheric} {Boundary} {Layer} using {Dynamic} {Models} with {Different} {Averaging} {Schemes}},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {1573-1472},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9207-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10546-007-9207-4},
	abstract = {Large-eddy simulation (LES) of a stable atmospheric boundary layer is performed using recently developed dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) models. These models not only calculate the Smagorinsky coefficient and SGS Prandtl number dynamically based on the smallest resolved motions in the flow, they also allow for scale dependence of those coefficients. This dynamic calculation requires statistical averaging for numerical stability. Here, we evaluate three commonly used averaging schemes in stable atmospheric boundary-layer simulations: averaging over horizontal planes, over adjacent grid points, and following fluid particle trajectories. Particular attention is focused on assessing the effect of the different averaging methods on resolved flow statistics and SGS model coefficients. Our results indicate that averaging schemes that allow the coefficients to fluctuate locally give results that are in better agreement with boundary-layer similarity theory and previous LES studies. Even among models that are local, the averaging method is found to affect model coefficient probability density function distributions and turbulent spectra of the resolved velocity and temperature fields. Overall, averaging along fluid pathlines is found to produce the best combination of self consistent model coefficients, first- and second-order flow statistics and insensitivity to grid resolution.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Stoll, Rob and Porté-Agel, Fernando},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1--28},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/J3TT5I22/Stoll and Porté-Agel - 2008 - Large-Eddy Simulation of the Stable Atmospheric Bo.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nicholls_oceanographic_2001,
	title = {Oceanographic conditions south of {Berkner} {Island}, beneath {Filchner}-{Ronne} {Ice} {Shelf}, {Antarctica}},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2000JC000350/abstract},
	doi = {10.1029/2000JC000350},
	abstract = {We have made oceanographic measurements at two sites beneath the southern Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Hot-water drilled access holes were made during January 1999, allowing conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiling and the deployment of instrument moorings. The CTD profiles show that the entire water column is below the surface freezing point. We estimate the (summer) flux of water between the two sites to be 2×106 m3 s−1. The summer potential temperature-salinity properties of the water column suggest that this flow is part of a recirculation in the deepest part of the subice shelf cavity and the Filchner Depression. The recirculation is driven by a combination of the melting of deep basal ice and the freezing that results from the depressurization of the cold buoyant water as it ascends the ice shelf base. The source of the water was high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) produced in the Ronne Depression. This is the water that provides the external heat necessary for the strong melting at the deep grounding lines in the vicinity of Foundation Ice Stream. Instruments moored at the drill sites show that during the winter HSSW formed on the Berkner Shelf flows beneath the ice shelf and largely displaces the recirculating water from the two sites. This provides an externally driven through flow that is warmer (nearer the surface freezing point) and slower than the internal recirculation and which is low enough in density to escape the Filchner Depression.},
	language = {en},
	number = {C6},
	urldate = {2017-02-16},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Nicholls, K. W. and Østerhus, S. and Makinson, K. and Johnson, M. R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2001},
	note = {00052},
	keywords = {Oceanography, Oceanography / Analytical modeling and laboratory experiments, Oceanography / Descriptive and regional oceanography},
	pages = {11481--11492},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/N6PUC7GN/Nicholls et al. - 2001 - Oceanographic conditions south of Berkner Island, .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/QM7TQJJJ/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{hattermann_two_2012,
	title = {Two years of oceanic observations below the {Fimbul} {Ice} {Shelf}, {Antarctica}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1944-8007},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.oca.ucsc.edu/doi/10.1029/2012GL051012/abstract},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GL051012},
	abstract = {The mechanisms by which heat is delivered to Antarctic ice shelves are a major source of uncertainty when assessing the response of the Antarctic ice sheet to climate change. Direct observations of the ice shelf-ocean interaction are extremely scarce and in many regions melt rates from ice shelf-ocean models are not constrained by measurements. Our two years of data (2010 and 2011) from three oceanic moorings below the Fimbul Ice Shelf in the Eastern Weddell Sea show cold cavity waters, with average temperatures of less than 0.1°C above the surface freezing point. This suggests low basal melt rates, consistent with remote sensing-based, steady-state mass balance estimates for this sector of the Antarctic coast. Oceanic heat for basal melting is found to be supplied by two sources of warm water entering below the ice: (i) eddy-like bursts of Modified Warm Deep Water that access the cavity at depth for eight months of the record; and (ii) fresh surface water that flushes parts of the ice base with temperatures above freezing during late summer and fall. This interplay of processes implies that basal melting at the Fimbul Ice Shelf cannot simply be parameterized by coastal deep ocean temperatures, but instead appears directly linked to both solar forcing at the surface as well as to the dynamics of the coastal current system.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2016-01-31},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Hattermann, Tore and Nøst, Ole Anders and Lilly, Jonathan M. and Smedsrud, Lars H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Cryosphere / Ice shelves, ice shelf basal melting, ice-ocean interaction, Ocean / Coastal processes, Ocean / Continental shelf and slope processes, Ocean / Southern / water masses, Oceanography / Arctic and Antarctic, Oceanography / water masses, polar oceanography},
	pages = {L12605},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/JP2SBKUK/Hattermann et al. - 2012 - Two years of oceanic observations below the Fimbul.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/8WUDNLUU/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{malyarenko_synthesis_2020,
	title = {A synthesis of thermodynamic ablation at ice-ocean interfaces from theory, observations and models},
	issn = {1463-5003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1463500320301943},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101692},
	abstract = {Thermodynamic ablation of ice in contact with the ocean is an essential element of ice sheet and ocean interactions but is challenging to model and quantify. Building on earlier observations of sea ice ablation, a variety of recent theoretical, experimental and observational studies have considered ice ablation in contrasting geometries, from vertical to near-horizontal ice faces, and reveal different scaling behaviour for predicted ablation rates in different dynamical regimes. However, uncertainties remain about when the contrasting results should be applied, as existing model parameterisations do not capture all relevant regimes of ice-ocean ablation. To progress towards improved models of ice-ocean interaction, we synthesise current understanding into a classification of ablation types. We examine the effect of the classification on the parameterisation of turbulent fluxes from the ocean towards the ice, and identify the dominant processes next to ice interfaces of different orientation. Four ablation types are defined: melting and dissolving based on ocean temperatures, and shear-controlled and buoyancy-controlled regimes based on the dynamics of the near-ice molecular sublayer. We describe existing observational and modelling studies of sea ice, ice shelves, and glacier termini, as well as laboratory studies, to show how they fit into this classification. Two sets of observations from the Ross and Ronne Ice Shelf cavities suggest that both the buoyancy-controlled and shear-controlled regimes may be relevant under different oceanographic conditions. Overall, buoyancy-controlled dynamics are more likely when the molecular sublayer has lower Reynolds number, and shear for higher Reynolds number, although the observations suggest some variability about this trend.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Malyarenko, Alena and Wells, Andrew J. and Langhorne, Patricia J. and Robinson, Natalie J. and Williams, Michael J. M. and Nicholls, Keith W.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Cryosphere, Ablation, Heat transfer, Ice melting, Ice shelf cavity observations, Ice-ocean modelling},
	pages = {101692},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/3QUCKGRE/S1463500320301943.html:text/html},
}

@article{makinson_influence_2011,
	title = {Influence of tides on melting and freezing beneath {Filchner}-{Ronne} {Ice} {Shelf}, {Antarctica}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1944-8007},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GL046462},
	abstract = {An isopycnic coordinate ocean circulation model is applied to the ocean cavity beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, investigating the role of tides on sub-ice shelf circulation and ice shelf basal mass balance. Including tidal forcing causes a significant intensification in the sub-ice shelf circulation, with an increase in melting (3-fold) and refreezing (6-fold); the net melt rate and seawater flux through the cavity approximately doubles. With tidal forcing, the spatial pattern and magnitude of basal melting and freezing generally match observations. The 0.22 m a−1 net melt rate is close to satellite-derived estimates and at the lower end of oceanographic values. The Ice Shelf Water outflow mixes with shelf waters, forming a cold ({\textless}−1.9°C), dense overflow (0.83 Sv) that spills down the continental slope. These results demonstrate that tidal forcing is fundamental to both ice shelf-ocean interactions and deep-water formation in the southern Weddell Sea.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Makinson, Keith and Holland, Paul R. and Jenkins, Adrian and Nicholls, Keith W. and Holland, David M.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Antarctica, mass balance, ice shelf, Cryosphere / Ice shelves, Cryosphere / Mass balance, Oceanography / Arctic and Antarctic, Oceanography / Surface waves and tides, Ocean / Continental shelf and slope processes, Ocean / Tides},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/J7HRFP9T/Makinson et al. - 2011 - Influence of tides on melting and freezing beneath.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/V5VQI54T/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{makinson_modeling_2002,
	title = {Modeling {Tidal} {Current} {Profiles} and {Vertical} {Mixing} beneath {Filchner}–{Ronne} {Ice} {Shelf}, {Antarctica}},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<0202:MTCPAV>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {One of the warmest water masses beneath Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS) is dense, high salinity shelf water (HSSW) that flows into the sub-ice-shelf cavity from the ice front and occupies the lower portion of the water column. A one-dimensional turbulence closure ocean model has been applied to this high latitude sub-ice-shelf environment to demonstrate that tidal currents mix HSSW vertically through the water column and cause melting at the bottom of the ice shelf. Significantly FRIS lies near the critical latitude for the semidiurnal tide, where the Coriolis frequency equals the tidal frequency, resulting in a strongly depth-dependent tidal current and thick boundary layers. Using the model, the effect of the critical latitude, stratification, and the polarization of the tidal current ellipse on boundary layer structure and subsequent vertical mixing are examined. The model shows that stratification significantly affects how the shape of the tidal current ellipse varies with depth and that both the depth to which the pycnocline initially develops and the longer term melt rates are highly dependent on tidal current ellipse polarization. The sensitivity to both the stratification and the polarization are due, in large part, to the proximity of the critical latitude. Positive polarizations (anticlockwise rotating current vectors) quickly develop deeper pycnoclines and maintain higher melt rates than negative polarizations (clockwise rotating current vectors). For many areas beneath FRIS the polarization ranges from −0.3 to +0.3; here the modeled pycnocline development is sensitive to polarization, though the effect on the time-averaged melt rate is suppressed for positive polarizations. However, in key areas where the polarization exceeds ±0.3 and the ellipses are more open and circular, the effects of polarization are significant. Levels of tidal mixing and associated melting vary by more than an order of magnitude over the whole tidal ellipse polarization range, showing that very different mixing and melting regimes are present beneath FRIS.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Makinson, Keith},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {202--215},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/KZCCP4JW/Makinson - 2002 - Modeling Tidal Current Profiles and Vertical Mixin.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/CRUPA3ZC/1520-0485(2002)0320202MTCPAV2.0.html:text/html},
}

@article{mueller_tidal_2018,
	title = {Tidal influences on a future evolution of the {Filchner}-{Ronne} {Ice} {Shelf} cavity in the {Weddell} {Sea}, {Antarctica}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1994-0424},
	doi = {10.5194/tc-12-453-2018},
	abstract = {Recent modeling studies of ocean circulation in the southern Weddell Sea, Antarctica, project an increase over this century of ocean heat into the cavity beneath Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS). This increase in ocean heat would lead to more basal melting and a modification of the FRIS ice draft. The corresponding change in cavity shape will affect advective pathways and the spatial distribution of tidal currents, which play important roles in basal melting under FRIS. These feedbacks between heat flux, basal melting, and tides will affect the evolution of FRIS under the influence of a changing climate. We explore these feedbacks with a three-dimensional ocean model of the southern Weddell Sea that is forced by thermodynamic exchange beneath the ice shelf and tides along the open boundaries. Our results show regionally dependent feedbacks that, in some areas, substantially modify the melt rates near the grounding lines of buttressed ice streams that flow into FRIS. These feedbacks are introduced by variations in meltwater production as well as the circulation of this meltwater within the FRIS cavity; they are influenced locally by sensitivity of tidal currents to water column thickness (wct) and non-locally by changes in circulation pathways that transport an integrated history of mixing and meltwater entrainment along flow paths. Our results highlight the importance of including explicit tidal forcing in models of future mass loss from FRIS and from the adjacent grounded ice sheet as individual ice-stream grounding zones experience different responses to warming of the ocean inflow.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The Cryosphere},
	author = {Mueller, R. D. and Hattermann, Tore and Howard, S. L. and Padman, L.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {453--476},
}

@article{gwyther_cold_2020,
	title = {Cold {Ocean} {Cavity} and {Weak} {Basal} {Melting} of the {Sørsdal} {Ice} {Shelf} {Revealed} by {Surveys} {Using} {Autonomous} {Platforms}},
	volume = {125},
	copyright = {©2020. The Authors.},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015882},
	abstract = {Basal melting of ice shelves is inherently difficult to quantify through direct observations, yet it is a critical factor controlling Antarctic mass balance and global sea-level rise. While much research attention is paid to larger ice shelves and those experiencing the most rapid change, many smaller, unstudied ice shelves offer valuable insights. Here, we investigate the oceanographic conditions and melting beneath the Sørsdal ice shelf, East Antarctica. We present results from the 2018/2019 Sørsdal deployment of the University of Tasmania's autonomous underwater vehicle nupiri muka. Oceanography adjacent to and beneath the ice shelf front shows a cold and relatively saline environment dominated by Winter Water and Dense Shelf Water, while bathymetry measurements show a deep (∼1,200 m) trough running into the ice shelf cavity. Two multiyear deployments of Autonomous Phase-sensitive Radar Echo Sounders on the surface of the ice shelf show weak melt rates (average of 1.6 and 2.3 m yr−1) with low temporal variability. These observations are supported by numerical ocean model and satellite estimates of melting. We speculate that the presence of a ∼825 m thick (350 m to at least 1,175 m) homogeneous layer of cold, dense water blocks access from warmer waters that intrude into Prydz Bay from offshore, resulting in weak melt rates. However, the newly identified trough means that the ice shelf is vulnerable to any decrease in polynya activity that allows warm water to enter the cavity. This could lead to increased basal melting and mass loss through this sector of Antarctica.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-12},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Gwyther, David E. and Spain, Erica A. and King, Peter and Guihen, Damien and Williams, Guy D. and Evans, Eleri and Cook, Sue and Richter, Ole and Galton‐Fenzi, Benjamin K. and Coleman, Richard},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019JC015882},
	keywords = {Antarctica, APRES, AUV, basal melting, ice shelves, oceanography},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/8TH79XFU/Gwyther et al. - 2020 - Cold Ocean Cavity and Weak Basal Melting of the Sø.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/THGVASEJ/2019JC015882.html:text/html},
}

@article{ohya_wind-tunnel_2001,
	title = {Wind-{Tunnel} {Study} {Of} {Atmospheric} {Stable} {Boundary} {Layers} {Over} {A} {Rough} {Surface}},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {1573-1472},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018767829067},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1018767829067},
	abstract = {Wind-tunnel simulations of theatmospheric stable boundary layer (SBL) developedover a rough surface were conducted by using athermally stratified wind tunnel at the Research Institutefor Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University. Thepresent experiment is a continuation of the workcarried out in a wind tunnel at Colorado StateUniversity (CSU), where the SBL flows were developed over asmooth surface. Stably stratified flows were createdby heating the wind-tunnel airflow to a temperature ofabout 40–50°and by cooling the test-section floor toa temperature of about 10°. To simulate therough surface, a chain roughness was placed over thetest-section floor. We have investigated the buoyancyeffect on the turbulent boundary layer developed overthis rough surface for a wide range of stability,particularly focusing on the turbulence structure andtransport process in the very stable boundary layer.The present experimental results broadly confirm theresults obtained in the CSU experiment with the smoothsurface, and emphasizes the following features: thevertical profiles of turbulence statistics exhibitdifferent behaviour in two distinct stability regimes with weak and strong stability,corresponding to the difference in the verticalprofiles of the local Richardson number. The tworegimes are separated by the critical Richardsonnumber. The magnitudes in turbulence intensities andturbulent fluxes for the weak stability regime aremuch greater than those of the CSU experiments becauseof the greater surface roughness. For the very stableboundary layer, the turbulent fluxes of momentum andheat tend to vanish and wave-like motions due to theKelvin–Helmholtz instability and the rolling up andbreaking of those waves can be observed. Furthermore,the appearance of internal gravity waves is suggestedfrom cross-spectrum analyses.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Ohya, Yuji},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {57--82},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/WYJUBBD5/Ohya - 2001 - Wind-Tunnel Study Of Atmospheric Stable Boundary L.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{middleton_numerical_2021,
	title = {Numerical {Simulations} of {Melt}-{Driven} {Double}-{Diffusive} {Fluxes} in a {Turbulent} {Boundary} {Layer} beneath an {Ice} {Shelf}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/phoc/51/2/jpo-d-20-0114.1.xml},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-20-0114.1},
	abstract = {{\textless}section class="abstract"{\textgreater}{\textless}h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d63656025e126"{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}The transport of heat and salt through turbulent ice shelf–ocean boundary layers is a large source of uncertainty within ocean models of ice shelf cavities. This study uses small-scale, high-resolution, 3D numerical simulations to model an idealized boundary layer beneath a melting ice shelf to investigate the influence of ambient turbulence on double-diffusive convection (i.e., convection driven by the difference in diffusivities between salinity and temperature). Isotropic turbulence is forced throughout the simulations and the temperature and salinity are initialized with homogeneous values similar to observations. The initial temperature and the strength of forced turbulence are varied as controlling parameters within an oceanographically relevant parameter space. Two contrasting regimes are identified. In one regime double-diffusive convection dominates, and in the other convection is inhibited by the forced turbulence. The convective regime occurs for high temperatures and low turbulence levels, where it is long lived and affects the flow, melt rate, and melt pattern. A criterion for identifying convection in terms of the temperature and salinity profiles, and the turbulent dissipation rate, is proposed. This criterion may be applied to observations and theoretical models to quantify the effect of double-diffusive convection on ice shelf melt rates.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}/section{\textgreater}},
	language = {EN},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Middleton, Leo and Vreugdenhil, Catherine A. and Holland, Paul R. and Taylor, John R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society
Section: Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	pages = {403--418},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/3GYP2QKA/jpo-d-20-0114.1.html:text/html},
}

@article{rohr_growth_1988,
	title = {Growth and decay of turbulence in a stably stratified shear flow},
	volume = {195},
	issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/growth-and-decay-of-turbulence-in-a-stably-stratified-shear-flow/1BD7CF9BC8351B89BEFEE7A22BBBF00E},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112088002332},
	abstract = {The behaviour of an evolving, stably stratified turbulent shear flow was investigated in a ten-layer, closed-loop, salt-stratified water channel. Simultaneous single-point measurements of the mean and fluctuating density and longitudinal and vertical velocities were made over a wide range of downstream positions. For strong stability, i.e. a mean gradient Richardson number Ri greater than a critical value of Ricr ≈ 0.25, there is no observed growth of turbulence and the buoyancy effects are similar to those in the unsheared experiments of Stillinger, Helland \& Van Atta (1983) and Itsweire, Helland \& Van Atta (1986). For values of Richardson number less than Ricr the turbulence grows at a rate depending on Ri and for large evolution times the ratio between the Ozmidov and turbulent lengthscale approaches a constant value which is also a function of Richardson number.Normalized velocity and density power spectra for the present experiments conform to normalized spectra from previous moderate- to high-Reynolds-number studies. With increasing \${\textbackslash}tau = (x/{\textbackslash}overline\{U\}) ({\textbackslash}partial	{\textbackslash}overline\{U\}/{\textbackslash}partial z)\$ or decreasing stability, the stratified shear spectra exhibit greater portions of the universal non-stratified spectrum curve. The shapes of the shear-stress and buoyancy-flux cospectra confirm that they act as sources and sinks for the velocity and density fluctuations.},
	urldate = {2017-10-24},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Rohr, J. J. and Itsweire, E. C. and Helland, K. N. and Atta, C. W. Van},
	month = oct,
	year = {1988},
	pages = {77--111},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/RPZXAAL9/Rohr et al. - 1988 - Growth and decay of turbulence in a stably stratif.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/XKIPBQY7/1BD7CF9BC8351B89BEFEE7A22BBBF00E.html:text/html},
}

@misc{holt_numerical_1992,
	title = {A numerical study of the evolution and structure of homogeneous stably stratified sheared turbulence},
	url = {/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/numerical-study-of-the-evolution-and-structure-of-homogeneous-stably-stratified-sheared-turbulence/340AEE0415A0EA2F4915C871505E44E1},
	abstract = {{\textless}div class="title"{\textgreater}A numerical study of the evolution and structure of homogeneous stably stratified sheared turbulence{\textless}/div{\textgreater} - Volume 237 - Steven E. Holt, Jeffrey R. Koseff, Joel H. Ferziger},
	urldate = {2017-10-24},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Holt, Steven E. and Koseff, Jeffrey R. and Ferziger, Joel H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1992},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112092003513},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/XVNMTYL5/Holt et al. - 1992 - A numerical study of the evolution and structure o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/EQTRRDPR/340AEE0415A0EA2F4915C871505E44E1.html:text/html},
}

@article{armenio_investigation_2002,
	title = {An investigation of stably stratified turbulent channel flow using large-eddy simulation},
	volume = {459},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022112002007851/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112002007851},
	abstract = {Boundary-forced stratified turbulence is studied in the prototypical case of turbulent 
channel flow subject to stable stratification. The large-eddy simulation approach is 
used with a mixed subgrid model that involves a dynamic eddy viscosity component 
and a scale-similarity component. After an initial transient, the flow reaches a new 
balanced state corresponding to active wall-bounded turbulence with reduced vertical 
transport which, for the cases in our study with moderate-to-large levels of stratification, 
coexists with internal wave activity in the core of the channel. A systematic 
reduction of turbulence levels, density fluctuations and associated vertical transport 
with increasing stratification is observed. Countergradient buoyancy flux is observed 
in the outer region for sufficiently high stratification.
            Mixing of the density field in stratified channel flow results from turbulent events 
generated near the boundaries that couple with the outer, more stable flow. The 
vertical density structure is thus of interest for analogous boundary-forced mixing 
situations in geophysical flows. It is found that, with increasing stratification, the 
mean density profile becomes sharper in the central region between the two turbulent 
layers at the upper and lower walls, similar to observations in field measurements as 
well as laboratory experiments with analogous density-mixing situations.
            
              Channel flow is strongly inhomogeneous with alternative choices for the Richardson 
number. In spite of these complications, the gradient Richardson number,
              Ri
              
                g
              
              , appears 
to be the important local determinant of buoyancy effects. All simulated cases show 
that correlation coefficients associated with vertical transport collapse from their nominal unstratified 
values over a narrow range, 0.15 {\textless}
              Ri
              
                g
              
              {\textless} 0.25. The vertical turbulent 
Froude number,
              Fr
              
                w
              
              , has an
              O
              (1) value across most of the channel. It 
is remarkable that stratified channel flow, with such a large variation of overall 
density difference (factor of 26) between cases, shows a relatively universal behaviour 
of correlation coefficients and vertical Froude number when plotted as a function of
              Ri
              
                g
              
              . The visualizations show wavy motion in the core region where the gradient 
Richardson number,
              Ri
              
                g
              
              , is large and low-speed streaks in the near-wall region, 
typical of unstratified channel flow, where
              Ri
              
                g
              
              is small. It appears from the 
visualizations that, with increasing stratification, the region with wavy motion progressively encroaches 
into the zone with active turbulence; the location of
              Ri
              
                g
              
              ≃ 0.2 roughly 
corresponds to the boundary between the two zones.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-07},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Armenio, Vincenzo and Sarkar, Sutanu},
	month = may,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1--42},
}

@article{peltier_mixing_2003,
	title = {Mixing {Efficiency} in {Stratified} {Shear} {Flows}},
	volume = {35},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161144},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161144},
	abstract = {The issue of the physical mechanism(s) that control the efficiency with which the density field in stably stratified fluid is mixed by turbulent processes has remained enigmatic. Similarly enigmatic has been an explanation of the numerical value of ∼0.2, which is observed to characterize this efficiency experimentally. We review recent work on the turbulence transition in stratified parallel flows that demonstrates that this value is not only numerically predictable but also that it is expected to be a nonmonotonic function of the Richardson number that characterizes preturbulent stratification strength. This value of the mixing efficiency appears to be characteristic of the late-time behavior of the turbulent flow that develops after an initially laminar shear flow has undergone the transition to turbulence through an intermediate instability of Kelvin-Helmholtz type.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2016-08-19},
	journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Peltier, W. R. and Caulfield, C. P.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {stratified flows, transition},
	pages = {135--167},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/TANEA9SZ/Peltier and Caulfield - 2003 - Mixing Efficiency in Stratified Shear Flows.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{rignot_rapid_2002,
	title = {Rapid {Bottom} {Melting} {Widespread} near {Antarctic} {Ice} {Sheet} {Grounding} {Lines}},
	volume = {296},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/296/5575/2020.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1070942},
	abstract = {As continental ice from Antarctica reaches the grounding line and begins to float, its underside melts into the ocean. Results obtained with satellite radar interferometry reveal that bottom melt rates experienced by large outlet glaciers near their grounding lines are far higher than generally assumed. The melting rate is positively correlated with thermal forcing, increasing by 1 meter per year for each 0.1°C rise in ocean temperature. Where deep water has direct access to grounding lines, glaciers and ice shelves are vulnerable to ongoing increases in ocean temperature.},
	number = {5575},
	urldate = {2011-12-01},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Rignot, Eric and Jacobs, Stanley S.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2002},
	note = {bibtex: rignot\_rapid\_2002},
	pages = {2020 --2023},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/3XM8R7SB/Rignot and Jacobs - 2002 - Rapid Bottom Melting Widespread near Antarctic Ice.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/MDAUFUN4/2020.html:text/html},
}

@article{mcphee_turbulent_1983,
	title = {Turbulent heat and momentum transfer in the oceanic boundary layer under melting pack ice},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.oca.ucsc.edu/doi/10.1029/JC088iC05p02827/abstract},
	doi = {10.1029/JC088iC05p02827},
	abstract = {A theory for momentum flux in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) stabilized by continuous surface buoyancy is extended to include turbulent flux of an arbitrary scalar contaminant and then used to estimate how wind-driven sea ice melts as it encounters temperatures in the oceanic boundary layer that are above the melting point. Given wind stress and temperature difference Δθ across the oceanic PBL, the theory predicts melt rate and ice drift velocity. Results indicate that the effect of buoyancy on PBL turbulence is significant even with small values of Δθ({\textless}0.5 K). Curves of melt rate and ice speed as functions of u*, the interfacial friction velocity, show that melting is strongly dependent on stress at the interface and that the effective drag on the ice undersurface is significantly reduced at oceanic temperatures commonly observed in the marginal ice zone. The latter suggests that divergence will occur at the ice margin when off-ice winds advect the pack over water above the melting temperature. The structure of mean currents beneath the ice is also investigated; results indicate that advection will play an important, if not dominant, role in determining water column properties near an ice edge front.},
	language = {en},
	number = {C5},
	urldate = {2016-01-05},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {McPhee, Miles G.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1983},
	pages = {2827--2835},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/NQXGI8CT/McPhee - 1983 - Turbulent heat and momentum transfer in the oceani.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/9KN2SB7C/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@book{mcphee_air-ice-ocean_2008,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	title = {Air-ice-ocean interaction: turbulent ocean boundary layer exchange processes},
	isbn = {978-0-387-78334-5 0-387-78334-2 978-0-387-78334-5 978-0-387-78335-2},
	shorttitle = {Air-ice-ocean interaction},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {McPhee, Miles G.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Atmosphere, Eis, Environmental Physics, Fluid Dynamics / Turbulent boundary layer, Geography, Geophysics, Grenzschicht, Mechanics, Fluids, Thermodynamics, Ocean-atmosphere interaction, Oceanography, Physical geography, Polargebiete},
}

@article{mcphee_turbulent_1992,
	title = {Turbulent heat flux in the upper ocean under sea ice},
	volume = {97},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.oca.ucsc.edu/doi/10.1029/92JC00239/abstract},
	doi = {10.1029/92JC00239},
	abstract = {Turbulence data from three Arctic drift station experiments demonstrate features of turbulent heat transfer in the oceanic boundary layer. Time series analysis of several w′T′ records shows that heat and momentum flux occur at nearly the same scales, typically by turbulent eddies of the order of 10–20 m in horizontal extent and a few meters in vertical extent. Probability distribution functions of w′T′ have large skewness and kurtosis, where the latter confirms that most of the flux occurs in intermittent “events” with positive and negative excursions an order of magnitude larger than the mean value. An estimate of the eddy heat diffusivity in the outer (Ekman) part of the boundary layer, based on measured heat flux and temperature gradient during a diurnal tidal cycle over the Yermak Plateau slope north of Fram Strait, agrees reasonably well with the eddy viscosity, with values as high as 0.15 m2 s−1. An analysis of measurements made near the ice-ocean interface at the three stations shows that heat flux increases with both temperature elevation above freezing and with friction velocity at the interface. It also reveals a surprising uniformity in parameters describing the heat and mass transfer: e.g., the thickness of the “transition sublayer” (from a modified version of the Yaglom-Kader theory) is about 10 cm at all three sites, despite nearly a fivefold difference in the under-ice roughness z0, which ranges from approximately 2 to 9 cm. A much simplified model for heat and mass transfer at the ice-ocean interface, suggested by the relative uniformity of the heat transfer coefficients at the three sites, is outlined.},
	language = {en},
	number = {C4},
	urldate = {2016-01-31},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {McPhee, Miles G.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1992},
	note = {bibtex: mcphee\_turbulent\_1992},
	keywords = {Oceanography / Arctic and Antarctic, Cryosphere / Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes, Oceanography / Upper ocean and mixed layer processes, Fluid Dynamics / Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes},
	pages = {5365--5379},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/U6UB9CK9/McPhee - 1992 - Turbulent heat flux in the upper ocean under sea i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/D8984G3K/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{mcphee_revisiting_2008-1,
	title = {Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean interface: {Ocean} flux and modeling considerations},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	shorttitle = {Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean interface},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.oca.ucsc.edu/doi/10.1029/2007JC004383/abstract},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JC004383},
	abstract = {Properly describing heat and salt flux at the ice/ocean interface is essential for understanding and modeling the energy and mass balance of drifting sea ice. Basal growth or ablation depends on the ratio, R, of the interface heat exchange coefficient to that of salt, such that as R increases so does the rate-limiting impact of salt diffusion. Observations of relatively slow melt rates in above freezing seawater (plus migration of summer “false bottoms”) suggest by analogy with laboratory studies that double diffusion of heat and salt from the ocean is important during the melting process, with numeric values for R estimated to range from 35 to 70. If the same double-diffusive principles apply for ice growth as for melting (i.e., if the process is symmetric), supercooling (possibly relieved by frazil crystal production) would occur under rapidly growing ice, yet neither extensive supercooling nor frazil accumulation is found in Arctic pack ice with limited atmospheric contact. Physical properties and turbulent fluxes of heat and salt were measured in the relatively controlled setting of a tidally driven Svalbard fjord, under growing fast ice in late winter. The data failed to show supercooling, frazil production, or enhanced heat flux, suggesting that the double diffusive process is asymmetric. Modeling results compared with measured turbulent fluxes imply that R = 1 when ice freezes; i.e., that double-diffusive tendencies are relieved at or above the immediate interface. An algorithm for calculating ice/ocean heat and salt flux accommodating the different processes is presented, along with recommended ranges for the interface exchange coefficients.},
	language = {en},
	number = {C6},
	urldate = {2016-01-31},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {McPhee, Miles G. and Morison, J. H. and Nilsen, F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	note = {bibtex: mcphee\_revisiting\_2008},
	keywords = {Sea ice, ice growth and ablation, Cryosphere / Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes, Double diffusion, Fluid Dynamics / Turbulence, Fluid Dynamics / Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes},
	pages = {C06014},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/INC5W7PQ/McPhee et al. - 2008 - Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/C24PZ4NW/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{mondal_ablation_2019,
	title = {Ablation of sloping ice faces into polar seawater},
	volume = {863},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/ablation-of-sloping-ice-faces-into-polar-seawater/E8256D328B03930905A20AF3CD9E5ED1},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2018.970},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-09-05},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Mondal, Mainak and Gayen, Bishakhdatta and Griffiths, Ross W. and Kerr, Ross C.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {ice sheets, buoyant boundary layers, turbulent convection},
	pages = {545--571},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/MMW2W6UX/Mondal et al. - 2019 - Ablation of sloping ice faces into polar seawater.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/7CVVBFKH/E8256D328B03930905A20AF3CD9E5ED1.html:text/html},
}

@article{ramudu_turbulent_2016,
	title = {Turbulent heat exchange between water and ice at an evolving ice–water interface},
	volume = {798},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/turbulent-heat-exchange-between-water-and-ice-at-an-evolving-icewater-interface/E3C271817E23FD1859078E5E86FEBDFA},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2016.321},
	urldate = {2017-08-21},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Ramudu, Eshwan and Hirsh, Benjamin Henry and Olson, Peter and Gnanadesikan, Anand},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {ocean processes, solidification/melting, Fluid Dynamics / Turbulent boundary layer},
	pages = {572--597},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/WFBEFKB6/Ramudu et al. - 2016 - Turbulent heat exchange between water and ice at a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/5UCURY4J/E3C271817E23FD1859078E5E86FEBDFA.html:text/html},
}

@article{jenkins_simple_2016,
	title = {A {Simple} {Model} of the {Ice} {Shelf}-{Ocean} {Boundary} {Layer} and {Current}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0194.1},
	abstract = {Ocean-forced basal melting has been implicated in the widespread thinning of Antarctic ice shelves, but an understanding of what determines melt rates is hampered by limited knowledge of the buoyancy- and frictionally controlled flows along the ice shelf base that regulate heat transfer from ocean to ice. In an attempt to address this deficiency, a simple model of a buoyant boundary flow, considering only the spatial dimension perpendicular to the boundary, is presented. Results indicate that two possible flow regimes exist: a weakly stratified, geostrophic cross-slope current with upslope flow within a buoyant Ekman layer or a strongly stratified, upslope current with a weak cross-slope flow. The latter regime, which is analogous to the steady solution for a katabatic wind, is most appropriate when the ice–ocean interface is steep. For the gentle slopes typical of Antarctic ice shelves, the buoyant Ekman regime, which has similarities with the case of an unstratified density current on a slope, provides some useful insight. When combined with a background flow, a range of possible near-ice current profiles emerge as a result of arrest or enhancement of the upslope Ekman transport. A simple expression for the upslope transport can be formed that is analogous to that for the wind-forced surface Ekman layer, with curvature of the ice shelf base replacing the wind stress curl in driving exchange between the Ekman layer and the geostrophic current below.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Jenkins, Adrian},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1785--1803},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/DKPLC98F/Jenkins - 2016 - A Simple Model of the Ice Shelf–Ocean Boundary Lay.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/XANWJHXJ/JPO-D-15-0194.html:text/html},
}

@article{garcia-villalba_turbulence_2011,
	title = {Turbulence modification by stable stratification in channel flow},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1070-6631},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3560359},
	doi = {10.1063/1.3560359},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-04},
	journal = {Physics of Fluids},
	author = {García-Villalba, Manuel and del Álamo, Juan C.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of Physics},
	pages = {045104},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/48WWLGZL/1.html:text/html},
}

@article{monin_basic_1954,
	title = {Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere},
	volume = {151},
	number = {163},
	urldate = {2017-05-26},
	journal = {Contrib. Geophys. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR},
	author = {Monin, A. S. and Obukhov, A. M. F.},
	year = {1954},
	pages = {e187},
}

@article{jenkins_role_2001,
	title = {The {Role} of {Meltwater} {Advection} in the {Formulation} of {Conservative} {Boundary} {Conditions} at an {Ice}–{Ocean} {Interface}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031%3C0285:TROMAI%3E2.0.CO;2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<0285:TROMAI>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {Upper boundary conditions for numerical models of the ocean are conventionally formulated under the premise that the boundary is a material surface. In the presence of an ice cover, such an assumption can lead to nonconservative equations for temperature, salinity, and other tracers. The problem arises because conditions at the ice–ocean interface differ from those in the water beneath. Advection of water with interfacial properties into the interior of the ocean therefore constitutes a tracer flux, neglect of which induces a drift in concentration that is most rapid for those tracers having the lowest diffusivities. If tracers are to be correctly conserved, either the kinematic boundary condition must explicitly allow advection across the interface, or the flux boundary condition must parameterize the effects of both vertical advection and diffusion in the boundary layer. In practice, the latter alternative is often implemented, although this is rarely done for all tracers.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-08-29},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Jenkins, Adrian and Hellmer, Hartmut H. and Holland, David M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {285--296},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/LPXMZJJN/Jenkins et al. - 2001 - The Role of Meltwater Advection in the Formulation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/HMPTGF4Y/1520-0485(2001)0310285TROMAI2.0.html:text/html},
}

@article{zhou_self-similar_2017,
	title = {Self-similar mixing in stratified plane {Couette} flow for varying {Prandtl} number},
	volume = {820},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/selfsimilar-mixing-in-stratified-plane-couette-flow-for-varying-prandtl-number/0F8AB96504C868D6BC017F3638EDEA5A},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2017.200},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-17},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Zhou, Qi and Taylor, John R. and Caulfield, C. P.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {mixing, stratified turbulence, geophysical and geological flows},
	pages = {86--120},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/R55RX6QY/Zhou et al. - 2017 - Self-similar mixing in stratified plane Couette fl.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/2QCXSZ22/0F8AB96504C868D6BC017F3638EDEA5A.html:text/html},
}

@article{jimenez_large-eddy_2005,
	title = {Large-{Eddy} {Simulations} of the {Stable} {Boundary} {Layer} {Using} the {Standard} {Kolmogorov} {Theory}: {Range} of {Applicability}},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {1573-1472},
	shorttitle = {Large-{Eddy} {Simulations} of the {Stable} {Boundary} {Layer} {Using} the {Standard} {Kolmogorov} {Theory}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-3470-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10546-004-3470-4},
	abstract = {Large-eddy simulations (LES) of the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer (SBL) are difficult because the turbulence is not isotropic for strong stratification and the Kolmogorov theory might be no longer valid. This fact compells us to work on modifications to the subgrid turbulence schemes, although there is not any widely accepted theory on anisotropic turbulence. In this work, a LES model is used to see what range of stable stratification can still be simulated with a subgrid turbulence scheme using the Kolmogorov theory for the dissipation. Twenty simulations of increasing stability have been performed using a horizontal resolution of 5 m. The model is able to simulate weakly and moderately stable conditions and experiences runaway cooling for strong stability. The goodness of the successful simulations is inspected through comparison to observations from the experimental campaigns SABLES-98 and CASES-99. Other supplementary tests have been performed on the resolution and the surface boundary condition.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	author = {Jim{\'e}nez, M. A. and Cuxart, J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {241--261},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/GKIRTT4Q/Jiménez and Cuxart - 2005 - Large-Eddy Simulations of the Stable Boundary Laye.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{makinson_modeling_1999,
	title = {Modeling tidal currents beneath {Filchner}-{Ronne} {Ice} {Shelf} and on the adjacent continental shelf: {Their} effect on mixing and transport},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	shorttitle = {Modeling tidal currents beneath {Filchner}-{Ronne} {Ice} {Shelf} and on the adjacent continental shelf},
	doi = {10.1029/1999JC900008},
	abstract = {A depth-averaged tidal model has been applied to the southern Weddell Sea. The model domain covers the southern continental shelf, including the ocean cavity beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Reasonable agreement with the available current meter data has been achieved. Our results confirm that in areas with shallow water and large topographic gradients, tidal oscillations with peak velocities up to 1 m s−1 play a significant role in the vertical mixing and transport of water masses. The estimated energy dissipation beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf due to surface friction is 25 GW, approximately 1\% of the world's total tidal dissipation. Tidally induced Lagrangian residual currents converging at the ice front, an area of strong mixing, draw together water masses from the continental shelf and sub-ice shelf cavity. The model indicates that Lagrangian residual currents have fluxes of up to 250,000 m3 s−1, and speeds of over 5 cm s−1 along the ice front, with over 350,000 m3 s−1 being exchanged between the sub-ice shelf cavity and adjacent continental shelf. These currents are particularly efficient in ventilating the sub-ice shelf cavity within 150 km of Ronne Ice Front. Such strong tidal mixing will significantly modify the properties of water masses that flow through this region, particularly to the west of Berkner Island. The model predictions indicate that tidal processes strongly influence the oceanographic conditions in the vicinity of Ronne Ice Front. Shipborne observations along the ice front support many of the model predictions concerning the effect of tides on the hydrography.},
	language = {en},
	number = {C6},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Makinson, Keith and Nicholls, Keith W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Oceanography / Descriptive and regional oceanography, Oceanography / Surface waves and tides},
	pages = {13449--13465},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/E2IK6SR6/Makinson and Nicholls - 1999 - Modeling tidal currents beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/MIXMP6JI/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{jenkins_observation_2010,
	title = {Observation and {Parameterization} of {Ablation} at the {Base} of {Ronne} {Ice} {Shelf}, {Antarctica}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010JPO4317.1},
	doi = {10.1175/2010JPO4317.1},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2015-05-22},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Jenkins, Adrian and Nicholls, Keith W. and Corr, Hugh F. J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2298--2312},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/5QGBMK6U/Jenkins et al. - 2010 - Observation and Parameterization of Ablation at th.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{klemp_numerical_1978,
	title = {Numerical {Simulation} of {Hydrostatic} {Mountain} {Waves}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atsc/35/1/1520-0469_1978_035_0078_nsohmw_2_0_co_2.xml},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<0078:NSOHMW>2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {{\textless}section class="abstract"{\textgreater}{\textless}h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d1888871e56"{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}A numerical model is developed for simulating the flow of stably stratified nonrotating air over finite-amplitude, two-dimensional mountain ranges. Special attention is paid to accurate treatment of internal dissipation and to formulation of an upper boundary region and lateral boundary conditions which allow upward and lateral propagation of wave energy out of the model. The model is hydrostatic and uses potential temperature for the vertical coordinate. A local adjustment procedure is derived to parameterize low Richardson number instability. The model behavior is tested against analytic theory and then applied to a variety of idealized and real flow situations, leading to some new insights and new questions on the nature of large-amplitude mountain waves. The model proves to be effective in simulating the structure of two observed cases of strong mountain waves with very different characteristics.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}/section{\textgreater}},
	language = {EN},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	author = {Klemp, J. B. and Lilly, D. K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1978},
	note = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society
Section: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	pages = {78--107},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/SMDN5XAW/Klemp and Lilly - 1978 - Numerical Simulation of Hydrostatic Mountain Waves.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hoyas_scaling_2006,
	title = {Scaling of the velocity fluctuations in turbulent channels up to {Reτ}=2003},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1070-6631},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2162185},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2162185},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-02},
	journal = {Physics of Fluids},
	author = {Hoyas, Sergio and Jiménez, Javier},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of Physics},
	pages = {011702},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/YI4PRSIM/1.html:text/html},
}

@article{del_alamo_spectra_2003,
	title = {Spectra of the very large anisotropic scales in turbulent channels},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1070-6631},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1570830},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1570830},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-06-02},
	journal = {Physics of Fluids},
	author = {del Álamo, Juan C. and Jiménez, Javier},
	month = apr,
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of Physics},
	pages = {L41--L44},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/JYSVLCJZ/1.html:text/html},
}

@article{carpenter_identifying_2010,
	title = {Identifying unstable modes in stratified shear layers},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1070-6631},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3379845},
	doi = {10.1063/1.3379845},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-06-02},
	journal = {Physics of Fluids},
	author = {Carpenter, J. R. and Balmforth, N. J. and Lawrence, G. A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of Physics},
	pages = {054104},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/DGPP4XGL/1.html:text/html},
}

@article{jenkins_shear_2021,
	title = {Shear, {Stability} and {Mixing} within the {Ice}-{Shelf}-{Ocean} {Boundary} {Current}},
	issn = {0022-3670, 1520-0485},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/phoc/aop/JPO-D-20-0096.1/JPO-D-20-0096.1.xml},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-20-0096.1},
	abstract = {{\textless}section class="abstract"{\textgreater}{\textless}h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d91365674e54"{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}When the inclined base of an ice shelf melts into the ocean, it induces both a statically-stable stratification and a buoyancy-forced, sheared flow along the interface. Understanding how those competing effects influence the dynamical stability of the boundary current is the key to quantifying the turbulent transfer of heat from far-field ocean to ice. The implications of the close coupling between shear, stability and mixing are explored with the aid of a one-dimensional numerical model that simulates density and current profiles perpendicular to the ice. Diffusivity and viscosity are determined using a mixing length model within the turbulent boundary layer and empirical functions of the gradient Richardson number in the stratified layer below. Starting from rest, the boundary current is initially strongly stratified and dynamically stable, slowly thickening as meltwater diffuses away from the interface. Eventually, the current enters a second phase where dynamical instability generates a relatively well-mixed, turbulent layer adjacent to the ice, while beneath the current maximum, strong stratification suppresses mixing in the region of reverse shear. Under weak buoyancy forcing the timescale for development of the initial dynamical instability can be months or longer, but background flows, which are always present in reality, provide additional current shear that greatly accelerates the process. A third phase can be reached when the ice shelf base is sufficiently steep, with dynamical instability extending beyond the boundary layer into regions of geostrophic flow, generating a marginally-stable pycnocline through which the heat flux is a simple function of ice-ocean interfacial slope.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}/section{\textgreater}},
	language = {EN},
	number = {aop},
	urldate = {2021-05-14},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Jenkins, Adrian},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society
Section: Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	keywords = {\_tablet},
	file = {Jenkins - 2021 - Shear, Stability and Mixing within the Ice-Shelf-Ocean Boundary Current.pdf:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/DPTMXV2T/Jenkins - 2021 - Shear, Stability and Mixing within the Ice-Shelf-Ocean Boundary Current.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{cheng_modeling_2020,
	title = {Modeling the vertical structure of the ice shelf–ocean boundary current under supercooled condition with suspended frazil ice processes: {A} case study underneath the {Amery} {Ice} {Shelf}, {East} {Antarctica}},
	volume = {156},
	issn = {1463-5003},
	shorttitle = {Modeling the vertical structure of the ice shelf–ocean boundary current under supercooled condition with suspended frazil ice processes},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1463500320302146},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101712},
	abstract = {In contrast with the severe thinning of ice shelves along the coast of West Antarctica, large ice shelves (specifically, the Filchner–Ronne and Amery Ice Shelves) with deep grounding lines gained mass during the period 1994–2012. This positive mass budget is potentially associated with the marine ice production, which originates from the supercooled Ice Shelf Water plume carrying suspended frazil ice along the ice shelf base. In addition, the outflow of this supercooled plume from beneath the ice shelf arguably exerts a significant impact on the properties of Antarctic Bottom Water, as well as its production. However, knowledge of this buoyant and supercooled shear flow is still limited, let alone its structure that is generally assumed to be vertically uniform. In this study we extended the vertical one-dimensional model of ice shelf–ocean boundary current from Jenkins (2016) by incorporating a frazil ice module and a fairly sophisticated turbulence closure (i.e., k-ε model) with the effects of density stratification. On the basis of this extended model, the study reproduced the measured thermohaline properties of a perennially-prominent supercooled ice shelf–ocean​ boundary current underneath the Amery Ice Shelf in East Antarctica, and conducted extensive sensitivity runs to a wide range of factors, including advection of scalar quantities, far-field geostrophic currents, basal slope, and the distribution of frazil ice crystal size. Based on the simulation results, the following conclusions can be drawn: Firstly, it can be difficult to reasonably reproduce the vertical structure of the ice shelf–ocean boundary current using a constant eddy viscosity/diffusivity near the ice shelf base. Secondly, although there are no direct observations of the size of frazil ice crystals beneath the ice shelves, the size of the finest ice crystals that play an important role in controlling the ice shelf–ocean boundary current is strongly suggested. Lastly, but most importantly, the ice shelf–ocean boundary layer response to the vertical gradient of frazil ice concentration will significantly reduce the level of turbulence. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of the strong interaction between frazil ice formation and the hydrodynamics and thermodynamics of ice shelf–ocean boundary layer. This interaction must not only be included, but also be resolved at high resolutions in three-dimensional coupled ice shelf–ocean models applied to cold ice cavities, which will have a potential impact on the overall ice shelf mass balance and the Antarctic Bottom Water production.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-04},
	journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	author = {Cheng, Chen and Jenkins, Adrian and Wang, Zhaomin and Liu, Chengyan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Turbulence, Stratification, Ice shelf, Boundary current, Frazil ice, Supercooling},
	pages = {101712},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/WFWKXXF8/Cheng et al. - 2020 - Modeling the vertical structure of the ice shelf–o.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/UTTS9J5B/S1463500320302146.html:text/html},
}

@article{magorrian_turbulent_2016,
	title = {Turbulent plumes from a glacier terminus melting in a stratified ocean},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JC011160/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JC011160},
	abstract = {The melting of submerged faces of marine-terminating glaciers is a key contributor to the glacial mass budget via direct thermodynamic ablation and the impact of ablation on calving. This study considers the behaviour of turbulent plumes of buoyant meltwater in a stratified ocean, generated by melting of either near-vertical calving faces or sloping ice shelves. We build insight by applying a turbulent plume model to describe melting of a locally planar region of ice face in a linearly stratified ocean, in a regime where subglacial discharge is insignificant. The plumes rise until becoming neutrally buoyant, before intruding into the ocean background. For strong stratifications, we obtain leading-order scaling laws for the flow including the height reached by the plume before intrusion, and the melt rate, expressed in terms of the background ocean temperature and salinity stratifications. These scaling laws provide a new perspective for parameterising glacial melting in response to a piecewise-linear discretisation of the ocean stratification. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2016-06-28},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Magorrian, Samuel J. and Wells, Andrew J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
	note = {00000},
	keywords = {plumes, stratified flow, Cryosphere / Ice shelves, Cryosphere / Glaciers, Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes, Ocean / ice-ocean / Analytical modeling and laboratory experiments, Cryosphere / Glacier / Tidewater, Ocean / Meltwater plume, Fluid Dynamics / Hydrodynamic modeling},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/3VKPHLS7/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{adusumilli_variable_2018,
	title = {Variable {Basal} {Melt} {Rates} of {Antarctic} {Peninsula} {Ice} {Shelves}, 1994–2016},
	volume = {45},
	copyright = {©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {1944-8007},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL076652},
	doi = {10.1002/2017GL076652},
	abstract = {We have constructed 23-year (1994–2016) time series of Antarctic Peninsula (AP) ice-shelf height change using data from four satellite radar altimeters (ERS-1, ERS-2, Envisat, and CryoSat-2). Combining these time series with output from atmospheric and firn models, we partitioned the total height-change signal into contributions from varying surface mass balance, firn state, ice dynamics, and basal mass balance. On the Bellingshausen coast of the AP, ice shelves lost 84 ± 34 Gt a−1 to basal melting, compared to contributions of 50 ± 7 Gt a−1 from surface mass balance and ice dynamics. Net basal melting on the Weddell coast was 51 ± 71 Gt a−1. Recent changes in ice-shelf height include increases over major AP ice shelves driven by changes in firn state. Basal melt rates near Bawden Ice Rise, a major pinning point of Larsen C Ice Shelf, showed large increases, potentially leading to substantial loss of buttressing if sustained.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2018-08-24},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Adusumilli, Susheel and Fricker, Helen Amanda and Siegfried, Matthew R. and Padman, Laurie and Paolo, Fernando S. and Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Ice Shelves, Mass Balance, Satellite Altimetry, Climate / Variability, Antarctica / Antarctic Peninsula},
	pages = {4086--4095},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/EGNPRYWP/Adusumilli et al. - 2018 - Variable Basal Melt Rates of Antarctic Peninsula I.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/N77VASF5/2017GL076652.html:text/html},
}

@article{rignot_ice-shelf_2013,
	title = {Ice-{Shelf} {Melting} {Around} {Antarctica}},
	volume = {341},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1235798},
	abstract = {We compare the volume flux divergence of Antarctic ice shelves in 2007 and 2008 with 1979 to 2010 surface accumulation and 2003 to 2008 thinning to determine their rates of melting and mass balance. Basal melt of 1325 ± 235 gigatons per year (Gt/year) exceeds a calving flux of 1089 ± 139 Gt/year, making ice-shelf melting the largest ablation process in Antarctica. The giant cold-cavity Ross, Filchner, and Ronne ice shelves covering two-thirds of the total ice-shelf area account for only 15\% of net melting. Half of the meltwater comes from 10 small, warm-cavity Southeast Pacific ice shelves occupying 8\% of the area. A similar high melt/area ratio is found for six East Antarctic ice shelves, implying undocumented strong ocean thermal forcing on their deep grounding lines.
Major Meltdown
The ice shelves and floating ice tongues that surround Antarctica cover more than 1.5 million square kilometers—approximately the size of the entire Greenland Ice Sheet. Conventional wisdom has held that ice shelves around Antarctica lose mass mostly by iceberg calving, but recently it has become increasingly clear that melting by a warming ocean may also be important. Rignot et al. (p. 266, published 13 June) present detailed glaciological estimates of ice-shelf melting around the entire continent of Antarctica, which show that basal melting accounts for as much mass loss as does calving.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6143},
	urldate = {2016-01-07},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Rignot, Eric and Jacobs, S. and Mouginot, J. and Scheuchl, B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {266--270},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/3DA2I9RM/Rignot et al. - 2013 - Ice-Shelf Melting Around Antarctica.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/VGTQ57TT/266.html:text/html},
}

@article{reese_far_2018,
	title = {The far reach of ice-shelf thinning in {Antarctica}},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
	issn = {1758-6798},
	doi = {10.1038/s41558-017-0020-x},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Ice loss from Antarctica is sensitive to changes in ice shelves. Finite-element modelling reveals that localized ice-shelf thinning, particularly in locations vulnerable to warm water intrusion, can have far-reaching impacts via tele-buttressing.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {En},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Reese, R. and Gudmundsson, G. H. and Levermann, A. and Winkelmann, R.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {53},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/L4P3QTAE/Reese et al. - 2018 - The far reach of ice-shelf thinning in Antarctica.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/CV39BUCC/s41558-017-0020-x.html:text/html},
}

@article{ruan_ice-shelf_2021,
	title = {Ice-{Shelf} {Meltwater} {Overturning} in the {Bellingshausen} {Sea}},
	volume = {126},
	copyright = {© 2021. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2020JC016957},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016957},
	abstract = {Hydrographic data are analyzed for the broad continental shelf of the Bellingshausen Sea, which is host to a number of rapidly thinning ice shelves. The flow of warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the continental shelf is observed in the two major glacially carved troughs, the Belgica and Latady troughs. Using ship-based measurements of potential temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, collected across several coast-to-coast transects over the Bellingshausen shelf in 2007, the velocity and circulation patterns are inferred based on geostrophic balance and further constrained by the tracer and mass budgets. Meltwater was observed at the surface and at intermediate depth toward the western side of the continental shelf, collocated with inferred outflows. The maximum conversion rate from the dense CDW to lighter water masses by mixing with glacial meltwater is estimated to be 0.37 ± 0.1 Sv in both depth and potential density spaces. This diapycnal overturning is comparable to previous estimates made in the neighboring Amundsen Sea, highlighting the overlooked importance of water mass modification and meltwater production associated with glacial melting in the Bellingshausen Sea.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-13},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Ruan, Xiaozhou and Speer, Kevin G. and Thompson, Andrew F. and Chretien, Lena M. Schulze and Shoosmith, Deborah R.},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Antarctica, ice-shelf melting, meltwater, overturning},
	pages = {e2020JC016957},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/7CVNZMH5/2020JC016957.html:text/html},
}

@article{schmidtko_multidecadal_2014,
	title = {Multidecadal warming of {Antarctic} waters},
	volume = {346},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org.oca.ucsc.edu/content/346/6214/1227},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1256117},
	abstract = {Decadal trends in the properties of seawater adjacent to Antarctica are poorly known, and the mechanisms responsible for such changes are uncertain. Antarctic ice sheet mass loss is largely driven by ice shelf basal melt, which is influenced by ocean-ice interactions and has been correlated with Antarctic Continental Shelf Bottom Water (ASBW) temperature. We document the spatial distribution of long-term large-scale trends in temperature, salinity, and core depth over the Antarctic continental shelf and slope. Warming at the seabed in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen seas is linked to increased heat content and to a shoaling of the mid-depth temperature maximum over the continental slope, allowing warmer, saltier water greater access to the shelf in recent years. Regions of ASBW warming are those exhibiting increased ice shelf melt.
Bringing up the problem of ice shelf melting
Warm water intruding from below is heating up the ocean that covers the continental shelf of Antarctica. Schmidtko et al. report that Circumpolar Deep Water has been warming and moving further up onto the shelf around Antarctica for the past 40 years, causing higher rates of ice sheet melting (see the Perspective by Gille). These observations need to be taken into account when considering the potential for irreversible retreat of parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Science, this issue p. 1227; see also p. 1180},
	language = {en},
	number = {6214},
	urldate = {2016-01-07},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Schmidtko, Sunke and Heywood, Karen J. and Thompson, Andrew F. and Aoki, Shigeru},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1227--1231},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/PNCMK5AX/Schmidtko et al. - 2014 - Multidecadal warming of Antarctic waters.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/IE64DRHA/1227.html:text/html},
}

@article{wahlin_pathways_2021,
	title = {Pathways and modification of warm water flowing beneath {Thwaites} {Ice} {Shelf}, {West} {Antarctica}},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/15/eabd7254},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abd7254},
	abstract = {Thwaites Glacier is the most rapidly changing outlet of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and adds large uncertainty to 21st century sea-level rise predictions. Here, we present the first direct observations of ocean temperature, salinity, and oxygen beneath Thwaites Ice Shelf front, collected by an autonomous underwater vehicle. On the basis of these data, pathways and modification of water flowing into the cavity are identified. Deep water underneath the central ice shelf derives from a previously underestimated eastern branch of warm water entering the cavity from Pine Island Bay. Inflow of warm and outflow of melt-enriched waters are identified in two seafloor troughs to the north. Spatial property gradients highlight a previously unknown convergence zone in one trough, where different water masses meet and mix. Our observations show warm water impinging from all sides on pinning points critical to ice-shelf stability, a scenario that may lead to unpinning and retreat.
The first oceanographic observations underneath Thwaites Ice Shelf front show previously unknown pathways for warm currents.
The first oceanographic observations underneath Thwaites Ice Shelf front show previously unknown pathways for warm currents.},
	language = {en},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2021-07-02},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Wåhlin, A. K. and Graham, A. G. C. and Hogan, K. A. and Queste, B. Y. and Boehme, L. and Larter, R. D. and Pettit, E. C. and Wellner, J. and Heywood, K. J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {33837074},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Research Article},
	pages = {eabd7254},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/EE6ACQ6S/Wåhlin et al. - 2021 - Pathways and modification of warm water flowing be.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/A6MDLXMP/eabd7254.html:text/html},
}

@article{webber_impact_2018,
	title = {The {Impact} of {Overturning} and {Horizontal} {Circulation} in {Pine} {Island} {Trough} on {Ice} {Shelf} {Melt} in the {Eastern} {Amundsen} {Sea}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0022-3670},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0213.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-17-0213.1},
	abstract = {The ice shelves around the Amundsen Sea are rapidly melting as a result of the circulation of relatively warm ocean water into their cavities. However, little is known about the processes that determine the variability of this circulation. Here we use an ocean circulation model to diagnose the relative importance of horizontal and vertical (overturning) circulation within Pine Island Trough, leading to Pine Island and Thwaites ice shelves. We show that melt rates and southward Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) transports covary over large parts of the continental shelf at interannual to decadal time scales. The dominant external forcing mechanism for this variability is Ekman pumping and suction on the continental shelf and at the shelf break, in agreement with previous studies. At the continental shelf break, the southward transport of CDW and heat is predominantly barotropic. Farther south within Pine Island Trough, northward and southward barotropic heat transports largely cancel, and the majority of the net southward temperature transport is facilitated by baroclinic and overturning circulations. The overturning circulation is related to water mass transformation and buoyancy gain on the shelf that is primarily facilitated by freshwater input from basal melting.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-01-07},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	author = {Webber, Benjamin G. M. and Heywood, Karen J. and Stevens, David P. and Assmann, Karen M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Ocean / Southern / Amundsen Sea Embayment, Ocean / Southern / Sub-ice-shelf circulation},
	pages = {63--83},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/SW2BJ3Z9/Webber et al. - 2018 - The Impact of Overturning and Horizontal Circulati.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/D3YKCK9E/JPO-D-17-0213.html:text/html},
}

@article{dinniman_modeling_2016,
	title = {Modeling {Ice} {Shelf}/{Ocean} {Interaction} in {Antarctica}: {A} {Review}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {10428275},
	shorttitle = {Modeling {Ice} {Shelf}/{Ocean} {Interaction} in {Antarctica}},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2016.106},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	author = {Dinniman, Michael and Asay-Davis, Xylar and Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin and Holland, Paul and Jenkins, Adrian and Timmermann, Ralph},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {144--153},
}

@article{naughten_future_2018,
	title = {Future {Projections} of {Antarctic} {Ice} {Shelf} {Melting} {Based} on {CMIP5} {Scenarios}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0894-8755},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0854.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0854.1},
	abstract = {Basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves is expected to increase during the twenty-first century as the ocean warms, which will have consequences for ice sheet stability and global sea level rise. Here we present future projections of Antarctic ice shelf melting using the Finite Element Sea Ice/Ice-Shelf Ocean Model (FESOM) forced with atmospheric output from models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). CMIP5 models are chosen based on their agreement with historical atmospheric reanalyses over the Southern Ocean; the best-performing models are ACCESS 1.0 and the CMIP5 multimodel mean. Their output is bias-corrected for the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. During the twenty-first-century simulations, total ice shelf basal mass loss increases by between 41\% and 129\%. Every sector of Antarctica shows increased basal melting in every scenario, with the largest increases occurring in the Amundsen Sea. The main mechanism driving this melting is an increase in warm Circumpolar Deep Water on the Antarctic continental shelf. A reduction in wintertime sea ice formation simulated during the twenty-first century stratifies the water column, allowing a warm bottom layer to develop and intrude into ice shelf cavities. This effect may be overestimated in the Amundsen Sea because of a cold bias in the present-day simulation. Other consequences of weakened sea ice formation include freshening of High Salinity Shelf Water and warming of Antarctic Bottom Water. Furthermore, freshening around the Antarctic coast in our simulations causes the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to weaken and the Antarctic Coastal Current to strengthen.},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2018-08-24},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Naughten, Kaitlin A. and Meissner, Katrin J. and Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K. and England, Matthew H. and Timmermann, Ralph and Hellmer, Hartmut H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {5243--5261},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/7HH4YTFM/Naughten et al. - 2018 - Future Projections of Antarctic Ice Shelf Melting .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/IK4VS7FB/JCLI-D-17-0854.html:text/html},
}

@article{naughten_intercomparison_2018,
	title = {Intercomparison of {Antarctic} ice-shelf, ocean, and sea-ice interactions simulated by {MetROMS}-iceshelf and {FESOM} 1.4},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1991-959X},
	url = {https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/11/1257/2018/},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1257-2018},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Abstract.{\textless}/strong{\textgreater} An increasing number of Southern Ocean models now include Antarctic ice-shelf cavities, and simulate thermodynamics at the ice-shelf/ocean interface. This adds another level of complexity to Southern Ocean simulations, as ice shelves interact directly with the ocean and indirectly with sea ice. Here, we present the first model intercomparison and evaluation of present-day ocean/sea-ice/ice-shelf interactions, as simulated by two models: a circumpolar Antarctic configuration of MetROMS (ROMS: Regional Ocean Modelling System coupled to CICE: Community Ice CodE) and the global model FESOM (Finite Element Sea-ice Ocean Model), where the latter is run at two different levels of horizontal resolution. From a circumpolar Antarctic perspective, we compare and evaluate simulated ice-shelf basal melting and sub-ice-shelf circulation, as well as sea-ice properties and Southern Ocean water mass characteristics as they influence the sub-ice-shelf processes. Despite their differing numerical methods, the two models produce broadly similar results and share similar biases in many cases. Both models reproduce many key features of observations but struggle to reproduce others, such as the high melt rates observed in the small warm-cavity ice shelves of the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas. Several differences in model design show a particular influence on the simulations. For example, FESOM's greater topographic smoothing can alter the geometry of some ice-shelf cavities enough to affect their melt rates; this improves at higher resolution, since less smoothing is required. In the interior Southern Ocean, the vertical coordinate system affects the degree of water mass erosion due to spurious diapycnal mixing, with MetROMS' terrain-following coordinate leading to more erosion than FESOM's {\textless}span class="inline-formula"{\textgreater}\textit{z}{\textless}/span{\textgreater} coordinate. Finally, increased horizontal resolution in FESOM leads to higher basal melt rates for small ice shelves, through a combination of stronger circulation and small-scale intrusions of warm water from offshore.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-04-29},
	journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
	author = {Naughten, Kaitlin A. and Meissner, Katrin J. and Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K. and England, Matthew H. and Timmermann, Ralph and Hellmer, Hartmut H. and Hattermann, Tore and Debernard, Jens B.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1257--1292},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/2NTVBXAM/Naughten et al. - 2018 - Intercomparison of Antarctic ice-shelf, ocean, and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/ILITQRGH/2018.html:text/html},
}

@article{edwards_projected_2021,
	title = {Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise},
	volume = {593},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03302-y},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03302-y},
	abstract = {The land ice contribution to global mean sea level rise has not yet been predicted1 using ice sheet and glacier models for the latest set of socio-economic scenarios, nor using coordinated exploration of uncertainties arising from the various computer models involved. Two recent international projects generated a large suite of projections using multiple models2–8, but primarily used previous-generation scenarios9 and climate models10, and could not fully explore known uncertainties. Here we estimate probability distributions for these projections under the new scenarios11,12 using statistical emulation of the ice sheet and glacier models. We find that limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius would halve the land ice contribution to twenty-first-century sea level rise, relative to current emissions pledges. The median decreases from 25 to 13 centimetres sea level equivalent (SLE) by 2100, with glaciers responsible for half the sea level contribution. The projected Antarctic contribution does not show a clear response to the emissions scenario, owing to uncertainties in the competing processes of increasing ice loss and snowfall accumulation in a warming climate. However, under risk-averse (pessimistic) assumptions, Antarctic ice loss could be five times higher, increasing the median land ice contribution to 42 centimetres SLE under current policies and pledges, with the 95th percentile projection exceeding half a metre even under 1.5 degrees Celsius warming. This would severely limit the possibility of mitigating future coastal flooding. Given this large range (between 13 centimetres SLE using the main projections under 1.5 degrees Celsius warming and 42 centimetres SLE using risk-averse projections under current pledges), adaptation planning for twenty-first-century sea level rise must account for a factor-of-three uncertainty in the land ice contribution until climate policies and the Antarctic response are further constrained.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7857},
	urldate = {2021-05-05},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Edwards, Tamsin L. and Nowicki, Sophie and Marzeion, Ben and Hock, Regine and Goelzer, Heiko and Seroussi, Hélène and Jourdain, Nicolas C. and Slater, Donald A. and Turner, Fiona E. and Smith, Christopher J. and McKenna, Christine M. and Simon, Erika and Abe-Ouchi, Ayako and Gregory, Jonathan M. and Larour, Eric and Lipscomb, William H. and Payne, Antony J. and Shepherd, Andrew and Agosta, Cécile and Alexander, Patrick and Albrecht, Torsten and Anderson, Brian and Asay-Davis, Xylar and Aschwanden, Andy and Barthel, Alice and Bliss, Andrew and Calov, Reinhard and Chambers, Christopher and Champollion, Nicolas and Choi, Youngmin and Cullather, Richard and Cuzzone, Joshua and Dumas, Christophe and Felikson, Denis and Fettweis, Xavier and Fujita, Koji and Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K. and Gladstone, Rupert and Golledge, Nicholas R. and Greve, Ralf and Hattermann, Tore and Hoffman, Matthew J. and Humbert, Angelika and Huss, Matthias and Huybrechts, Philippe and Immerzeel, Walter and Kleiner, Thomas and Kraaijenbrink, Philip and Le Clec’h, Sébastien and Lee, Victoria and Leguy, Gunter R. and Little, Christopher M. and Lowry, Daniel P. and Malles, Jan-Hendrik and Martin, Daniel F. and Maussion, Fabien and Morlighem, Mathieu and O’Neill, James F. and Nias, Isabel and Pattyn, Frank and Pelle, Tyler and Price, Stephen F. and Quiquet, Aurélien and Radić, Valentina and Reese, Ronja and Rounce, David R. and Rückamp, Martin and Sakai, Akiko and Shafer, Courtney and Schlegel, Nicole-Jeanne and Shannon, Sarah and Smith, Robin S. and Straneo, Fiammetta and Sun, Sainan and Tarasov, Lev and Trusel, Luke D. and Van Breedam, Jonas and van de Wal, Roderik and van den Broeke, Michiel and Winkelmann, Ricarda and Zekollari, Harry and Zhao, Chen and Zhang, Tong and Zwinger, Thomas},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 7857
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {74--82},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/E55T38XT/Edwards et al. - 2021 - Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-c.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/DTHAP3QW/s41586-021-03302-y.html:text/html},
}

@article{purkey_unabated_2018,
	title = {Unabated {Bottom} {Water} {Warming} and {Freshening} in the {South} {Pacific} {Ocean}},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018JC014775},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JC014775},
	abstract = {Abyssal ocean warming contributed substantially to anthropogenic ocean heat uptake and global sea level rise between 1990 and 2010. In the 2010s, several hydrographic sections crossing the South Pacific Ocean were occupied for a third or fourth time since the 1990s, allowing for an assessment of the decadal variability in the local abyssal ocean properties among the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. These observations from three decades reveal steady to accelerated bottom water warming since the 1990s. Strong abyssal (z {\textgreater} 4000 m) warming of 3.5 (±1.4) m°C yr-1 (m°C=10-3 °C) is observed in the Ross Sea, directly downstream from bottom water formation sites, with warming rates of 2.5 (±0.4) m°C yr-1 to the east in the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Basin and 1.3 (±0.2) m°C yr-1 to the north in the Southwest Pacific Basin, all associated with a bottom-intensified descent of the deepest isotherms. Warming is consistently found across all sections and their occupations within each basin, demonstrating the abyssal warming is monotonic, basin-wide, and multi-decadal. In addition, bottom water freshening was strongest in the Ross Sea, with smaller amplitude in the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Basin in the 2000s, but is discernible in portions of the Southwest Pacific Basin by the 2010s. These results indicate that bottom water freshening, stemming from strong freshening of Ross Shelf Waters, is being advected along deep isopycnals and mixed into deep basins, albeit on longer timescales than the dynamically driven, wave-propagated warming signal. We quantify the contribution of the warming to local sea level and heat budgets.},
	language = {en},
	number = {ja},
	urldate = {2019-02-20},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Purkey, Sarah G. and Johnson, Gregory C. and Talley, Lynne D. and Sloyan, Bernadette M. and Wijffels, Susan E. and Smethie, William and Mecking, Sabine and Katsumata, Katsuro},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Abyssal warming, Antarctic Bottom Water, Deep steric sea level, Deep warming variability, Pacific deep circulation},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/YHFBQ4CF/Purkey et al. - Unabated Bottom Water Warming and Freshening in th.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/JFVT4NH5/2018JC014775.html:text/html},
}

@book{ipcc_climate_2014,
	address = {Geneva, Switzerland},
	title = {Climate {Change} 2014: {Synthesis} {Report}. {Contribution} of {Working} {Groups} {I}, {II} and {III} to the {Fifth} {Assessment} {Report} of the {Intergovernmental} {Panel} on {Climate} {Change}.},
	publisher = {IPCC},
	author = {IPCC},
	editor = {Core Writing Team and Pachauri, R.K. and Meyer, L.A.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {00000},
}

@article{padman_ocean_2018,
	title = {Ocean {Tide} {Influences} on the {Antarctic} and {Greenland} {Ice} {Sheets}},
	issn = {1944-9208},
	doi = {10.1002/2016RG000546},
	abstract = {Ocean tides are the main source of high-frequency variability in the vertical and horizontal motion of ice sheets near their marine margins. Floating ice shelves, which occupy about half the perimeter of Antarctica and the termini of four outlet glaciers in northern Greenland, rise and fall in synchrony with the ocean tide. Lateral motion of floating and grounded portions of ice sheets near their marine margins can also include a tidal component. These tide-induced signals provide insight into the processes by which the oceans can affect ice-sheet mass balance and dynamics. In this review, we summarize in situ and satellite-based measurements of the tidal response of ice shelves and grounded ice are described, and spatial variability of ocean tide heights and currents around the ice sheets. We review sensitivity of tide heights and currents as ocean geometry responds to variations in sea level, ice shelf thickness, and ice sheet mass and extent. We then describe coupled ice-ocean models and analytical glacier models that quantify the effect of ocean tides on lower frequency ice-sheet mass loss and motion. We suggest new observations and model developments to improve the representation of tides in coupled models that are used to predict future ice-sheet mass loss and the associated contribution to sea level change. The most critical need is for new data to improve maps of bathymetry, ice shelf draft, spatial variability of the drag coefficient at the ice-ocean interface, and higher resolution models with improved representation of tidal energy sinks.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
	author = {Padman, Laurie and Siegfried, Matthew R. and Fricker, Helen A.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Cryosphere / Ice shelves, Ocean / Surface waves and tides, Cryosphere / Ice sheet / Greenland, Cryosphere / Ice sheet, Cryosphere / Ice sheet / Antarctica},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/DXSM7NGL/Padman et al. - Ocean Tide Influences on the Antarctic and Greenla.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/CYXBP57V/Padman et al. - 2018 - Ocean Tide Influences on the Antarctic and Greenla.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/MFRLZQQ5/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{robertson_tidally_2013,
	title = {Tidally induced increases in melting of {Amundsen} {Sea} ice shelves},
	volume = {118},
	copyright = {©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jgrc.20236},
	doi = {10.1002/jgrc.20236},
	abstract = {Tidal effects on the circulation under the ice shelves and ice shelf melting in the Amundsen Sea were investigated using a numerical model, through comparison of simulations with and without tides. In the Amundsen Sea, tidal impacts were dependant on the location of the ice shelf front with respect to the M2 effective critical latitude. The critical latitude is the latitude where the tidal frequency equals the inertial frequency. The effective critical latitude is where the tidal frequency equals the inertial frequency adjusted by relative vorticity, such as that associated with a wind-driven gyre. For ice shelves located equatorward of the M2 effective critical latitude, tides increased both mixing in front of and under the ice shelf and flow into the ice shelf cavities by as much as 50\%, despite weak tides compared with the mean flows. Tides also increased melting for these ice shelves by 1–3.5 m yr−1, a 50\% increase for Dotson Ice Shelf and 25\% for Pine Island Ice Shelf. These enhancements were not a result of tidal residual flows, but instead originated from resonant effects, increases in the baroclinity of the velocities, and higher mixing, all of which are associated with critical latitude effects on internal tides. For ice shelves located poleward of the effective critical latitude, tides very slightly retarded flow into the cavity and slightly reduced melting.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-01-28},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Robertson, Robin},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {ice shelves, critical latitude, surface waves and tides, topographic/bathymetric interactions},
	pages = {3138--3145},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/2DXAJACK/Robertson - 2013 - Tidally induced increases in melting of Amundsen S.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/2DUW3K4F/jgrc.html:text/html},
}

@article{mueller_impact_2012,
	title = {Impact of tide-topography interactions on basal melting of {Larsen} {C} {Ice} {Shelf}, {Antarctica}},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	doi = {10.1029/2011JC007263},
	abstract = {Basal melting of ice shelves around Antarctica contributes to formation of Antarctic Bottom Water and can affect global sea level by altering the offshore flow of grounded ice streams and glaciers. Tides influence ice shelf basal melt rate (wb) by contributing to ocean mixing and mean circulation as well as thermohaline exchanges with the ice shelf. We use a three-dimensional ocean model, thermodynamically coupled to a nonevolving ice shelf, to investigate the relationship between topography, tides, andwb for Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS) in the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Using our best estimates of ice shelf thickness and seabed topography, we find that the largest modeled LCIS melt rates occur in the northeast, where our model predicts strong diurnal tidal currents (∼0.4 m s−1). This distribution is significantly different from models with no tidal forcing, which predict largest melt rates along the deep grounding lines. We compare several model runs to explore melt rate sensitivity to geometry, initial ocean potential temperature (θ0), thermodynamic parameterizations of heat and freshwater ice-ocean exchange, and tidal forcing. The resulting range of LCIS-averagedwb is ∼0.11–0.44 m a−1. The spatial distribution of wb is very sensitive to model geometry and thermodynamic parameterization while the overall magnitude of wb is influenced by θ0. These sensitivities in wbpredictions reinforce a need for high-resolution maps of ice draft and sub-ice-shelf seabed topography together with ocean temperature measurements at the ice shelf front to improve representation of ice shelves in coupled climate system models.},
	language = {en},
	number = {C5},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Mueller, R. D. and Padman, L. and Dinniman, M. S. and Erofeeva, S. Y. and Fricker, H. A. and King, M. A.},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Antarctica, ice shelf, ice-ocean, Larsen C, ocean modeling, ROMS, modeling, Cryosphere / Ice shelves, Topographic/bathymetric interactions, Ocean / predictability and prediction},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/E73UC8XR/Mueller et al. - 2012 - Impact of tide-topography interactions on basal me.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/NQZDR9UA/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{little_how_2009,
	title = {How ice shelf morphology controls basal melting},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2008JC005197/abstract},
	doi = {10.1029/2008JC005197},
	abstract = {The response of ice shelf basal melting to climate is a function of ocean temperature, circulation, and mixing in the open ocean and the coupling of this external forcing to the sub–ice shelf circulation. Because slope strongly influences the properties of buoyancy-driven flow near the ice shelf base, ice shelf morphology plays a critical role in linking external, subsurface heat sources to the ice. In this paper, the slope-driven dynamic control of local and area-integrated melting rates is examined under a wide range of ocean temperatures and ice shelf shapes, with an emphasis on smaller, steeper ice shelves. A 3-D numerical ocean model is used to simulate the circulation underneath five idealized ice shelves, forced with subsurface ocean temperatures ranging from −2.0°C to 1.5°C. In the sub–ice shelf mixed layer, three spatially distinct dynamic regimes are present. Entrainment of heat occurs predominately under deeper sections of the ice shelf; local and area-integrated melting rates are most sensitive to changes in slope in this “initiation” region. Some entrained heat is advected upslope and used to melt ice in the “maintenance” region; however, flow convergence in the “outflow” region limits heat loss in flatter portions of the ice shelf. Heat flux to the ice exhibits (1) a spatially nonuniform, superlinear dependence on slope and (2) a shape- and temperature-dependent, internally controlled efficiency. Because the efficiency of heat flux through the mixed layer decreases with increasing ocean temperature, numerical simulations diverge from a simple quadratic scaling law.},
	language = {en},
	number = {C12},
	urldate = {2016-09-14},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Little, Christopher M. and Gnanadesikan, Anand and Oppenheimer, Michael},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	note = {00031},
	keywords = {Antarctica, ice shelf, modeling, Cryosphere / Ice shelves, Oceanography / Arctic and Antarctic, Oceanography / Upper ocean and mixed layer processes, Cryosphere / Basal melt, Cryosphere / Change},
	pages = {C12007},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/GAG62EBM/Little et al. - 2009 - How ice shelf morphology controls basal melting.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/UT5Z2CKP/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{favier_assessment_2019,
	title = {Assessment of sub-shelf melting parameterisations using the ocean–ice-sheet coupled model {NEMO}(v3.6)–{Elmer}/{Ice}(v8.3)},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {cc\_by\_4},
	issn = {1991-9603},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2255-2019},
	abstract = {Oceanic melting beneath ice shelves is the main driver of the current mass loss of the Antarctic ice sheet and is mostly parameterised in stand-alone ice-sheet modelling. Parameterisations are crude representations of reality, and their response to ocean warming has not been compared to 3-D ocean–ice-sheet coupled models. Here, we assess various melting parameterisations ranging from simple scalings with far-field thermal driving to emulators of box and plume models, using a new coupling framework combining the ocean model NEMO and the ice-sheet model Elmer/Ice. We define six idealised one-century scenarios for the far-field ocean ranging from cold to warm, and representative of potential futures for typical Antarctic ice shelves. The scenarios are used to constrain an idealised geometry of the Pine Island glacier representative of a relatively small cavity. Melt rates and sea-level contributions obtained with the parameterised stand-alone ice-sheet model are compared to the coupled model results. The plume parameterisations give good results for cold scenarios but fail and underestimate sea level contribution by tens of percent for warm(ing) scenarios, which may be improved by adapting its empirical scaling. The box parameterisation with five boxes compares fairly well to the coupled results for almost all scenarios, but further work is needed to grasp the correct number of boxes. For simple scalings, the comparison to the coupled framework shows that a quadratic as opposed to linear dependency on thermal forcing is required. In addition, the quadratic dependency is improved when melting depends on both local and non-local, i.e. averaged over the ice shelf, thermal forcing. The results of both the box and the two quadratic parameterisations fall within or close to the coupled model uncertainty. All parameterisations overestimate melting for thin ice shelves while underestimating melting in deep water near the grounding line. Further work is therefore needed to assess the validity of these melting parameteriations in more realistic set-ups.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-10-17},
	journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
	author = {Favier, Lionel and Jourdain, Nicolas C. and Jenkins, Adrian and Merino, Nacho and Durand, Gaël and Gagliardini, Olivier and Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien and Mathiot, Pierre},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2255--2283},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/LFWCBKX4/Favier et al. - 2019 - Assessment of sub-shelf melting parameterisations .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/GDCHUPDL/524023.html:text/html},
}

@article{mcconnochie_dissolution_2018,
	title = {Dissolution of a sloping solid surface by turbulent compositional convection},
	volume = {846},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/dissolution-of-a-sloping-solid-surface-by-turbulent-compositional-convection/7DDCA99A3CC478CA0EF402480D3B7EF0},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2018.282},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-10-22},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {McConnochie, Craig D. and Kerr, Ross C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {ice sheets, solidification/melting, turbulent convection},
	pages = {563--577},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/JWALACLR/McConnochie and Kerr - 2018 - Dissolution of a sloping solid surface by turbulen.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/I6JAKXQC/7DDCA99A3CC478CA0EF402480D3B7EF0.html:text/html},
}

@article{kerr_dissolution_2015,
	title = {Dissolution of a vertical solid surface by turbulent compositional convection},
	volume = {765},
	issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/dissolution-of-a-vertical-solid-surface-by-turbulent-compositional-convection/81EA496B13414040C973DC3F3E60F95B},
	doi = {10.1017/jfm.2014.722},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-02-12},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	author = {Kerr, Ross C. and McConnochie, Craig D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {solidification/melting, turbulent convection, phase change},
	pages = {211--228},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/UU86ZM4Q/Kerr and McConnochie - 2015 - Dissolution of a vertical solid surface by turbule.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/VQU27SRD/81EA496B13414040C973DC3F3E60F95B.html:text/html},
}

@article{jourdain_ocean_2017,
	title = {Ocean circulation and sea-ice thinning induced by melting ice shelves in the {Amundsen} {Sea}},
	volume = {122},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016JC012509/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JC012509},
	abstract = {A 1/12° ocean model configuration of the Amundsen Sea sector is developed to better understand the circulation induced by ice-shelf melt and the impacts on the surrounding ocean and sea ice. Eighteen sensitivity experiments to drag and heat exchange coefficients at the ice shelf/ocean interface are performed. The total melt rate simulated in each cavity is function of the thermal Stanton number, and for a given thermal Stanton number, melt is slightly higher for lower values of the drag coefficient. Sub-ice-shelf melt induces a thermohaline circulation that pumps warm circumpolar deep water into the cavity. The related volume flux into a cavity is 100–500 times stronger than the melt volume flux itself. Ice-shelf melt also induces a coastal barotropic current that contributes 45 ± 12\% of the total simulated coastal transport. Due to the presence of warm circumpolar deep waters, the melt-induced inflow typically brings 4–20 times more heat into the cavities than the latent heat required for melt. For currently observed melt rates, approximately 6–31\% of the heat that enters a cavity with melting potential is actually used to melt ice shelves. For increasing sub-ice-shelf melt rates, the transport in the cavity becomes stronger, and more heat is pumped from the deep layers to the upper part of the cavity then advected toward the ocean surface in front of the ice shelf. Therefore, more ice-shelf melt induces less sea-ice volume near the ice sheet margins.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-01-17},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Jourdain, Nicolas C. and Mathiot, Pierre and Merino, Nacho and Durand, Gaël and Le Sommer, Julien and Spence, Paul and Dutrieux, Pierre and Madec, Gurvan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {ice shelf, modeling, efficiency, ocean circulation, sea ice, Cryosphere / Ice shelves, Oceanography / water masses, Cryosphere / Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes, Ocean / Southern / Amundsen Sea, Ocean / CDW},
	pages = {2550--2573},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/3CFR53F4/Jourdain et al. - 2017 - Ocean circulation and sea-ice thinning induced by .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/ZDJVVTQF/abstract.html:text/html},
}

@article{franks_has_2015,
	title = {Has {Sverdrup}'s critical depth hypothesis been tested? {Mixed} layers vs. turbulent layers},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {1054-3139},
	shorttitle = {Has {Sverdrup}'s critical depth hypothesis been tested?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu175},
	doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fsu175},
	abstract = {Sverdrup (1953. On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton. Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 18: 287–295) was quite careful in formulating his critical depth hypothesis, specifying a “thoroughly mixed top layer” with mixing “strong enough to distribute the plankton organisms evenly through the layer”. With a few notable exceptions, most subsequent tests of the critical depth hypothesis have ignored those assumptions, using estimates of a hydrographically defined mixed-layer depth as a proxy for the actual turbulence-driven movement of the phytoplankton. However, a closer examination of the sources of turbulence and stratification in turbulent layers shows that active turbulence is highly variable over time scales of hours, vertical scales of metres, and horizontal scales of kilometres. Furthermore, the mixed layer as defined by temperature or density gradients is a poor indicator of the depth or intensity of active turbulence. Without time series of coincident, in situ measurements of turbulence and phytoplankton rates, it is not possible to properly test Sverdrup's critical depth hypothesis.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-07-14},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
	author = {Franks, Peter J. S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1897--1907},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/HSB6GSWC/Franks - 2015 - Has Sverdrup's critical depth hypothesis been test.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sutherland_mixed_2014,
	title = {Mixed and mixing layer depths in the ocean surface boundary layer under conditions of diurnal stratification},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1944-8007},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014GL061939},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL061939},
	abstract = {AbstractA comparison between mixed (MLD) and mixing (XLD) layer depths is presented from the SubTRopical Atlantic Surface Salinity Experiment (STRASSE) cruise in the subtropical Atlantic. This study consists of 400 microstructure profiles during fairly calm and moderate conditions (2 {\textless} U10 {\textless} 10 m s−1) and strong solar heating O(1000 W m−2). The XLD is determined from a decrease in the turbulent dissipation rate to an assumed background level. Two different thresholds for the background dissipation level are tested, 10−8 and 10−9 m2 s−3, and these are compared with the MLD as calculated using a density threshold. The larger background threshold agrees with the MLD during restratification but only extends to half the MLD during nighttime convection, while the lesser threshold agrees well during convection but is deeper by a factor of 2 during restratification. Observations suggest the use of a larger density threshold to determine the MLD in a buoyancy driven regime.},
	language = {en},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2021-07-14},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	author = {Sutherland, G. and Reverdin, G. and Marié, L. and Ward, B.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {buoyancy, mixed and mixing layer depths, ocean surface boundary layer},
	pages = {8469--8476},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cbegeman/Zotero/storage/CG7ZSAS2/Sutherland et al. - 2014 - Mixed and mixing layer depths in the ocean surface.pdf:application/pdf},
}