From 836430d032f500a13d3df25093dfaea708d2cba6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Brian H Miller <41061953+SmokingPuffin@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 3 Dec 2023 15:55:15 -0800
Subject: [PATCH] day 2 polish pass

---
 content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb     | 1364 +++++++++++++++--
 ...06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb |  864 +++++++++--
 content/07_context_managers.ipynb             |  639 +++++++-
 content/08_argparse.ipynb                     |  319 +++-
 4 files changed, 2794 insertions(+), 392 deletions(-)

diff --git a/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb b/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb
index 2d92193..b5f6d92 100644
--- a/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb
+++ b/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 1,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -44,16 +44,27 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 2,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "add(1, 2)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 3,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -65,16 +76,27 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 4,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "16"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 4,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "square(4)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 5,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -86,18 +108,39 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 6,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Hello Brian!'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
-    "greeting(\"Debakar\")"
+    "greeting(\"Brian\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 7,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "type(add) = <class 'function'>\n",
+      "type(square) = <class 'function'>\n",
+      "type(greeting) = <class 'function'>\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(f\"{type(add) = }\\n{type(square) = }\\n{type(greeting) = }\")"
    ]
@@ -118,13 +161,22 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 8,
    "metadata": {
     "tags": [
      "raises-exception"
     ]
    },
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "invalid syntax (3143571765.py, line 4)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;36m  Cell \u001b[1;32mIn[8], line 4\u001b[1;36m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    add = lambda num1: int, num2: int: num1 + num2\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m                                ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "# def add(num1: int, num2: int) -> int:\n",
     "#     return num1 + num2\n",
@@ -141,7 +193,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 9,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -159,13 +211,22 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 10,
    "metadata": {
     "tags": [
      "raises-exception"
     ]
    },
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "cannot assign to lambda (2862269418.py, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;36m  Cell \u001b[1;32mIn[10], line 1\u001b[1;36m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    lambda num: num = 10\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m    ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m cannot assign to lambda\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "lambda num: num = 10"
    ]
@@ -206,9 +267,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 11,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
     "\n",
@@ -223,9 +295,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 12,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[20, 90, 120, 20, 50]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 12,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "item_quantity = [2, 3, 6, 4, 5]\n",
     "item_cost = [10, 30, 20, 5, 10]\n",
@@ -250,9 +333,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 13,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n",
     "\n",
@@ -274,11 +368,22 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 18,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 5, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 18,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
-    "items = [1, 2, 0, 5, 4, False, None, None, 0, 0]\n",
+    "items = [1, 2, 0, 5, 4, False, None, [], '', 0, 0]\n",
     "\n",
     "non_falsy = filter(None, items)\n",
     "list(non_falsy)"
@@ -293,9 +398,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 15,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9), (5, 10)]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 15,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
     "b = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n",
@@ -305,9 +421,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 16,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[(1, 6, 'a'), (2, 7, 'b'), (3, 8, 'c')]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "# length of the new iterable will be minimum of length of all the iterable\n",
     "a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
@@ -321,26 +448,79 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "Generally all this will be used combinely"
+    "The power of higher-order functions comes from combining them:"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 22,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 22,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
-    "squared_number_below_150 = filter(\n",
-    "    lambda x: x < 150, map(lambda num: num**2, range(20))\n",
+    "squares_below_150 = filter(lambda x: x < 150, \n",
+    "                                  map(lambda num: num**2, range(20))\n",
     ")\n",
-    "list(squared_number_below_150)"
+    "list(squares_below_150)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "Although list comprehension are more readable"
+    "When considering whether to use maps and filters, consider whether list comprehension syntax will be more readable."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 26,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "squares_below_150 = [x**2 for x in range(20) if x**2 < 150]\n",
+    "list(squares_below_150)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 27,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "squares_below_150 = filter(lambda x: x < 150, [x**2 for x in range(20)])\n",
+    "list(squares_below_150)"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -358,7 +538,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 28,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -375,18 +555,45 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 29,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function greeting in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "greeting(name)\n",
+      "    Generate a greeting message for the given 'name'.\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    :param str name: The name of the person to greet.\n",
+      "    :return: A greeting message.\n",
+      "    :rtype: str\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "help(greeting)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 30,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "\"\\n    Generate a greeting message for the given 'name'.\\n\\n    :param str name: The name of the person to greet.\\n    :return: A greeting message.\\n    :rtype: str\\n    \""
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 30,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "# Docstring are stored in __doc__ attribute\n",
     "greeting.__doc__"
@@ -405,7 +612,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 31,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -421,18 +628,44 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 32,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function greeting in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "greeting(name: str) -> str\n",
+      "    Generate a greeting message for the given 'name'.\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    :param name: The name of the person to greet.\n",
+      "    :return: A greeting message.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "help(greeting)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 33,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'name': str, 'return': str}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 33,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "greeting.__annotations__"
    ]
@@ -460,9 +693,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 34,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "add\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def add(a, b):\n",
     "    return a + b\n",
@@ -480,9 +721,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 35,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "('Hello',)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def greet(name, greeting=\"Hello\"):\n",
     "    return f\"{greeting}, {name}\"\n",
@@ -500,9 +749,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 36,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "None\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def greet(name, greeting=\"Hello\"):\n",
     "    return f\"{greeting}, {name}\"\n",
@@ -520,9 +777,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 37,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "2\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def add(a, b):\n",
     "    return a + b\n",
@@ -540,9 +805,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 38,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "('a', 'b', 'result')\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def multiply(a, b):\n",
     "    result = a * b\n",
@@ -561,9 +834,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 39,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(None, 3.14)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def multiply(a, b):\n",
     "    pi = 3.14\n",
@@ -583,9 +864,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 40,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "('global_var',)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "global_var = 42\n",
     "\n",
@@ -606,9 +895,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 41,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def calculate(a, b):\n",
     "    result = a + b\n",
@@ -634,9 +931,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 42,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(name, greeting='Hello')\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import inspect\n",
     "\n",
@@ -658,9 +963,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 43,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "def square(x):\n",
+      "    return x**2\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import inspect\n",
     "\n",
@@ -682,9 +997,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 44,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Multiply two numbers and return the result.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import inspect\n",
     "\n",
@@ -709,9 +1032,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 46,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[('__doc__', 'This module provides access to the mathematical functions\\ndefined by the C standard.'), ('__loader__', <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>), ('__name__', 'math'), ('__package__', ''), ('__spec__', ModuleSpec(name='math', loader=<class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, origin='built-in')), ('acos', <built-in function acos>), ('acosh', <built-in function acosh>), ('asin', <built-in function asin>), ('asinh', <built-in function asinh>), ('atan', <built-in function atan>), ('atan2', <built-in function atan2>), ('atanh', <built-in function atanh>), ('cbrt', <built-in function cbrt>), ('ceil', <built-in function ceil>), ('comb', <built-in function comb>), ('copysign', <built-in function copysign>), ('cos', <built-in function cos>), ('cosh', <built-in function cosh>), ('degrees', <built-in function degrees>), ('dist', <built-in function dist>), ('e', 2.718281828459045), ('erf', <built-in function erf>), ('erfc', <built-in function erfc>), ('exp', <built-in function exp>), ('exp2', <built-in function exp2>), ('expm1', <built-in function expm1>), ('fabs', <built-in function fabs>), ('factorial', <built-in function factorial>), ('floor', <built-in function floor>), ('fmod', <built-in function fmod>), ('frexp', <built-in function frexp>), ('fsum', <built-in function fsum>), ('gamma', <built-in function gamma>), ('gcd', <built-in function gcd>), ('hypot', <built-in function hypot>), ('inf', inf), ('isclose', <built-in function isclose>), ('isfinite', <built-in function isfinite>), ('isinf', <built-in function isinf>), ('isnan', <built-in function isnan>), ('isqrt', <built-in function isqrt>), ('lcm', <built-in function lcm>), ('ldexp', <built-in function ldexp>), ('lgamma', <built-in function lgamma>), ('log', <built-in function log>), ('log10', <built-in function log10>), ('log1p', <built-in function log1p>), ('log2', <built-in function log2>), ('modf', <built-in function modf>), ('nan', nan), ('nextafter', <built-in function nextafter>), ('perm', <built-in function perm>), ('pi', 3.141592653589793), ('pow', <built-in function pow>), ('prod', <built-in function prod>), ('radians', <built-in function radians>), ('remainder', <built-in function remainder>), ('sin', <built-in function sin>), ('sinh', <built-in function sinh>), ('sqrt', <built-in function sqrt>), ('tan', <built-in function tan>), ('tanh', <built-in function tanh>), ('tau', 6.283185307179586), ('trunc', <built-in function trunc>), ('ulp', <built-in function ulp>)]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import math\n",
     "import inspect\n",
@@ -729,9 +1060,488 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "C:\\Users\\bhmiller\\AppData\\Local\\Packages\\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbz5n2kfra8p0\\LocalCache\\local-packages\\Python311\\site-packages\\numpy\\__init__.py\n",
+      "\"\"\"\n",
+      "NumPy\n",
+      "=====\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Provides\n",
+      "  1. An array object of arbitrary homogeneous items\n",
+      "  2. Fast mathematical operations over arrays\n",
+      "  3. Linear Algebra, Fourier Transforms, Random Number Generation\n",
+      "\n",
+      "How to use the documentation\n",
+      "----------------------------\n",
+      "Documentation is available in two forms: docstrings provided\n",
+      "with the code, and a loose standing reference guide, available from\n",
+      "`the NumPy homepage <https://numpy.org>`_.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "We recommend exploring the docstrings using\n",
+      "`IPython <https://ipython.org>`_, an advanced Python shell with\n",
+      "TAB-completion and introspection capabilities.  See below for further\n",
+      "instructions.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "The docstring examples assume that `numpy` has been imported as ``np``::\n",
+      "\n",
+      "  >>> import numpy as np\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Code snippets are indicated by three greater-than signs::\n",
+      "\n",
+      "  >>> x = 42\n",
+      "  >>> x = x + 1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Use the built-in ``help`` function to view a function's docstring::\n",
+      "\n",
+      "  >>> help(np.sort)\n",
+      "  ... # doctest: +SKIP\n",
+      "\n",
+      "For some objects, ``np.info(obj)`` may provide additional help.  This is\n",
+      "particularly true if you see the line \"Help on ufunc object:\" at the top\n",
+      "of the help() page.  Ufuncs are implemented in C, not Python, for speed.\n",
+      "The native Python help() does not know how to view their help, but our\n",
+      "np.info() function does.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "To search for documents containing a keyword, do::\n",
+      "\n",
+      "  >>> np.lookfor('keyword')\n",
+      "  ... # doctest: +SKIP\n",
+      "\n",
+      "General-purpose documents like a glossary and help on the basic concepts\n",
+      "of numpy are available under the ``doc`` sub-module::\n",
+      "\n",
+      "  >>> from numpy import doc\n",
+      "  >>> help(doc)\n",
+      "  ... # doctest: +SKIP\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Available subpackages\n",
+      "---------------------\n",
+      "lib\n",
+      "    Basic functions used by several sub-packages.\n",
+      "random\n",
+      "    Core Random Tools\n",
+      "linalg\n",
+      "    Core Linear Algebra Tools\n",
+      "fft\n",
+      "    Core FFT routines\n",
+      "polynomial\n",
+      "    Polynomial tools\n",
+      "testing\n",
+      "    NumPy testing tools\n",
+      "distutils\n",
+      "    Enhancements to distutils with support for\n",
+      "    Fortran compilers support and more  (for Python <= 3.11).\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Utilities\n",
+      "---------\n",
+      "test\n",
+      "    Run numpy unittests\n",
+      "show_config\n",
+      "    Show numpy build configuration\n",
+      "matlib\n",
+      "    Make everything matrices.\n",
+      "__version__\n",
+      "    NumPy version string\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Viewing documentation using IPython\n",
+      "-----------------------------------\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Start IPython and import `numpy` usually under the alias ``np``: `import\n",
+      "numpy as np`.  Then, directly past or use the ``%cpaste`` magic to paste\n",
+      "examples into the shell.  To see which functions are available in `numpy`,\n",
+      "type ``np.<TAB>`` (where ``<TAB>`` refers to the TAB key), or use\n",
+      "``np.*cos*?<ENTER>`` (where ``<ENTER>`` refers to the ENTER key) to narrow\n",
+      "down the list.  To view the docstring for a function, use\n",
+      "``np.cos?<ENTER>`` (to view the docstring) and ``np.cos??<ENTER>`` (to view\n",
+      "the source code).\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Copies vs. in-place operation\n",
+      "-----------------------------\n",
+      "Most of the functions in `numpy` return a copy of the array argument\n",
+      "(e.g., `np.sort`).  In-place versions of these functions are often\n",
+      "available as array methods, i.e. ``x = np.array([1,2,3]); x.sort()``.\n",
+      "Exceptions to this rule are documented.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\"\"\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# start delvewheel patch\n",
+      "def _delvewheel_patch_1_5_1():\n",
+      "    import os\n",
+      "    libs_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), os.pardir, 'numpy.libs'))\n",
+      "    if os.path.isdir(libs_dir):\n",
+      "        os.add_dll_directory(libs_dir)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "_delvewheel_patch_1_5_1()\n",
+      "del _delvewheel_patch_1_5_1\n",
+      "# end delvewheel patch\n",
+      "\n",
+      "import sys\n",
+      "import warnings\n",
+      "\n",
+      "from ._globals import _NoValue, _CopyMode\n",
+      "# These exceptions were moved in 1.25 and are hidden from __dir__()\n",
+      "from .exceptions import (\n",
+      "    ComplexWarning, ModuleDeprecationWarning, VisibleDeprecationWarning,\n",
+      "    TooHardError, AxisError)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# If a version with git hash was stored, use that instead\n",
+      "from . import version\n",
+      "from .version import __version__\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# We first need to detect if we're being called as part of the numpy setup\n",
+      "# procedure itself in a reliable manner.\n",
+      "try:\n",
+      "    __NUMPY_SETUP__\n",
+      "except NameError:\n",
+      "    __NUMPY_SETUP__ = False\n",
+      "\n",
+      "if __NUMPY_SETUP__:\n",
+      "    sys.stderr.write('Running from numpy source directory.\\n')\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    # Allow distributors to run custom init code before importing numpy.core\n",
+      "    from . import _distributor_init\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    try:\n",
+      "        from numpy.__config__ import show as show_config\n",
+      "    except ImportError as e:\n",
+      "        msg = \"\"\"Error importing numpy: you should not try to import numpy from\n",
+      "        its source directory; please exit the numpy source tree, and relaunch\n",
+      "        your python interpreter from there.\"\"\"\n",
+      "        raise ImportError(msg) from e\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    __all__ = [\n",
+      "        'exceptions', 'ModuleDeprecationWarning', 'VisibleDeprecationWarning',\n",
+      "        'ComplexWarning', 'TooHardError', 'AxisError']\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # mapping of {name: (value, deprecation_msg)}\n",
+      "    __deprecated_attrs__ = {}\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    from . import core\n",
+      "    from .core import *\n",
+      "    from . import compat\n",
+      "    from . import exceptions\n",
+      "    from . import dtypes\n",
+      "    from . import lib\n",
+      "    # NOTE: to be revisited following future namespace cleanup.\n",
+      "    # See gh-14454 and gh-15672 for discussion.\n",
+      "    from .lib import *\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    from . import linalg\n",
+      "    from . import fft\n",
+      "    from . import polynomial\n",
+      "    from . import random\n",
+      "    from . import ctypeslib\n",
+      "    from . import ma\n",
+      "    from . import matrixlib as _mat\n",
+      "    from .matrixlib import *\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Deprecations introduced in NumPy 1.20.0, 2020-06-06\n",
+      "    import builtins as _builtins\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    _msg = (\n",
+      "        \"module 'numpy' has no attribute '{n}'.\\n\"\n",
+      "        \"`np.{n}` was a deprecated alias for the builtin `{n}`. \"\n",
+      "        \"To avoid this error in existing code, use `{n}` by itself. \"\n",
+      "        \"Doing this will not modify any behavior and is safe. {extended_msg}\\n\"\n",
+      "        \"The aliases was originally deprecated in NumPy 1.20; for more \"\n",
+      "        \"details and guidance see the original release note at:\\n\"\n",
+      "        \"    https://numpy.org/devdocs/release/1.20.0-notes.html#deprecations\")\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    _specific_msg = (\n",
+      "        \"If you specifically wanted the numpy scalar type, use `np.{}` here.\")\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    _int_extended_msg = (\n",
+      "        \"When replacing `np.{}`, you may wish to use e.g. `np.int64` \"\n",
+      "        \"or `np.int32` to specify the precision. If you wish to review \"\n",
+      "        \"your current use, check the release note link for \"\n",
+      "        \"additional information.\")\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    _type_info = [\n",
+      "        (\"object\", \"\"),  # The NumPy scalar only exists by name.\n",
+      "        (\"bool\", _specific_msg.format(\"bool_\")),\n",
+      "        (\"float\", _specific_msg.format(\"float64\")),\n",
+      "        (\"complex\", _specific_msg.format(\"complex128\")),\n",
+      "        (\"str\", _specific_msg.format(\"str_\")),\n",
+      "        (\"int\", _int_extended_msg.format(\"int\"))]\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    __former_attrs__ = {\n",
+      "         n: _msg.format(n=n, extended_msg=extended_msg)\n",
+      "         for n, extended_msg in _type_info\n",
+      "     }\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Future warning introduced in NumPy 1.24.0, 2022-11-17\n",
+      "    _msg = (\n",
+      "        \"`np.{n}` is a deprecated alias for `{an}`.  (Deprecated NumPy 1.24)\")\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Some of these are awkward (since `np.str` may be preferable in the long\n",
+      "    # term), but overall the names ending in 0 seem undesirable\n",
+      "    _type_info = [\n",
+      "        (\"bool8\", bool_, \"np.bool_\"),\n",
+      "        (\"int0\", intp, \"np.intp\"),\n",
+      "        (\"uint0\", uintp, \"np.uintp\"),\n",
+      "        (\"str0\", str_, \"np.str_\"),\n",
+      "        (\"bytes0\", bytes_, \"np.bytes_\"),\n",
+      "        (\"void0\", void, \"np.void\"),\n",
+      "        (\"object0\", object_,\n",
+      "            \"`np.object0` is a deprecated alias for `np.object_`. \"\n",
+      "            \"`object` can be used instead.  (Deprecated NumPy 1.24)\")]\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Some of these could be defined right away, but most were aliases to\n",
+      "    # the Python objects and only removed in NumPy 1.24.  Defining them should\n",
+      "    # probably wait for NumPy 1.26 or 2.0.\n",
+      "    # When defined, these should possibly not be added to `__all__` to avoid\n",
+      "    # import with `from numpy import *`.\n",
+      "    __future_scalars__ = {\"bool\", \"long\", \"ulong\", \"str\", \"bytes\", \"object\"}\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    __deprecated_attrs__.update({\n",
+      "        n: (alias, _msg.format(n=n, an=an)) for n, alias, an in _type_info})\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    __deprecated_attrs__['math'] = (math,\n",
+      "        \"`np.math` is a deprecated alias for the standard library `math` \"\n",
+      "        \"module (Deprecated Numpy 1.25). Replace usages of `np.math` with \"\n",
+      "        \"`math`\")\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    del math, _msg, _type_info\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    from .core import abs\n",
+      "    # now that numpy modules are imported, can initialize limits\n",
+      "    core.getlimits._register_known_types()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    __all__.extend(['__version__', 'show_config'])\n",
+      "    __all__.extend(core.__all__)\n",
+      "    __all__.extend(_mat.__all__)\n",
+      "    __all__.extend(lib.__all__)\n",
+      "    __all__.extend(['linalg', 'fft', 'random', 'ctypeslib', 'ma'])\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Remove min and max from __all__ to avoid `from numpy import *` override\n",
+      "    # the builtins min/max. Temporary fix for 1.25.x/1.26.x, see gh-24229.\n",
+      "    __all__.remove('min')\n",
+      "    __all__.remove('max')\n",
+      "    __all__.remove('round')\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Remove one of the two occurrences of `issubdtype`, which is exposed as\n",
+      "    # both `numpy.core.issubdtype` and `numpy.lib.issubdtype`.\n",
+      "    __all__.remove('issubdtype')\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # These are exported by np.core, but are replaced by the builtins below\n",
+      "    # remove them to ensure that we don't end up with `np.long == np.int_`,\n",
+      "    # which would be a breaking change.\n",
+      "    del long, unicode\n",
+      "    __all__.remove('long')\n",
+      "    __all__.remove('unicode')\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Remove things that are in the numpy.lib but not in the numpy namespace\n",
+      "    # Note that there is a test (numpy/tests/test_public_api.py:test_numpy_namespace)\n",
+      "    # that prevents adding more things to the main namespace by accident.\n",
+      "    # The list below will grow until the `from .lib import *` fixme above is\n",
+      "    # taken care of\n",
+      "    __all__.remove('Arrayterator')\n",
+      "    del Arrayterator\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # These names were removed in NumPy 1.20.  For at least one release,\n",
+      "    # attempts to access these names in the numpy namespace will trigger\n",
+      "    # a warning, and calling the function will raise an exception.\n",
+      "    _financial_names = ['fv', 'ipmt', 'irr', 'mirr', 'nper', 'npv', 'pmt',\n",
+      "                        'ppmt', 'pv', 'rate']\n",
+      "    __expired_functions__ = {\n",
+      "        name: (f'In accordance with NEP 32, the function {name} was removed '\n",
+      "               'from NumPy version 1.20.  A replacement for this function '\n",
+      "               'is available in the numpy_financial library: '\n",
+      "               'https://pypi.org/project/numpy-financial')\n",
+      "        for name in _financial_names}\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Filter out Cython harmless warnings\n",
+      "    warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\", message=\"numpy.dtype size changed\")\n",
+      "    warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\", message=\"numpy.ufunc size changed\")\n",
+      "    warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\", message=\"numpy.ndarray size changed\")\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # oldnumeric and numarray were removed in 1.9. In case some packages import\n",
+      "    # but do not use them, we define them here for backward compatibility.\n",
+      "    oldnumeric = 'removed'\n",
+      "    numarray = 'removed'\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    def __getattr__(attr):\n",
+      "        # Warn for expired attributes, and return a dummy function\n",
+      "        # that always raises an exception.\n",
+      "        import warnings\n",
+      "        import math\n",
+      "        try:\n",
+      "            msg = __expired_functions__[attr]\n",
+      "        except KeyError:\n",
+      "            pass\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "            def _expired(*args, **kwds):\n",
+      "                raise RuntimeError(msg)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "            return _expired\n",
+      "\n",
+      "        # Emit warnings for deprecated attributes\n",
+      "        try:\n",
+      "            val, msg = __deprecated_attrs__[attr]\n",
+      "        except KeyError:\n",
+      "            pass\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)\n",
+      "            return val\n",
+      "\n",
+      "        if attr in __future_scalars__:\n",
+      "            # And future warnings for those that will change, but also give\n",
+      "            # the AttributeError\n",
+      "            warnings.warn(\n",
+      "                f\"In the future `np.{attr}` will be defined as the \"\n",
+      "                \"corresponding NumPy scalar.\", FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "        if attr in __former_attrs__:\n",
+      "            raise AttributeError(__former_attrs__[attr])\n",
+      "\n",
+      "        if attr == 'testing':\n",
+      "            import numpy.testing as testing\n",
+      "            return testing\n",
+      "        elif attr == 'Tester':\n",
+      "            \"Removed in NumPy 1.25.0\"\n",
+      "            raise RuntimeError(\"Tester was removed in NumPy 1.25.\")\n",
+      "\n",
+      "        raise AttributeError(\"module {!r} has no attribute \"\n",
+      "                             \"{!r}\".format(__name__, attr))\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    def __dir__():\n",
+      "        public_symbols = globals().keys() | {'testing'}\n",
+      "        public_symbols -= {\n",
+      "            \"core\", \"matrixlib\",\n",
+      "            # These were moved in 1.25 and may be deprecated eventually:\n",
+      "            \"ModuleDeprecationWarning\", \"VisibleDeprecationWarning\",\n",
+      "            \"ComplexWarning\", \"TooHardError\", \"AxisError\"\n",
+      "        }\n",
+      "        return list(public_symbols)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Pytest testing\n",
+      "    from numpy._pytesttester import PytestTester\n",
+      "    test = PytestTester(__name__)\n",
+      "    del PytestTester\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    def _sanity_check():\n",
+      "        \"\"\"\n",
+      "        Quick sanity checks for common bugs caused by environment.\n",
+      "        There are some cases e.g. with wrong BLAS ABI that cause wrong\n",
+      "        results under specific runtime conditions that are not necessarily\n",
+      "        achieved during test suite runs, and it is useful to catch those early.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "        See https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/8577 and other\n",
+      "        similar bug reports.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "        \"\"\"\n",
+      "        try:\n",
+      "            x = ones(2, dtype=float32)\n",
+      "            if not abs(x.dot(x) - float32(2.0)) < 1e-5:\n",
+      "                raise AssertionError()\n",
+      "        except AssertionError:\n",
+      "            msg = (\"The current Numpy installation ({!r}) fails to \"\n",
+      "                   \"pass simple sanity checks. This can be caused for example \"\n",
+      "                   \"by incorrect BLAS library being linked in, or by mixing \"\n",
+      "                   \"package managers (pip, conda, apt, ...). Search closed \"\n",
+      "                   \"numpy issues for similar problems.\")\n",
+      "            raise RuntimeError(msg.format(__file__)) from None\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    _sanity_check()\n",
+      "    del _sanity_check\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    def _mac_os_check():\n",
+      "        \"\"\"\n",
+      "        Quick Sanity check for Mac OS look for accelerate build bugs.\n",
+      "        Testing numpy polyfit calls init_dgelsd(LAPACK)\n",
+      "        \"\"\"\n",
+      "        try:\n",
+      "            c = array([3., 2., 1.])\n",
+      "            x = linspace(0, 2, 5)\n",
+      "            y = polyval(c, x)\n",
+      "            _ = polyfit(x, y, 2, cov=True)\n",
+      "        except ValueError:\n",
+      "            pass\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    if sys.platform == \"darwin\":\n",
+      "        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:\n",
+      "            _mac_os_check()\n",
+      "            # Throw runtime error, if the test failed Check for warning and error_message\n",
+      "            error_message = \"\"\n",
+      "            if len(w) > 0:\n",
+      "                error_message = \"{}: {}\".format(w[-1].category.__name__, str(w[-1].message))\n",
+      "                msg = (\n",
+      "                    \"Polyfit sanity test emitted a warning, most likely due \"\n",
+      "                    \"to using a buggy Accelerate backend.\"\n",
+      "                    \"\\nIf you compiled yourself, more information is available at:\"\n",
+      "                    \"\\nhttps://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/building.html#accelerated-blas-lapack-libraries\"\n",
+      "                    \"\\nOtherwise report this to the vendor \"\n",
+      "                    \"that provided NumPy.\\n{}\\n\".format(error_message))\n",
+      "                raise RuntimeError(msg)\n",
+      "    del _mac_os_check\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # We usually use madvise hugepages support, but on some old kernels it\n",
+      "    # is slow and thus better avoided.\n",
+      "    # Specifically kernel version 4.6 had a bug fix which probably fixed this:\n",
+      "    # https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/7cf91a98e607c2f935dbcc177d70011e95b8faff\n",
+      "    import os\n",
+      "    use_hugepage = os.environ.get(\"NUMPY_MADVISE_HUGEPAGE\", None)\n",
+      "    if sys.platform == \"linux\" and use_hugepage is None:\n",
+      "        # If there is an issue with parsing the kernel version,\n",
+      "        # set use_hugepages to 0. Usage of LooseVersion will handle\n",
+      "        # the kernel version parsing better, but avoided since it\n",
+      "        # will increase the import time. See: #16679 for related discussion.\n",
+      "        try:\n",
+      "            use_hugepage = 1\n",
+      "            kernel_version = os.uname().release.split(\".\")[:2]\n",
+      "            kernel_version = tuple(int(v) for v in kernel_version)\n",
+      "            if kernel_version < (4, 6):\n",
+      "                use_hugepage = 0\n",
+      "        except ValueError:\n",
+      "            use_hugepages = 0\n",
+      "    elif use_hugepage is None:\n",
+      "        # This is not Linux, so it should not matter, just enable anyway\n",
+      "        use_hugepage = 1\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        use_hugepage = int(use_hugepage)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Note that this will currently only make a difference on Linux\n",
+      "    core.multiarray._set_madvise_hugepage(use_hugepage)\n",
+      "    del use_hugepage\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Give a warning if NumPy is reloaded or imported on a sub-interpreter\n",
+      "    # We do this from python, since the C-module may not be reloaded and\n",
+      "    # it is tidier organized.\n",
+      "    core.multiarray._multiarray_umath._reload_guard()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # default to \"weak\" promotion for \"NumPy 2\".\n",
+      "    core._set_promotion_state(\n",
+      "        os.environ.get(\"NPY_PROMOTION_STATE\",\n",
+      "                       \"weak\" if _using_numpy2_behavior() else \"legacy\"))\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Tell PyInstaller where to find hook-numpy.py\n",
+      "    def _pyinstaller_hooks_dir():\n",
+      "        from pathlib import Path\n",
+      "        return [str(Path(__file__).with_name(\"_pyinstaller\").resolve())]\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    # Remove symbols imported for internal use\n",
+      "    del os\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# Remove symbols imported for internal use\n",
+      "del sys, warnings\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import numpy as np\n",
     "import inspect\n",
@@ -750,9 +1560,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 49,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "<module '__main__'>\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import math\n",
     "import inspect\n",
@@ -786,9 +1604,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 50,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "callable(print) = True\n",
+      "callable(len) = True\n",
+      "callable(any) = True\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(f\"{callable(print) = }\")\n",
     "print(f\"{callable(len) = }\")\n",
@@ -804,9 +1632,18 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 51,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "callable(str.upper) = True\n",
+      "callable(list.append) = True\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(f\"{callable(str.upper) = }\")\n",
     "print(f\"{callable(list.append) = }\")"
@@ -821,9 +1658,18 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 52,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "callable(add) = True\n",
+      "callable(mul) = True\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def add(num1, num2):\n",
     "    return num1 + num2\n",
@@ -846,9 +1692,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 53,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "callable(Counter) = True\n",
+      "callable(Counter.current) = True\n",
+      "callable(counter.current) = True\n",
+      "callable(counter) = True\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "class Counter:\n",
     "    def __init__(self):\n",
@@ -879,9 +1736,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 54,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 54,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def square():\n",
     "    for i in range(10):\n",
@@ -904,7 +1772,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 55,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -922,7 +1790,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 56,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -937,7 +1805,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 57,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -954,18 +1822,37 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 58,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hex(id(add)) = '0x19624a1ea20'\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(f\"{hex(id(add)) = }\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 59,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 59,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "add(2, 3)"
    ]
@@ -979,7 +1866,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 60,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -988,18 +1875,35 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 61,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hex(id(add)) = '0x1962477fc40'\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(f\"{hex(id(add)) = }\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 62,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "add.__code__.co_freevars = ('func',)\n",
+      "add.__closure__ = (<cell at 0x0000019624B85E10: function object at 0x0000019624A1EA20>,)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(f\"{add.__code__.co_freevars = }\")\n",
     "print(f\"{add.__closure__ = }\")"
@@ -1014,16 +1918,34 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 63,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Caling add with args = (2, 3) and kwargs = {}\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 63,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "add(2, 3)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 64,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1034,7 +1956,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 65,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1043,9 +1965,18 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 66,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Caling gravitational_force with args = (5.972e+24, 7.3477e+22) and kwargs = {'distance': 384400000.0}\n",
+      "The gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon is 1.98e+20 Newtons.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "mass1 = 5.972e24  # Mass of the Earth in kilograms\n",
     "mass2 = 7.3477e22  # Mass of the Moon in kilograms\n",
@@ -1057,7 +1988,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 67,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1074,9 +2005,27 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 68,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Caling add with args = (2, 3) and kwargs = {}\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 68,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "add(2, 3)"
    ]
@@ -1104,25 +2053,47 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 69,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'call'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 69,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "add.__name__  # name should have been 'add'"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 70,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function call in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "call(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "help(add)  # docstring as well as original function signature is also lost"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 71,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1146,7 +2117,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 72,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1165,7 +2136,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 73,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1176,18 +2147,40 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 74,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'add'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 74,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "add.__name__"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 75,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function add in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "add(num1, num2)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "help(add)"
    ]
@@ -1203,9 +2196,21 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 76,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def run_multiple_times(func, num_times):\n",
     "    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):\n",
@@ -1233,13 +2238,25 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 77,
    "metadata": {
     "tags": [
      "raises-exception"
     ]
    },
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "run_multiple_times() missing 1 required positional argument: 'num_times'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32mc:\\Users\\bhmiller\\OneDrive - Intel Corporation\\Documents\\GitHub\\intermediate-python\\content\\05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb Cell 116\u001b[0m line \u001b[0;36m1\n\u001b[1;32m----> <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb#Y221sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=0'>1</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@run_multiple_times\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m5\u001b[39;49m)\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb#Y221sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=1'>2</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mrun_s3_cycle\u001b[39m():\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb#Y221sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=2'>3</a>\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mRunning S3 cycle\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb#Y221sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=5'>6</a>\u001b[0m run_s3_cycle()\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: run_multiple_times() missing 1 required positional argument: 'num_times'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "@run_multiple_times(5)\n",
     "def run_s3_cycle():\n",
@@ -1251,20 +2268,32 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 78,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "run_multiple_times() missing 1 required positional argument: 'num_times'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32mc:\\Users\\bhmiller\\OneDrive - Intel Corporation\\Documents\\GitHub\\intermediate-python\\content\\05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb Cell 117\u001b[0m line \u001b[0;36m1\n\u001b[1;32m----> <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb#Y222sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=0'>1</a>\u001b[0m decorator \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m run_multiple_times(\u001b[39m5\u001b[39;49m)  \u001b[39m# This should return the run_multiple_times with parameter num_times parameter set to 5\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb#Y222sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=2'>3</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@decorator\u001b[39m\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb#Y222sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=3'>4</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mrun_s3_cycle\u001b[39m():\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/05_other_functions_concepts.ipynb#Y222sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=4'>5</a>\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mRunning S3 cycle\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m)\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: run_multiple_times() missing 1 required positional argument: 'num_times'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
-    "# decorator = run_multiple_times(5)  # This should return the run_multiple_times with parameter num_times parameter set to 5\n",
+    "decorator = run_multiple_times(5)  # This should return the run_multiple_times with parameter num_times parameter set to 5\n",
     "\n",
-    "# @decorator\n",
-    "# def run_s3_cycle():\n",
-    "#     print(\"Running S3 cycle\")"
+    "@decorator\n",
+    "def run_s3_cycle():\n",
+    "    print(\"Running S3 cycle\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 79,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1286,9 +2315,21 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 80,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def run_s3_cycle():\n",
     "    print(\"Running S3 cycle\")\n",
@@ -1302,17 +2343,28 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "This is often time refer to as [**Currying**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying)"
+    "This is an instance of [**Currying**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 83,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n",
+      "Running S3 cycle\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "@run_multiple_times(5)\n",
-    "# @inner_decorator\n",
     "def run_s3_cycle():\n",
     "    print(\"Running S3 cycle\")\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1324,7 +2376,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "`run_multiple_times` is generally refered to as `decorator factory` since it generates a decorator."
+    "`run_multiple_times` is generally refered to as a `decorator factory` since it generates a decorator."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1336,7 +2388,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 84,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1351,9 +2403,22 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 85,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Doing some computation for num1 = 3 and num2 =5\n",
+      "some_computational_task(3, 5) = 8\n",
+      "Doing some computation for num1 = 3 and num2 =5\n",
+      "some_computational_task(3, 5) = 8\n",
+      "Doing some computation for num1 = 3 and num2 =5\n",
+      "some_computational_task(3, 5) = 8\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(f\"{some_computational_task(3, 5) = }\")\n",
     "print(f\"{some_computational_task(3, 5) = }\")\n",
@@ -1362,7 +2427,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 86,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1386,7 +2451,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 87,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1399,9 +2464,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 88,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Doing some computation for num1 = 3 and num2 =5\n",
+      "some_computational_task(3, 5) = 8\n",
+      "some_computational_task(3, 5) = 8\n",
+      "some_computational_task(3, 5) = 8\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(f\"{some_computational_task(3, 5) = }\")\n",
     "print(f\"{some_computational_task(3, 5) = }\")\n",
@@ -1441,7 +2517,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.11.4"
+   "version": "3.11.6"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,
diff --git a/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb b/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb
index 6478960..d021498 100644
--- a/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb
+++ b/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb
@@ -30,14 +30,23 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "Sequence support `membership operator` (`in` and `not in`)"
+    "Sequences support `membership operator` (`in` and `not in`)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1 in numbers = True\n",
+      "10 not in numbers = True\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
     "\n",
@@ -49,14 +58,22 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "Sequence support `concatenation`"
+    "Sequences support `concatenation`"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
     "numbers2 = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n",
@@ -68,14 +85,22 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "Sequence support `repetition`"
+    "Sequences support `repetition`"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
     "\n",
@@ -86,14 +111,24 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "Sequence support built-in functions like `len`, `min`, `max` etc."
+    "Sequences support built-in functions like `len`, `min`, `max` etc."
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "len(numbers) = 5\n",
+      "min(numbers) = 1\n",
+      "max(numbers) = 5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
     "\n",
@@ -106,14 +141,24 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "Sequence are `indexable`"
+    "Sequences are `index`able"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Index of first 1: numbers.index(1) = 0\n",
+      "Index of first 1, at or after index 1: numbers.index(1, 1) = 2\n",
+      "Index of first 3, at or after index 4 and before 12: numbers.index(3, 4, 12) = 8\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers = [1, 2, 1, 3, 5, 7, 2, 9, 3, 7, 3, 4, 5]\n",
     "\n",
@@ -128,14 +173,25 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "Sequence can be `slice`"
+    "Sequences can be `slice`d"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "numbers[2] = 1\n",
+      "numbers[2:10] = [1, 3, 5, 7, 2, 9, 3, 7]\n",
+      "numbers[2:10:3] = [1, 7, 3]\n",
+      "numbers[-1] = 5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers = [1, 2, 1, 3, 5, 7, 2, 9, 3, 7, 3, 4, 5]\n",
     "\n",
@@ -163,7 +219,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 11,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -174,31 +230,68 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "<class 'list_iterator'>\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(type(number_iterator))"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "<list_iterator object at 0x000001DA2C6C5FC0>\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(number_iterator)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 14,
    "metadata": {
     "tags": [
      "raises-exception"
     ]
    },
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "ename": "StopIteration",
+     "evalue": "",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mStopIteration\u001b[0m                             Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32mc:\\Users\\bhmiller\\OneDrive - Intel Corporation\\Documents\\GitHub\\intermediate-python\\content\\06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb Cell 20\u001b[0m line \u001b[0;36m4\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb#X25sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=1'>2</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[39mnext\u001b[39m(number_iterator))\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb#X25sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=2'>3</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[39mnext\u001b[39m(number_iterator))\n\u001b[1;32m----> <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb#X25sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=3'>4</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[39mnext\u001b[39;49m(number_iterator))\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mStopIteration\u001b[0m: "
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(next(number_iterator))\n",
     "print(next(number_iterator))\n",
@@ -208,9 +301,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers = [1, 2, 3]\n",
     "\n",
@@ -229,9 +332,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "number_iterator = iter(numbers)\n",
     "\n",
@@ -250,7 +363,9 @@
    "source": [
     "**Creating custom iterator**\n",
     "\n",
-    "Generally custom iterator are created using class and you will define an `__iter__` method and a `__next__` method.\n",
+    "You may want to support a custom iterator for your class. To do this, you define an `__iter__` method and a `__next__` method.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "As Python is duck typed, any class that supplies suitable definitions for `__iter__` and `__next__` can be passed to any operation that expects to iterate over a sequence.\n",
     "\n",
     "While defining an iterator you might want to raise `StopIteration` once you reach a certain condition. This is what is used by `for` to stop calling next over the iterator object.\n",
     "\n",
@@ -259,7 +374,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 17,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -284,9 +399,21 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "0\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "6\n",
+      "8\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "for item in MyRangeIterator(0, 10, 2):\n",
     "    print(item)"
@@ -296,14 +423,14 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "You can also have infinite iterator which iterates forever. User have to put bound to make sure they don't end up with infinite loop.\n",
+    "You can also have infinite iterator which iterates forever. User have to put bound to make sure they don't end up with infinite loop. This can be used to implement [lazy evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_evaluation).\n",
     "\n",
     "Example of creating an infinite iterator which produce square sequence starting from number 1:"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 19,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -321,9 +448,28 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "9\n",
+      "16\n",
+      "25\n",
+      "36\n",
+      "49\n",
+      "64\n",
+      "81\n",
+      "100\n",
+      "121\n",
+      "144\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "square_iterator = SquareIterator()\n",
     "\n",
@@ -358,7 +504,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 21,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -371,18 +517,37 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "<class 'generator'>\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "print(type(square_generator()))"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "9\n",
+      "16\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "sq = square_generator()\n",
     "print(next(sq))\n",
@@ -393,9 +558,28 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "9\n",
+      "16\n",
+      "25\n",
+      "36\n",
+      "49\n",
+      "64\n",
+      "81\n",
+      "100\n",
+      "121\n",
+      "144\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "for number in square_generator():\n",
     "    if number > 150:\n",
@@ -425,9 +609,31 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Dataset 1 - Data point 1\n",
+      "Dataset 1 - Data point 2\n",
+      "Dataset 1 - Data point 3\n",
+      "Dataset 1 - Data point 4\n",
+      "Dataset 1 - Data point 5\n",
+      "Dataset 2 - Data point 6\n",
+      "Dataset 2 - Data point 7\n",
+      "Dataset 2 - Data point 8\n",
+      "Dataset 2 - Data point 9\n",
+      "Dataset 2 - Data point 10\n",
+      "Dataset 3 - Data point 11\n",
+      "Dataset 3 - Data point 12\n",
+      "Dataset 3 - Data point 13\n",
+      "Dataset 3 - Data point 14\n",
+      "Dataset 3 - Data point 15\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def dataset1():\n",
     "    for i in range(1, 6):\n",
@@ -464,9 +670,18 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Memory usage for infinite square generator: 192 bytes\n",
+      "Memory usage for infinite square iterator: 56 bytes\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import sys\n",
     "\n",
@@ -489,9 +704,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "67.6 ns ± 1.61 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 5 runs, 100,000 loops each)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "gen = square_generator()\n",
     "%timeit -n 100000 -r 5 next(gen)"
@@ -499,9 +722,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "88.2 ns ± 1.41 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 5 runs, 100,000 loops each)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "it = SquareIterator()\n",
     "%timeit -n 100000 -r 5 next(it)"
@@ -532,9 +763,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Total Sales: 650\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "daily_sales = [100, 150, 120, 80, 200]\n",
     "total_sales = sum(daily_sales)\n",
@@ -551,9 +790,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Highest Temperature: 30\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "weekly_temperatures = [24, 27, 25, 28, 26, 22, 30]\n",
     "highest_temperature = max(weekly_temperatures)\n",
@@ -570,9 +817,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Lowest Score: 68\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "quiz_scores = [85, 72, 90, 68, 78]\n",
     "lowest_score = min(quiz_scores)\n",
@@ -589,9 +844,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Has Overtime: True\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "overtime_hours = [0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0]\n",
     "has_overtime = any(overtime_hours)\n",
@@ -608,9 +871,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "All Passed: False\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "exam_results = [True, True, False, True, True]\n",
     "all_passed = all(exam_results)\n",
@@ -627,9 +898,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Number of Students: 5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "students = [\"Alice\", \"Bob\", \"Charlie\", \"David\", \"Eva\"]\n",
     "num_students = len(students)\n",
@@ -654,9 +933,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Year: 2023, Month: 07, Day: 15\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "date_str = \"2023-07-15\"\n",
     "year_slice = slice(0, 4)\n",
@@ -679,13 +966,25 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 36,
    "metadata": {
     "tags": [
      "raises-exception"
     ]
    },
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "'slice' object is not iterable",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32mc:\\Users\\bhmiller\\OneDrive - Intel Corporation\\Documents\\GitHub\\intermediate-python\\content\\06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb Cell 61\u001b[0m line \u001b[0;36m4\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb#Y114sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=0'>1</a>\u001b[0m numbers \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m SquareIterator()\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb#Y114sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=1'>2</a>\u001b[0m first_5_square \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mslice\u001b[39m(numbers, \u001b[39m5\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m----> <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb#Y114sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=3'>4</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39mfor\u001b[39;49;00m num \u001b[39min\u001b[39;49;00m first_5_square:\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/06_sequence_iterators_and_generators.ipynb#Y114sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=4'>5</a>\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mprint\u001b[39;49m(num)\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'slice' object is not iterable"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers = SquareIterator()\n",
     "first_5_square = slice(numbers, 5)\n",
@@ -704,9 +1003,27 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "9\n",
+      "16\n",
+      "25\n",
+      "********************\n",
+      "36\n",
+      "49\n",
+      "64\n",
+      "81\n",
+      "100\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import islice\n",
     "\n",
@@ -743,9 +1060,21 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "2\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "6\n",
+      "8\n",
+      "10\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n",
     "\n",
@@ -768,9 +1097,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "banana\n",
+      "orange\n",
+      "watermelon\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import filterfalse\n",
     "\n",
@@ -790,9 +1129,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "90\n",
+      "92\n",
+      "95\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from functools import partial\n",
     "\n",
@@ -818,9 +1167,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import takewhile\n",
     "\n",
@@ -844,9 +1203,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "4\n",
+      "5\n",
+      "6\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import dropwhile\n",
     "\n",
@@ -870,9 +1239,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import compress\n",
     "\n",
@@ -901,9 +1280,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Item: apple, ID: 1\n",
+      "Item: banana, ID: 2\n",
+      "Item: orange, ID: 3\n",
+      "Item: grape, ID: 4\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import itertools\n",
     "\n",
@@ -931,9 +1321,24 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Task: Task A, Assigned to: John\n",
+      "Task: Task B, Assigned to: Alice\n",
+      "Task: Task C, Assigned to: Bob\n",
+      "Task: Task D, Assigned to: John\n",
+      "Task: Task E, Assigned to: Alice\n",
+      "Task: Task F, Assigned to: Bob\n",
+      "Task: Task G, Assigned to: John\n",
+      "Task: Task H, Assigned to: Alice\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import itertools\n",
     "\n",
@@ -962,9 +1367,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Hello, World!\n",
+      "Hello, World!\n",
+      "Hello, World!\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import itertools\n",
     "\n",
@@ -992,7 +1407,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 50,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -1007,9 +1422,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[('Apple', 370), ('Banana', 240), ('Orange', 600), ('Grapes', 210)]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "# Using map() to calculate the total sales for each product\n",
     "total_sales_map = map(\n",
@@ -1019,10 +1442,25 @@
    ]
   },
   {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "`starmap` is like `map`, but it applies the * to the iterable content before calling the function. It's commonly used with `reduce`:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[('Apple', 370), ('Banana', 240), ('Orange', 600), ('Grapes', 210)]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import starmap\n",
     "from functools import reduce\n",
@@ -1042,9 +1480,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1420\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from functools import reduce\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1058,9 +1504,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 3, 6, 10, 15]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import accumulate\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1088,9 +1542,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import chain\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1112,9 +1574,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import chain\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1134,9 +1604,26 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Iterator 1: 1\n",
+      "Iterator 1: 2\n",
+      "Iterator 1: 3\n",
+      "Iterator 1: 4\n",
+      "Iterator 1: 5\n",
+      "Iterator 2: 1\n",
+      "Iterator 2: 2\n",
+      "Iterator 2: 3\n",
+      "Iterator 2: 4\n",
+      "Iterator 2: 5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import tee\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1172,9 +1659,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Students with grade A: ['Bob', 'Frank']\n",
+      "Students with grade B: ['Alice']\n",
+      "Students with grade C: ['Charlie', 'Eva']\n",
+      "Students with grade D: ['David']\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import groupby\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1221,9 +1719,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "defaultdict(<class 'int'>, {'Lorem': 2, 'ipsum': 2, 'dolor': 1, 'sit': 1, 'amet': 1, 'consectetur': 1, 'adipiscing': 1, 'elit': 1, 'ipsum.': 1})\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from collections import defaultdict\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1254,9 +1760,22 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "abc\n",
+      "acb\n",
+      "bac\n",
+      "bca\n",
+      "cab\n",
+      "cba\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import permutations\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1276,9 +1795,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "('red', 'green')\n",
+      "('red', 'blue')\n",
+      "('green', 'blue')\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import combinations\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1298,9 +1827,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(1, 'A')\n",
+      "(1, 'B')\n",
+      "(2, 'A')\n",
+      "(2, 'B')\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from itertools import product\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1335,7 +1875,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.11.4"
+   "version": "3.11.6"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,
diff --git a/content/07_context_managers.ipynb b/content/07_context_managers.ipynb
index f44f855..cff8878 100644
--- a/content/07_context_managers.ipynb
+++ b/content/07_context_managers.ipynb
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 7,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -46,9 +46,103 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 2,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
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+       "span.linenos.special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
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+       ".output_html .mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */\n",
+       ".output_html .mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */\n",
+       ".output_html .sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */\n",
+       ".output_html .sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */\n",
+       ".output_html .sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */\n",
+       ".output_html .dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */\n",
+       ".output_html .sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */\n",
+       ".output_html .s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */\n",
+       ".output_html .se { color: #AA5D1F; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */\n",
+       ".output_html .sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */\n",
+       ".output_html .si { color: #A45A77; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */\n",
+       ".output_html .sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */\n",
+       ".output_html .sr { color: #A45A77 } /* Literal.String.Regex */\n",
+       ".output_html .s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */\n",
+       ".output_html .ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */\n",
+       ".output_html .bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */\n",
+       ".output_html .fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */\n",
+       ".output_html .vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */\n",
+       ".output_html .vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */\n",
+       ".output_html .vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */\n",
+       ".output_html .vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */\n",
+       ".output_html .il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */</style><div class=\"highlight\"><pre><span></span>Hello there\n",
+       "</pre></div>\n"
+      ],
+      "text/latex": [
+       "\\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}]\n",
+       "Hello there\n",
+       "\\end{Verbatim}\n"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "Hello there"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from IPython.display import Code\n",
     "\n",
@@ -57,7 +151,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 3,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -68,9 +162,103 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 6,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<style>pre { line-height: 125%; }\n",
+       "td.linenos .normal { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       "span.linenos { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       "td.linenos .special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       "span.linenos.special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       ".output_html .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }\n",
+       ".output_html { background: #f8f8f8; }\n",
+       ".output_html .c { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment */\n",
+       ".output_html .err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */\n",
+       ".output_html .k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */\n",
+       ".output_html .o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */\n",
+       ".output_html .ch { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */\n",
+       ".output_html .cm { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */\n",
+       ".output_html .cp { color: #9C6500 } /* Comment.Preproc */\n",
+       ".output_html .cpf { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */\n",
+       ".output_html .c1 { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */\n",
+       ".output_html .cs { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */\n",
+       ".output_html .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */\n",
+       ".output_html .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */\n",
+       ".output_html .ges { font-weight: bold; font-style: italic } /* Generic.EmphStrong */\n",
+       ".output_html .gr { color: #E40000 } /* Generic.Error */\n",
+       ".output_html .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */\n",
+       ".output_html .gi { color: #008400 } /* Generic.Inserted */\n",
+       ".output_html .go { color: #717171 } /* Generic.Output */\n",
+       ".output_html .gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */\n",
+       ".output_html .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */\n",
+       ".output_html .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */\n",
+       ".output_html .gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */\n",
+       ".output_html .kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */\n",
+       ".output_html .kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */\n",
+       ".output_html .kn { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */\n",
+       ".output_html .kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */\n",
+       ".output_html .kr { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */\n",
+       ".output_html .kt { color: #B00040 } /* Keyword.Type */\n",
+       ".output_html .m { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number */\n",
+       ".output_html .s { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String */\n",
+       ".output_html .na { color: #687822 } /* Name.Attribute */\n",
+       ".output_html .nb { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin */\n",
+       ".output_html .nc { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */\n",
+       ".output_html .no { color: #880000 } /* Name.Constant */\n",
+       ".output_html .nd { color: #AA22FF } /* Name.Decorator */\n",
+       ".output_html .ni { color: #717171; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */\n",
+       ".output_html .ne { color: #CB3F38; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */\n",
+       ".output_html .nf { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function */\n",
+       ".output_html .nl { color: #767600 } /* Name.Label */\n",
+       ".output_html .nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */\n",
+       ".output_html .nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */\n",
+       ".output_html .nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */\n",
+       ".output_html .ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */\n",
+       ".output_html .w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */\n",
+       ".output_html .mb { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */\n",
+       ".output_html .mf { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Float */\n",
+       ".output_html .mh { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */\n",
+       ".output_html .mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */\n",
+       ".output_html .mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */\n",
+       ".output_html .sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */\n",
+       ".output_html .sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */\n",
+       ".output_html .sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */\n",
+       ".output_html .dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */\n",
+       ".output_html .sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */\n",
+       ".output_html .s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */\n",
+       ".output_html .se { color: #AA5D1F; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */\n",
+       ".output_html .sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */\n",
+       ".output_html .si { color: #A45A77; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */\n",
+       ".output_html .sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */\n",
+       ".output_html .sr { color: #A45A77 } /* Literal.String.Regex */\n",
+       ".output_html .s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */\n",
+       ".output_html .ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */\n",
+       ".output_html .bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */\n",
+       ".output_html .fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */\n",
+       ".output_html .vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */\n",
+       ".output_html .vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */\n",
+       ".output_html .vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */\n",
+       ".output_html .vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */\n",
+       ".output_html .il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */</style><div class=\"highlight\"><pre><span></span>Hello there\n",
+       "</pre></div>\n"
+      ],
+      "text/latex": [
+       "\\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}]\n",
+       "Hello there\n",
+       "\\end{Verbatim}\n"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "Hello there"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "Code(filename=\"static/file1.txt\")"
    ]
@@ -88,7 +276,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 8,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -99,25 +287,213 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 9,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<style>pre { line-height: 125%; }\n",
+       "td.linenos .normal { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       "span.linenos { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       "td.linenos .special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       "span.linenos.special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       ".output_html .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }\n",
+       ".output_html { background: #f8f8f8; }\n",
+       ".output_html .c { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment */\n",
+       ".output_html .err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */\n",
+       ".output_html .k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */\n",
+       ".output_html .o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */\n",
+       ".output_html .ch { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */\n",
+       ".output_html .cm { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */\n",
+       ".output_html .cp { color: #9C6500 } /* Comment.Preproc */\n",
+       ".output_html .cpf { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */\n",
+       ".output_html .c1 { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */\n",
+       ".output_html .cs { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */\n",
+       ".output_html .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */\n",
+       ".output_html .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */\n",
+       ".output_html .ges { font-weight: bold; font-style: italic } /* Generic.EmphStrong */\n",
+       ".output_html .gr { color: #E40000 } /* Generic.Error */\n",
+       ".output_html .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */\n",
+       ".output_html .gi { color: #008400 } /* Generic.Inserted */\n",
+       ".output_html .go { color: #717171 } /* Generic.Output */\n",
+       ".output_html .gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */\n",
+       ".output_html .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */\n",
+       ".output_html .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */\n",
+       ".output_html .gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */\n",
+       ".output_html .kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */\n",
+       ".output_html .kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */\n",
+       ".output_html .kn { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */\n",
+       ".output_html .kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */\n",
+       ".output_html .kr { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */\n",
+       ".output_html .kt { color: #B00040 } /* Keyword.Type */\n",
+       ".output_html .m { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number */\n",
+       ".output_html .s { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String */\n",
+       ".output_html .na { color: #687822 } /* Name.Attribute */\n",
+       ".output_html .nb { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin */\n",
+       ".output_html .nc { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */\n",
+       ".output_html .no { color: #880000 } /* Name.Constant */\n",
+       ".output_html .nd { color: #AA22FF } /* Name.Decorator */\n",
+       ".output_html .ni { color: #717171; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */\n",
+       ".output_html .ne { color: #CB3F38; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */\n",
+       ".output_html .nf { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function */\n",
+       ".output_html .nl { color: #767600 } /* Name.Label */\n",
+       ".output_html .nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */\n",
+       ".output_html .nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */\n",
+       ".output_html .nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */\n",
+       ".output_html .ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */\n",
+       ".output_html .w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */\n",
+       ".output_html .mb { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */\n",
+       ".output_html .mf { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Float */\n",
+       ".output_html .mh { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */\n",
+       ".output_html .mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */\n",
+       ".output_html .mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */\n",
+       ".output_html .sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */\n",
+       ".output_html .sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */\n",
+       ".output_html .sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */\n",
+       ".output_html .dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */\n",
+       ".output_html .sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */\n",
+       ".output_html .s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */\n",
+       ".output_html .se { color: #AA5D1F; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */\n",
+       ".output_html .sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */\n",
+       ".output_html .si { color: #A45A77; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */\n",
+       ".output_html .sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */\n",
+       ".output_html .sr { color: #A45A77 } /* Literal.String.Regex */\n",
+       ".output_html .s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */\n",
+       ".output_html .ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */\n",
+       ".output_html .bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */\n",
+       ".output_html .fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */\n",
+       ".output_html .vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */\n",
+       ".output_html .vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */\n",
+       ".output_html .vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */\n",
+       ".output_html .vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */\n",
+       ".output_html .il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */</style><div class=\"highlight\"><pre><span></span>Hello from file1\n",
+       "</pre></div>\n"
+      ],
+      "text/latex": [
+       "\\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}]\n",
+       "Hello from file1\n",
+       "\\end{Verbatim}\n"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "Hello from file1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "Code(filename=\"static/file1.txt\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 10,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<style>pre { line-height: 125%; }\n",
+       "td.linenos .normal { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       "span.linenos { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       "td.linenos .special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       "span.linenos.special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }\n",
+       ".output_html .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }\n",
+       ".output_html { background: #f8f8f8; }\n",
+       ".output_html .c { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment */\n",
+       ".output_html .err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */\n",
+       ".output_html .k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */\n",
+       ".output_html .o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */\n",
+       ".output_html .ch { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */\n",
+       ".output_html .cm { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */\n",
+       ".output_html .cp { color: #9C6500 } /* Comment.Preproc */\n",
+       ".output_html .cpf { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */\n",
+       ".output_html .c1 { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */\n",
+       ".output_html .cs { color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */\n",
+       ".output_html .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */\n",
+       ".output_html .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */\n",
+       ".output_html .ges { font-weight: bold; font-style: italic } /* Generic.EmphStrong */\n",
+       ".output_html .gr { color: #E40000 } /* Generic.Error */\n",
+       ".output_html .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */\n",
+       ".output_html .gi { color: #008400 } /* Generic.Inserted */\n",
+       ".output_html .go { color: #717171 } /* Generic.Output */\n",
+       ".output_html .gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */\n",
+       ".output_html .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */\n",
+       ".output_html .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */\n",
+       ".output_html .gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */\n",
+       ".output_html .kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */\n",
+       ".output_html .kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */\n",
+       ".output_html .kn { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */\n",
+       ".output_html .kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */\n",
+       ".output_html .kr { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */\n",
+       ".output_html .kt { color: #B00040 } /* Keyword.Type */\n",
+       ".output_html .m { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number */\n",
+       ".output_html .s { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String */\n",
+       ".output_html .na { color: #687822 } /* Name.Attribute */\n",
+       ".output_html .nb { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin */\n",
+       ".output_html .nc { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */\n",
+       ".output_html .no { color: #880000 } /* Name.Constant */\n",
+       ".output_html .nd { color: #AA22FF } /* Name.Decorator */\n",
+       ".output_html .ni { color: #717171; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */\n",
+       ".output_html .ne { color: #CB3F38; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */\n",
+       ".output_html .nf { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function */\n",
+       ".output_html .nl { color: #767600 } /* Name.Label */\n",
+       ".output_html .nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */\n",
+       ".output_html .nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */\n",
+       ".output_html .nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */\n",
+       ".output_html .ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */\n",
+       ".output_html .w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */\n",
+       ".output_html .mb { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */\n",
+       ".output_html .mf { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Float */\n",
+       ".output_html .mh { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */\n",
+       ".output_html .mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */\n",
+       ".output_html .mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */\n",
+       ".output_html .sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */\n",
+       ".output_html .sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */\n",
+       ".output_html .sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */\n",
+       ".output_html .dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */\n",
+       ".output_html .sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */\n",
+       ".output_html .s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */\n",
+       ".output_html .se { color: #AA5D1F; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */\n",
+       ".output_html .sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */\n",
+       ".output_html .si { color: #A45A77; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */\n",
+       ".output_html .sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */\n",
+       ".output_html .sr { color: #A45A77 } /* Literal.String.Regex */\n",
+       ".output_html .s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */\n",
+       ".output_html .ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */\n",
+       ".output_html .bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */\n",
+       ".output_html .fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */\n",
+       ".output_html .vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */\n",
+       ".output_html .vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */\n",
+       ".output_html .vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */\n",
+       ".output_html .vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */\n",
+       ".output_html .il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */</style><div class=\"highlight\"><pre><span></span>Hello from file2\n",
+       "</pre></div>\n"
+      ],
+      "text/latex": [
+       "\\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}]\n",
+       "Hello from file2\n",
+       "\\end{Verbatim}\n"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "Hello from file2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 10,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "Code(filename=\"static/file2.txt\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 11,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -136,7 +512,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 12,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -155,9 +531,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 13,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "inside __init__\n",
+      "inside __enter__\n",
+      "x = 1, y = 2, z = 3\n",
+      "inside __exit__\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with CtxMng() as (x, y, z):\n",
     "    print(f\"{x = }, {y = }, {z = }\")"
@@ -179,7 +566,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 14,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -197,9 +584,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 15,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "<p>some text</p>"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with HTMLTag(\"p\"):\n",
     "    print(\"some text\", end=\"\")"
@@ -207,9 +602,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 16,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "<p>some <b>bold </b>text</p>"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with HTMLTag(\"p\"):\n",
     "    print(\"some \", end=\"\")\n",
@@ -234,7 +637,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 17,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -260,9 +663,21 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 18,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "inside __init__\n",
+      "inside __enter__\n",
+      "x = 1, y = 2, z = 3\n",
+      "inside __exit__\n",
+      "Not suppressing exc_value = None\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with CtxMng() as (x, y, z):\n",
     "    print(f\"{x = }, {y = }, {z = }\")"
@@ -270,9 +685,21 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 19,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "inside __init__\n",
+      "inside __enter__\n",
+      "x = 1, y = 2, z = 3\n",
+      "inside __exit__\n",
+      "Supressing exc_value = TypeError()\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with CtxMng() as (x, y, z):\n",
     "    print(f\"{x = }, {y = }, {z = }\")\n",
@@ -281,13 +708,36 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 20,
    "metadata": {
     "tags": [
      "raises-exception"
     ]
    },
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "inside __init__\n",
+      "inside __enter__\n",
+      "x = 1, y = 2, z = 3\n",
+      "inside __exit__\n",
+      "Not suppressing exc_value = ValueError()\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "ename": "ValueError",
+     "evalue": "",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32mc:\\Users\\bhmiller\\OneDrive - Intel Corporation\\Documents\\GitHub\\intermediate-python\\content\\07_context_managers.ipynb Cell 25\u001b[0m line \u001b[0;36m3\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/07_context_managers.ipynb#X33sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=0'>1</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39mwith\u001b[39;00m CtxMng() \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m (x, y, z):\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/07_context_managers.ipynb#X33sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=1'>2</a>\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[39mf\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39m{\u001b[39;00mx\u001b[39m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m= }\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39m, \u001b[39m\u001b[39m{\u001b[39;00my\u001b[39m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m= }\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39m, \u001b[39m\u001b[39m{\u001b[39;00mz\u001b[39m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m= }\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m----> <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/07_context_managers.ipynb#X33sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=2'>3</a>\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mValueError\u001b[39;00m()\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m: "
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with CtxMng() as (x, y, z):\n",
     "    print(f\"{x = }, {y = }, {z = }\")\n",
@@ -359,7 +809,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 21,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -385,7 +835,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 22,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -411,9 +861,19 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 23,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "before yield\n",
+      "x = 1, y = 2, z = 3\n",
+      "cleanup\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with ctx_mng() as (x, y, z):\n",
     "    print(f\"{x = }, {y = }, {z = }\")"
@@ -421,9 +881,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 24,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "before yield\n",
+      "x = 1, y = 2, z = 3\n",
+      "Supressing exc_value = TypeError()\n",
+      "cleanup\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with ctx_mng() as (x, y, z):\n",
     "    print(f\"{x = }, {y = }, {z = }\")\n",
@@ -432,13 +903,34 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 25,
    "metadata": {
     "tags": [
      "raises-exception"
     ]
    },
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "before yield\n",
+      "x = 1, y = 2, z = 3\n",
+      "cleanup\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "ename": "ValueError",
+     "evalue": "",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32mc:\\Users\\bhmiller\\OneDrive - Intel Corporation\\Documents\\GitHub\\intermediate-python\\content\\07_context_managers.ipynb Cell 32\u001b[0m line \u001b[0;36m3\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/07_context_managers.ipynb#X43sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=0'>1</a>\u001b[0m \u001b[39mwith\u001b[39;00m ctx_mng() \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m (x, y, z):\n\u001b[0;32m      <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/07_context_managers.ipynb#X43sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=1'>2</a>\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[39mf\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39m{\u001b[39;00mx\u001b[39m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m= }\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39m, \u001b[39m\u001b[39m{\u001b[39;00my\u001b[39m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m= }\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39m, \u001b[39m\u001b[39m{\u001b[39;00mz\u001b[39m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m= }\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m----> <a href='vscode-notebook-cell:/c%3A/Users/bhmiller/OneDrive%20-%20Intel%20Corporation/Documents/GitHub/intermediate-python/content/07_context_managers.ipynb#X43sZmlsZQ%3D%3D?line=2'>3</a>\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mValueError\u001b[39;00m()\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m: "
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with ctx_mng() as (x, y, z):\n",
     "    print(f\"{x = }, {y = }, {z = }\")\n",
@@ -454,9 +946,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 26,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "inside __init__\n",
+      "inside __enter__\n",
+      "inside __exit__\n",
+      "Supressing exc_value = TypeError(\"'int' object does not support the context manager protocol\")\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with CtxMng() as x, y, z:\n",
     "    print(f\"{x = }, {y = }, {z = }\")"
@@ -464,9 +967,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 27,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "inside __init__\n",
+      "inside __enter__\n",
+      "inside __exit__\n",
+      "Supressing exc_value = TypeError(\"'int' object does not support the context manager protocol\")\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "with CtxMng() as x:\n",
     "    with y:\n",
@@ -478,7 +992,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "## Some Practicle use case example"
+    "## A practical example use case"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -490,11 +1004,22 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 28,
    "metadata": {
     "tags": []
    },
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Before entering example os.getcwd() = 'c:\\\\Users\\\\bhmiller\\\\OneDrive - Intel Corporation\\\\Documents\\\\GitHub\\\\intermediate-python\\\\content'\n",
+      "After entering example os.getcwd() = 'c:\\\\Users\\\\bhmiller\\\\OneDrive - Intel Corporation\\\\Documents\\\\GitHub\\\\intermediate-python\\\\content\\\\example'\n",
+      "Do something here\n",
+      "Outside context manager os.getcwd() = 'c:\\\\Users\\\\bhmiller\\\\OneDrive - Intel Corporation\\\\Documents\\\\GitHub\\\\intermediate-python\\\\content'\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "from contextlib import contextmanager\n",
     "import os\n",
@@ -535,7 +1060,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 29,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -560,7 +1085,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 30,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -581,9 +1106,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 31,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "C:\\Users\\bhmiller\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\tmpj_sp_5tn\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import tempfile\n",
     "\n",
@@ -600,9 +1133,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 32,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Execution time: 2.0007057189941406 seconds\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "import time\n",
     "from contextlib import contextmanager\n",
@@ -647,7 +1188,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.11.4"
+   "version": "3.11.6"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,
diff --git a/content/08_argparse.ipynb b/content/08_argparse.ipynb
index bba0c71..6c873af 100644
--- a/content/08_argparse.ipynb
+++ b/content/08_argparse.ipynb
@@ -116,18 +116,53 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 1,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: vm_cli.py [-h] [-c CPU] [-m MEMORY] [-v] [-f] [-t TAGS] --vm-type\n",
+      "                 {linux,windows}\n",
+      "                 vm_name\n",
+      "\n",
+      "positional arguments:\n",
+      "  vm_name               Name of virtual machine to be created\n",
+      "\n",
+      "options:\n",
+      "  -h, --help            show this help message and exit\n",
+      "  -c CPU, --cpu CPU     Number of cpu to use. Default to 4 cores\n",
+      "  -m MEMORY, --memory MEMORY\n",
+      "                        Amount of memory to use in GB. Default to 8 GB\n",
+      "  -v, --verbose         Amount of verbosity in log.\n",
+      "  -f, --force           Force creation without confirmation.\n",
+      "  -t TAGS, --tags TAGS  Tags for the VM (can be specified multiple times).\n",
+      "  --vm-type {linux,windows}\n",
+      "                        Type of VM (linux or windows).\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py --help"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 2,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stderr",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: vm_cli.py [-h] [-c CPU] [-m MEMORY] [-v] [-f] [-t TAGS] --vm-type\n",
+      "                 {linux,windows}\n",
+      "                 vm_name\n",
+      "vm_cli.py: error: the following arguments are required: --vm-type\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1"
    ]
@@ -169,36 +204,93 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 3,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: vm_cli.py [-h] [-c CPU] [-m MEMORY] [-v] [-f] [-t TAGS] --vm-type\n",
+      "                 {linux,windows}\n",
+      "                 vm_name\n",
+      "\n",
+      "positional arguments:\n",
+      "  vm_name               Name of virtual machine to be created\n",
+      "\n",
+      "options:\n",
+      "  -h, --help            show this help message and exit\n",
+      "  -c CPU, --cpu CPU     Number of cpu to use. Default to 4 cores\n",
+      "  -m MEMORY, --memory MEMORY\n",
+      "                        Amount of memory to use in GB. Default to 8 GB\n",
+      "  -v, --verbose         Amount of verbosity in log.\n",
+      "  -f, --force           Force creation without confirmation.\n",
+      "  -t TAGS, --tags TAGS  Tags for the VM (can be specified multiple times).\n",
+      "  --vm-type {linux,windows}\n",
+      "                        Type of VM (linux or windows).\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py --help"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 4,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stderr",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: vm_cli.py [-h] [-c CPU] [-m MEMORY] [-v] [-f] [-t TAGS] --vm-type\n",
+      "                 {linux,windows}\n",
+      "                 vm_name\n",
+      "vm_cli.py: error: the following arguments are required: --vm-type\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 5,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stderr",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: vm_cli.py [-h] [-c CPU] [-m MEMORY] [-v] [-f] [-t TAGS] --vm-type\n",
+      "                 {linux,windows}\n",
+      "                 vm_name\n",
+      "vm_cli.py: error: the following arguments are required: --vm-type\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1 -c 32 -m 256"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 6,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stderr",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: vm_cli.py [-h] [-c CPU] [-m MEMORY] [-v] [-f] [-t TAGS] --vm-type\n",
+      "                 {linux,windows}\n",
+      "                 vm_name\n",
+      "vm_cli.py: error: argument -c/--cpu: invalid int value: 'x'\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1 -c x -m 256"
    ]
@@ -252,54 +344,135 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 7,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'cpu': 4,\n",
+      " 'force': False,\n",
+      " 'memory': 8,\n",
+      " 'tags': [],\n",
+      " 'verbose': 0,\n",
+      " 'vm_name': 'vm1',\n",
+      " 'vm_type': 'windows'}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1 --vm-type windows"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 8,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stderr",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: vm_cli.py [-h] [-c CPU] [-m MEMORY] [-v] [-f] [-t TAGS] --vm-type\n",
+      "                 {linux,windows}\n",
+      "                 vm_name\n",
+      "vm_cli.py: error: argument --vm-type: invalid choice: 'osx' (choose from 'linux', 'windows')\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1 --vm-type osx"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 9,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'cpu': 4,\n",
+      " 'force': False,\n",
+      " 'memory': 8,\n",
+      " 'tags': [],\n",
+      " 'verbose': 1,\n",
+      " 'vm_name': 'vm1',\n",
+      " 'vm_type': 'windows'}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1 --vm-type windows -v"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 10,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'cpu': 4,\n",
+      " 'force': False,\n",
+      " 'memory': 8,\n",
+      " 'tags': [],\n",
+      " 'verbose': 3,\n",
+      " 'vm_name': 'vm1',\n",
+      " 'vm_type': 'windows'}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1 --vm-type windows -vvv"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 11,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'cpu': 4,\n",
+      " 'force': True,\n",
+      " 'memory': 8,\n",
+      " 'tags': [],\n",
+      " 'verbose': 0,\n",
+      " 'vm_name': 'vm1',\n",
+      " 'vm_type': 'windows'}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1 --vm-type windows -f"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 12,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'cpu': 4,\n",
+      " 'force': False,\n",
+      " 'memory': 8,\n",
+      " 'tags': ['automation', 'windows', 'gen13'],\n",
+      " 'verbose': 0,\n",
+      " 'vm_name': 'vm1',\n",
+      " 'vm_type': 'windows'}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/vm_cli.py vm1 --vm-type windows -t automation -t windows -t gen13"
    ]
@@ -342,54 +515,126 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 13,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: git_cli.py [-h] {add,commit} ...\n",
+      "\n",
+      "positional arguments:\n",
+      "  {add,commit}\n",
+      "    add         git-add - Add file contents to the index\n",
+      "    commit      git-commit - Record changes to the repository\n",
+      "\n",
+      "options:\n",
+      "  -h, --help    show this help message and exit\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/git_cli.py --help"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 14,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: git_cli.py add [-h] path\n",
+      "\n",
+      "positional arguments:\n",
+      "  path        Files or directory to add to add content from\n",
+      "\n",
+      "options:\n",
+      "  -h, --help  show this help message and exit\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/git_cli.py add --help"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 15,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "usage: git_cli.py commit [-h] [-a] [-m MESSAGE]\n",
+      "\n",
+      "options:\n",
+      "  -h, --help            show this help message and exit\n",
+      "  -a, --all             Tell the command to automatically stage files that\n",
+      "                        have been modified and deleted, but new files you have\n",
+      "                        not told Git about are not affected.\n",
+      "  -m MESSAGE, --message MESSAGE\n",
+      "                        Use the given <msg> as the commit message. If multiple\n",
+      "                        -m options are given, their values are concatenated as\n",
+      "                        separate paragraphs.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/git_cli.py commit --help"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 16,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'cmd': 'add', 'path': '/path1'}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/git_cli.py add /path1"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 17,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'all': False, 'cmd': 'commit', 'message': 'Some message'}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/git_cli.py commit -m \"Some message\""
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 18,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'all': True, 'cmd': 'commit', 'message': 'Some message'}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "!python 08_argparse/git_cli.py commit -a -m \"Some message\""
    ]
@@ -418,7 +663,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.11.4"
+   "version": "3.11.6"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,