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FRONT-END.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Aesthetic Flashcards</title>
<style>
body {
font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;
background-color: #aed9e0;
margin: 3;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
height: 100vh;
}
#flashcard-container {
background-color: #d9a7c7;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
overflow: hidden;
width: 300px;
text-align: center;
cursor: pointer;
transition: transform 0.3s;
}
#flashcard-container:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
#flashcard-question, #flashcard-answer {
padding: 20px;
}
#flashcard-answer {
display: none;
color: #7d5e82; /* Purple color for the answer */
}
#button-container {
margin-top: 200px;
}
button {
background-color: #f5cba7; /* Mint button color */
color: #fff;
padding: 10px 20px;
font-size: 16px;
cursor: pointer;
border: none;
border-radius: 500px;
margin-right: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="flashcard-container" onclick="toggleAnswer()">
<div id="flashcard-question">What is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease?</div>
<div id="flashcard-answer">Atherosclerosis, characterized by the accumulation of plaque in arterial walls.</div>
</div>
<div id="button-container">
<button onclick="nextFlashcard()">Next Flashcard</button>
<button onclick="shuffleFlashcards()">Shuffle Flashcards</button>
</div>
<script>
const flashcards = [
{ question: 'What is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease?', answer: 'Atherosclerosis, characterized by the accumulation of plaque in arterial walls.' },
{ question: 'What is the primary symptom of diabetes?', answer: 'Elevated blood glucose levels leading to increased thirst and frequent urination.' },
{ question: 'What is the most common cancer in both men and women?', answer: 'Non-melanoma skin cancer, although lung and breast cancers are the most diagnosed.' },
{ question: 'Who is the father of modern chemotherapy?', answer: 'Mr. Sidney Farber, who accidentally discovered a powerful anti-cancer chemical in a vitamin analogue .' },
{ question: 'What is the main use of Heparin?', answer: 'It is commonly used for Deep venous thrombosis (DVT).' },
{ question: 'What is Hyponatremia?', answer: 'This is defined as a serum [Na+] <135 mmol/L and is among the most common electrolyte abnormalities encountered in hospitalized pts. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, confusion, lethargy, and disorientation; if severe (<120mmol/L) and/or abrupt, seizures, central herniation, coma, or death may result.' },
{ question: 'What is Respiratory Acidosis?', answer: 'Respiratory acidosis is characterized by CO2 retention due to ventilatory failure. Causes include sedatives, stroke, chronic pulmonary disease,airway obstruction.' },
{ question: 'Abacavir ?', answer: 'Abacavir is an antiretroviral medication used in the treatment of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. It belongs to the class of drugs known as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Abacavir is often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs to control the replication of the virus and slow down the progression of HIV disease.' },
{ question: 'Abatacept ?', answer: 'Abatacept is a medication used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. It is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) that helps to slow down the progression of rheumatoid arthritis by modulating the immune system.' },
{ question: 'Abciximab ?', answer: 'Abciximab is a medication used in the field of cardiology, specifically in the management of certain cardiovascular conditions. It is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, and its primary function is to prevent blood clot formation.' },
{ question: 'Abdominal Angina ?', answer: 'Abdominal angina, also known as mesenteric angina, is a condition characterized by recurrent, severe pain in the abdomen that occurs during or after eating. The pain is caused by inadequate blood supply to the intestines, typically due to reduced blood flow in the mesenteric arteries. These arteries supply blood to the intestines, and when there is reduced blood flow, it can lead to ischemia (lack of oxygen) and pain.' },
{ question: 'Abiotrophia Infection ?', answer: 'Abiotrophia is a genus of bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the human mouth and upper respiratory tract. Abiotrophia species are nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS), meaning they have specific growth requirements and may depend on nutrients provided by other bacteria for their growth.' },
{ question: 'ABVD Regimen ?', answer: 'The ABVD regimen is a chemotherapy treatment used for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The ABVD regimen is named after the drugs used in the treatment: doxorubicin (Adriamycin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine.' },
{ question: 'Acamprosate ?', answer: 'Acamprosate is a medication used in the management of alcohol dependence, specifically as part of a comprehensive treatment program that includes counseling and support. It is not a cure for alcoholism, but it can help individuals who have already stopped drinking alcohol to maintain abstinence.' },
{ question: 'Acanthocytes ?', answer: 'Acanthocytes are abnormal red blood cells that have irregularly shaped cell membranes, giving them a spiky or irregular appearance. These cells are also known as spur cells. The presence of acanthocytes in the blood may be an indicator of certain medical conditions.' },
{ question: 'Acarbose ?', answer: 'Acarbose is an oral medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of drugs known as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. The primary function of acarbose is to slow down the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the intestines, thereby helping to control blood sugar levels after meals.' },
{ question: 'ACE inhibitors ?', answer: 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a class of medications commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, and certain kidney diseases. These drugs work by blocking the activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.' },
{ question: 'Glomerulonephritis ?', answer: 'Glomerulonephritis refers to a group of kidney diseases that involve inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the tiny filtering units within the kidneys. These structures play a crucial role in filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood to form urine. Glomerulonephritis can be acute or chronic and may result from various underlying causes.' },
{ question: 'Mitral Regurgitation ?', answer: 'Mitral regurgitation is a heart valve disorder characterized by the leakage of blood backward through the mitral valve with each contraction of the left ventricle. The mitral valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart and plays a crucial role in maintaining the one-way flow of blood through the heart.' },
{ question: 'Myocardial Infarction ?', answer: 'Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when there is a sudden blockage of blood flow to a part of the heart muscle. This blockage is often caused by the formation of a blood clot in a coronary artery, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart.' },
{ question: 'Systemic Sclerosis?', answer: 'Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by the hardening and thickening of the skin and connective tissues. It can also affect internal organs, leading to a range of symptoms and complications. Systemic sclerosis falls under the category of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.' },
{ question: 'Unstable Angina?', answer: 'Unstable angina is a type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when there is an insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle. It is considered more serious than stable angina and represents a medical emergency. Unstable angina is often a precursor to a heart attack and requires prompt medical attention.' },
{ question: 'Acetaminophen ?', answer: 'Acetaminophen, also known by its brand name Tylenol, is a commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) medication for pain and fever relief. It belongs to the class of drugs known as analgesics (pain relievers) and antipyretics (fever reducers).' },
{ question: 'Acetazolamide ?', answer: 'Acetazolamide is a medication primarily used to treat conditions related to fluid retention and high pressure in certain parts of the body. It belongs to a class of drugs known as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Here are key points about acetazolamide.' },
{ question: 'Acetylcysteine ?', answer: 'Acetylcysteine, often abbreviated as NAC (N-acetylcysteine), is a medication and supplement that contains the amino acid cysteine. It has various uses in medicine, and its primary role is to replenish the body levels of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant.' },
{ question: 'Acetylsalicylic Acid ?', answer: 'Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin, is a medication and a well-known over-the-counter drug used for its analgesic (pain-relieving), antipyretic (fever-reducing), and anti-inflammatory properties. It also has antiplatelet effects, which make it valuable in preventing blood clot formation.' },
{ question: 'Achalasia ?', answer: 'Achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder characterized by the impaired ability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax and allow the passage of food into the stomach. Additionally, there is a lack of coordinated peristaltic contractions in the esophageal body. This condition leads to difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) and may result in the accumulation of food and liquids in the esophagus.' },
{ question: 'Acid-fast Bacilli ?', answer: 'Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) are a group of bacteria that are resistant to the decolorization by acids during staining procedures. This property is primarily due to the high lipid content in their cell walls, which includes mycolic acids. The most well-known acid-fast bacteria belong to the genus Mycobacterium, and the most important pathogen in this group is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB).' },
{ question: 'Acinetobacter infection ?', answer: 'Acinetobacter is a genus of bacteria that includes several species. Acinetobacter baumannii is the most clinically significant species within this genus and is known for causing healthcare-associated infections. Acinetobacter infections, particularly those caused by A. baumannii, have become a growing concern due to their resistance to multiple antibiotics.' },
{ question: 'Acitretin ?', answer: 'Acitretin is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as retinoids. Retinoids are compounds related to vitamin A, and they have various effects on the skin. Acitretin is primarily used in the treatment of certain skin disorders, particularly severe forms of psoriasis.' },
{ question: 'Acoustic neuroma ?', answer: 'An acoustic neuroma, also known as vestibular schwannoma, is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops on the vestibular nerve, which is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. The tumor usually grows slowly and arises from the Schwann cells, which are cells that produce the protective covering (myelin) for the nerve fibers.' },
{ question: 'Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans ?', answer: 'Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) is a rare dermatological condition associated with chronic infection by the spirochete bacterium Borrelia afzelii, which is a subtype of Borrelia burgdorferi. B. burgdorferi is well known as the causative agent of Lyme disease.' },
{ question: 'Acromegaly ?', answer: 'Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone (GH). This excess GH causes the bones and tissues in the body to enlarge over time. The most common cause of acromegaly is a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland called a pituitary adenoma.' },
{ question: 'Paraneoplastic ?', answer: 'Paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a group of rare disorders that are triggered by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous tumor. These syndromes are not caused by the local presence of the tumor or by its metastases but rather by substances produced by the tumor or by the immune systemic response to the tumor.' },
{ question: 'ACTH ?', answer: 'ACTH stands for adrenocorticotropic hormone. It is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. ACTH plays a crucial role in the regulation of the adrenal glands and the production of certain hormones.' },
{ question: 'Actinic Keratosis ?', answer: 'Actinic keratosis (AK), also known as solar keratosis or senile keratosis, is a precancerous skin condition caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, usually from the sun. These lesions are considered precancerous because, if left untreated, a small percentage can progress to squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer.' },
{ question: 'Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans Infection?', answer: 'Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is a Gram-negative bacterium that is associated with various infections, primarily in the oral cavity. It is often implicated in periodontal disease, which is a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues supporting the teeth.' },
{ question: 'Actinomycetoma ?', answer: 'Actinomycetoma is a chronic, progressive bacterial or fungal infection that primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by the formation of nodules, abscesses, and draining sinuses, often accompanied by the production of grains or granules within the affected tissues. These grains consist of aggregates of the causative organisms.' },
{ question: 'Actinomycosis ?', answer: 'Actinomycosis is a rare but chronic bacterial infection that can affect various body tissues, most commonly the face and neck region. It is caused by bacteria belonging to the Actinomyces species, with Actinomyces israelii being the most common pathogenic species. These bacteria are typically part of the normal flora in the mouth, throat, digestive tract, and female genital tract.' },
{ question: 'Erythropoietic Porphyria ?', answer: 'Erythropoietic porphyria (EP) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS). UROS is involved in the heme biosynthesis pathway, and its deficiency leads to the accumulation of porphyrins, specifically uroporphyrin I and coproporphyrin I, in the bone marrow, red blood cells, and other tissues.' },
{ question: 'Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ?', answer: 'Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare but severe autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. ADEM often follows an infection or is triggered by a vaccination, although the exact cause is not always clear.' },
{ question: 'Acyclovir ?', answer: 'Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat infections caused by certain types of viruses, primarily herpes viruses. It is available in various forms, including oral tablets, topical creams, and intravenous (IV) formulations.' },
{ question: 'Bell palsy ?', answer: 'Bell palsy is a condition characterized by the sudden onset of temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. The exact cause of Bell palsy is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to viral infections, particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV), which causes cold sores.' },
{ question: 'Adalimumab ?', answer: 'Adalimumab is a medication classified as a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor. It is used to treat various autoimmune conditions by targeting and blocking the action of TNF-α, a cytokine involved in inflammation. Adalimumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to TNF-α, reducing its inflammatory effects.' },
{ question: 'Ankylosing Spondylitis ?', answer: 'Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine. It causes inflammation of the spinal joints (vertebrae) that can lead to severe, chronic pain and discomfort. Over time, inflammation can result in the fusion of the vertebrae, leading to a stiff and less flexible spine.' },
{ question: 'Addison Disease ?', answer: 'Addison disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare and chronic disorder characterized by the insufficient production of adrenal hormones by the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney, and they produce essential hormones, including cortisol and aldosterone.' },
{ question: 'Adefovir ?', answer: 'Adefovir is an antiviral medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). It is primarily used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, a viral infection that affects the liver.' },
{ question: 'Adenoma ?', answer: 'An adenoma is a benign tumor that originates in glandular tissue. Glands are structures that secrete substances, and adenomas can develop in various glandular tissues throughout the body. The term "adenoma" is often used in the context of specific organs or tissues.' },
{ question: 'Adenosine ?', answer: 'Adenosine is a nucleoside, a molecule composed of adenine (a purine base) and ribose (a sugar). It plays crucial roles in various biochemical processes in the body, particularly in the context of cellular energy transfer and signaling.' },
{ question: 'Tachyarrhythmias ?', answer: 'Tachyarrhythmias refer to a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) characterized by a faster-than-normal heart rate. The term "tachyarrhythmia" is derived from "tachy," meaning fast, and "arrhythmia," meaning an abnormal rhythm of the heart. These arrhythmias can originate in the atria (upper chambers of the heart) or the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart).' },
{ question: 'Pharyngoconjunctival Fever ?', answer: 'Pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) is a viral infection characterized by symptoms affecting both the throat (pharynx) and the conjunctiva of the eyes. It is commonly caused by certain adenoviruses, with types 3, 4, and 7 being frequently implicated. Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that can cause a range of illnesses, including respiratory infections, conjunctivitis (pink eye), and gastrointestinal issues.' },
{ question: 'Adrenal Adenoma ?', answer: 'An adrenal adenoma is a benign tumor that originates in the adrenal glands, which are small glands located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands have two main parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. Adrenal adenomas typically develop in the cortex, and they are often referred to as adrenal cortical adenomas.' },
{ question: 'Adrenal Carcinoma ?', answer: 'Adrenal carcinoma, also known as adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), is a rare and aggressive cancer that originates in the adrenal cortex—the outer layer of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small, triangular-shaped organs located on top of each kidney. Adrenal carcinoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the adrenal cortex, leading to the formation of tumors.' },
{ question: 'Paraneoplastic ?', answer: 'Paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a group of rare disorders that are triggered by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous tumor (neoplasm). These syndromes are not caused by the direct invasion of the tumor or its metastases but rather result from the production of substances by the tumor or the immune systemic response to the presence of cancer.' },
{ question: 'Adrenomyeloneuropathy ?', answer: 'Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system. It is classified as a peroxisomal disorder and is part of a group of conditions known as leukodystrophies. AMN is characterized by the degeneration of the spinal cord (myelopathy), peripheral nerves (neuropathy), and the adrenal glands.' },
{ question: 'Adult T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma ?', answer: 'Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects T cells, a type of white blood cell involved in the immune system. ATLL is primarily associated with infection by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is a retrovirus that can lead to the development of ATLL in a small percentage of infected individuals.' },
{ question: 'Advance Directives ?', answer: 'Advance directives are legal documents that allow individuals to express their preferences regarding medical treatment and healthcare decisions in the event that they become unable to make those decisions themselves. These documents ensure that an individual wishes are respected and followed by healthcare providers and family members.' },
{ question: 'Aeromonas Infection ?', answer: 'Aeromonas is a genus of bacteria that includes various species found in aquatic environments, such as freshwater, brackish water, and marine environments. While many Aeromonas species are considered normal inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems, some can cause infections in humans.' },
{ question: 'Agammaglobulinemia Autosomal ?', answer: 'Agammaglobulinemia refers to a group of primary immunodeficiency disorders characterized by the absence or significantly reduced levels of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood. These conditions impair the bodyily ability to mount an effective immune response against infections.' },
{ question: 'X-linked ?', answer: '"X-linked" refers to the inheritance pattern of genes located on the X chromosome. The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes, with the other being the Y chromosome. In humans, females typically have two X chromosomes (XX), and males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).' },
{ question: 'Agglutination ?', answer: 'Agglutination refers to the clumping together of particles, usually cells or microorganisms, to form aggregates. This process can occur in various biological and non-biological contexts. Here are a few instances where agglutination is commonly observed.' },
{ question: 'Agoraphobia ?', answer: 'Agoraphobia is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of situations or places where escape might be difficult or embarrassing, or where help may not be readily available in the event of a panic attack. People with agoraphobia often avoid certain places or situations, such as crowded areas, public transportation, open spaces, or places where they feel trapped, leading to a significant impact on their daily lives.' },
{ question: 'Agranulocytosis ?', answer: 'Agranulocytosis is a medical condition characterized by a severe decrease in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell essential for the immune systemic proper functioning. Granulocytes, including neutrophils, play a crucial role in defending the body against bacterial and fungal infections.' },
{ question: 'Dyspnea ?', answer: 'Dyspnea is a medical term that refers to the sensation of difficult or labored breathing. It is often described by individuals as a feeling of shortness of breath, breathlessness, or air hunger. Dyspnea can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and it may be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (persistent).' },
{ question: 'Alanine Aminotransferase ?', answer: 'Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys and other tissues. ALT plays a crucial role in the metabolism of amino acids. Specifically, it catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate, resulting in the formation of pyruvate and glutamate. This reaction is part of the process that helps convert nutrients into energy.' },
{ question: 'Albendazole ?', answer: 'Albendazole is a medication used to treat various parasitic worm infections. It belongs to a class of drugs known as anthelmintics, which are substances that kill or expel parasitic worms from the body.' },
{ question: 'Ascariasis ?', answer: 'Ascariasis is a human infection caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It is one of the most common helminth (worm) infections worldwide, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Ascaris lumbricoides is a large, white, intestinal worm that can grow up to 35 centimeters in length.' },
{ question: 'Echinococcosis ?', answer: 'Echinococcosis is a parasitic infection caused by tapeworms of the Echinococcus genus. The two main species that infect humans are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis. These tapeworms typically have a complex life cycle involving both definitive and intermediate hosts.' },
{ question: 'Enterobiasis ?', answer: 'Enterobiasis, also known as pinworm infection, is a common intestinal parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Enterobius vermicularis. It primarily affects humans, particularly children, and is one of the most prevalent helminth infections in many parts of the world.' },
{ question: 'Lymphatic Filariasis ?', answer: 'Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a parasitic infection caused by thread-like filarial worms of the genera Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. This tropical disease is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.' },
{ question: 'Taeniasis Solium ?', answer: 'Taeniasis solium is an intestinal infection caused by the adult tapeworm Taenia solium. This parasitic infection is acquired by consuming undercooked or raw pork that contains the larvae of the tapeworm. The condition is also commonly known as pork tapeworm infection.' },
{ question: 'Cysticercosis ?', answer: 'Cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larvae (cysticerci) of the tapeworm Taenia solium. Unlike taeniasis solium, which involves the adult tapeworm residing in the human intestine, cysticercosis occurs when humans ingest the eggs of T. solium, leading to the development of cysts in various tissues.' },
{ question: 'Trichinellosis ?', answer: 'Trichinellosis, also known as trichinosis, is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. The infection is acquired by consuming raw or undercooked meat, particularly pork and wild game, that is infected with the larvae of the Trichinella parasite.' },
{ question: 'Albumin ?', answer: 'Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and is the most abundant protein in the blood plasma. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the oncotic pressure of blood and is essential for various physiological functions in the body.' },
{ question: 'Intravenous ?', answer: 'Intravenous (IV) refers to the administration or delivery of substances directly into a vein. This method of delivery is commonly used in healthcare settings for various purposes, including medication administration, fluid replacement, nutritional support, and diagnostic procedures. The substances delivered intravenously can include fluids, medications, blood products, and other therapeutic agents.' },
{ question: 'Albuterol ?', answer: 'Albuterol is a bronchodilator medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as beta-2 adrenergic agonists. It is commonly used to treat bronchospasm, which is a constriction of the airways in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).' },
{ question: 'Aldosteronism ?', answer: 'Aldosteronism refers to a medical condition characterized by the overproduction of aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone plays a key role in regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the body, and its overproduction can lead to various health problems.' },
{ question: 'Alefacept ?', answer: 'Alefacept is a medication used in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis, a chronic skin condition characterized by red, raised patches of skin covered with silvery-white scales. Alefacept is classified as a biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD).' },
{ question: 'Alemtuzumab ?', answer: 'Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody medication used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, particularly for the management of certain types of leukemia and multiple sclerosis (MS). It is a type of immunotherapy that works by targeting specific cells of the immune system.' },
{ question: 'Alendronate ?', answer: 'Alendronate is a medication belonging to a class of drugs called bisphosphonates. It is commonly used in the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions. Alendronate helps to increase bone density and reduce the risk of fractures.' },
{ question: 'Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis ?', answer: 'Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus Aspergillus, leading to inflammation of the airways and lungs. It is primarily seen in individuals with asthma or cystic fibrosis. Aspergillus is a common environmental mold, and ABPA results from an exaggerated immune response to its presence.' },
{ question: 'Anaphylaxis ?', answer: 'Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention and intervention. Anaphylaxis can affect multiple organ systems and lead to a range of symptoms, some of which can be severe and rapidly progress.' },
{ question: 'Leukocytosis ?', answer: 'Leukocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an elevated white blood cell (leukocyte) count in the blood. White blood cells are a crucial component of the immune system, and an increase in their numbers can be a response to various underlying conditions.' },
{ question: 'Allodynia ?', answer: 'Allodynia is a condition in which normal stimuli that are not typically painful are perceived as pain. In other words, individuals with allodynia may experience pain in response to stimuli that are usually non-painful, such as light touch or gentle pressure. This phenomenon is often associated with disorders of the nervous system and can be a symptom of various underlying conditions.' },
{ question: 'Alloimmunization ?', answer: 'Alloimmunization refers to the immune response that occurs when an individual immune system produces antibodies against antigens from another individual of the same species. This can occur in various contexts, but it is commonly associated with blood transfusions, organ transplants, and pregnancy.' },
{ question: 'Allopurinol ?', answer: 'Allopurinol is a medication used primarily to treat hyperuricemia (elevated levels of uric acid in the blood) and its complications, such as gout. It is classified as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and it works by reducing the production of uric acid in the body.' },
{ question: 'CML ?', answer: 'CML stands for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, which is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is a form of leukemia characterized by the uncontrolled growth of myeloid cells, which are a type of white blood cell. CML is often associated with a specific genetic abnormality known as the Philadelphia chromosome.' },
{ question: 'Nephrolithiasis ?', answer: 'Nephrolithiasis refers to the formation of kidney stones, which are hard deposits that can develop in the kidneys. These stones can vary in size and composition and may cause significant pain and other symptoms as they pass through the urinary tract.' },
{ question: 'Dermatophyte Infections ?', answer: 'Dermatophyte infections, also known as tinea or ringworm infections, are fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These infections are caused by a group of fungi known as dermatophytes. Dermatophyte infections are quite common and can affect people of all ages.' },
{ question: 'Almotriptan ?', answer: 'Almotriptan is a medication used to treat acute migraine headaches. It belongs to a class of drugs known as triptans, which are serotonin receptor agonists. Triptans work by narrowing blood vessels in the brain and reducing the release of certain natural substances that contribute to migraine symptoms.' },
{ question: 'Alopecia ?', answer: 'Alopecia refers to the loss of hair or absence of hair where it would normally grow. It can occur on the scalp or other parts of the body and can range from a small, localized area to the entire body. There are different types of alopecia with various causes and manifestations.' },
{ question: 'Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists ?', answer: 'Alpha-adrenergic antagonists, also known as alpha-blockers, are a class of medications that block the effects of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors. These receptors are found in various tissues, including blood vessels, the prostate, and the bladder. By blocking these receptors, alpha-blockers cause smooth muscle relaxation, leading to vasodilation and improved urine flow in certain conditions.' },
{ question: 'Alprazolam ?', answer: 'Alprazolam is a medication that belongs to the benzodiazepine class, which is a group of drugs known for their central nervous system depressant properties. Alprazolam is commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety and panic disorders.' },
{ question: 'Alteplase ?', answer: 'Alteplase, also known as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), is a thrombolytic medication used in the treatment of certain medical conditions involving blood clots. It is a genetically engineered form of the natural tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the breakdown of blood clots. Alteplase is primarily used to restore blood flow in conditions where a blood clot is causing an obstruction.' },
{ question: 'Amantadine ?', answer: 'Amantadine is a medication that has antiviral and antiparkinsonian properties. It is primarily used for the prevention and treatment of influenza A, a type of influenza virus. Additionally, amantadine is sometimes prescribed to manage symptoms of Parkinsons disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions.' },
{ question: 'Amaurosis Fugax ?', answer: 'Amaurosis fugax refers to a temporary loss of vision or "fleeting blindness" that typically occurs in one eye. It is often described as a curtain or veil coming down over the eye and may last for a few seconds to a few minutes. This condition is considered a medical emergency because it may be a warning sign of an underlying vascular problem, particularly involving the carotid arteries that supply blood to the eyes and brain.' },
{ question: 'Amebiasis ?', answer: 'Amebiasis is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. This parasite can infect the intestines and, in some cases, other organs, leading to a range of symptoms. Amebiasis is a common cause of diarrhea in developing countries and can be associated with poor sanitation and contaminated water sources.' },
{ question: 'Ameboma ?', answer: 'Ameboma is a rare, localized inflammatory mass that can develop in the colon as a result of chronic infection with the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba histolytica is the same parasite that causes amebiasis, an infectious disease primarily affecting the intestines. Amebomas are more commonly associated with long-standing and untreated cases of amebic colitis.' },
{ question: 'Amenorrhea ?', answer: 'Amenorrhea is a medical term that refers to the absence of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age. It can be classified into two main types: Primary Amenorrhea & Secondary Amenorrhea.' },
{ question: 'Amikacin ?', answer: 'Amikacin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the aminoglycoside class. It is used to treat serious bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Amikacin is often reserved for infections where other antibiotics may be less effective or when the bacteria are resistant to other classes of antibiotics.' },
{ question: 'Amiloride ?', answer: 'Amiloride is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as potassium-sparing diuretics. It is commonly used to treat conditions associated with excess fluid retention, such as edema (fluid accumulation) and hypertension (high blood pressure). Amiloride works by affecting the balance of sodium and potassium in the body, helping to reduce fluid retention without causing excessive loss of potassium.' },
{ question: 'Aminoglycosides ?', answer: 'Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria. They are primarily used to treat serious bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Aminoglycosides are often reserved for severe infections due to their potential for side effects and the development of antibiotic resistance.' },
{ question: 'Amiodarone ?', answer: 'Amiodarone is a medication used to treat various cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms). It belongs to the class of antiarrhythmic drugs and is known for its broad-spectrum activity against different types of abnormal heart rhythms. Amiodarone is often used in cases where other antiarrhythmic medications have not been effective.' },
{ question: 'Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis ?', answer: 'Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is a condition where the use of amiodarone, a medication commonly prescribed for cardiac arrhythmias, leads to an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). Amiodarone contains iodine, and its complex effects on thyroid function can result in both hypo- and hyperthyroidism. AIT is a potentially serious complication that requires careful management.' },
{ question: 'Amitriptyline ?', answer: 'Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that is used to treat various mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and certain types of chronic pain. Tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain.' },
{ question: 'Amoxapine ?', answer: 'Amoxapine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that is primarily used for the treatment of depression. Tricyclic antidepressants like amoxapine work by affecting the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain.' },
{ question: 'Amoxicillin ?', answer: 'Amoxicillin is a widely used antibiotic in the penicillin class. It is commonly prescribed to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. Amoxicillin is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria and is frequently used for various infections, including respiratory tract infections, ear infections, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.' },
{ question: 'Amoxicillin-clavulanate ?', answer: 'Amoxicillin-clavulanate, often referred to as Augmentin, is a combination antibiotic medication. It consists of two active ingredients: amoxicillin, which is a penicillin-type antibiotic, and clavulanate, which is a beta-lactamase inhibitor. The combination of these two components enhances the spectrum of activity and helps overcome resistance mechanisms employed by certain bacteria.' },
{ question: 'Amphotericin ?', answer: 'Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication that belongs to the class of polyene antifungals. It is used to treat serious fungal infections, particularly those caused by species of Candida and Aspergillus. Amphotericin B is considered a broad-spectrum antifungal agent and is often reserved for severe systemic fungal infections.' },
{ question: 'Ampicillin ?', answer: 'Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the penicillin class. It is a derivative of penicillin and is effective against a wide range of bacteria. Ampicillin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, leading to cell death. It is commonly used to treat various bacterial infections.' },
{ question: 'Amprenavir ?', answer: 'Amprenavir is an antiretroviral medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as protease inhibitors. It was used in the treatment of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection.' },
{ question: 'Amrinone ?', answer: 'Amrinone, also known as inamrinone, is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as phosphodiesterase inhibitors. It was used for the short-term management of heart failure, particularly in cases where other conventional treatments were not effective.' },
{ question: 'Amyloid Angiopathy ?', answer: 'Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a condition characterized by the accumulation of amyloid protein in the blood vessels of the brain. Amyloid angiopathy primarily affects small- to medium-sized arteries and capillaries in the brain. The deposition of amyloid in the walls of blood vessels can lead to various complications, including damage to the blood vessels and an increased risk of bleeding (cerebral hemorrhage).' },
{ question: 'Amyloidosis ?', answer: 'Amyloidosis is a group of disorders characterized by the abnormal accumulation of insoluble proteins, called amyloids, in various tissues and organs throughout the body. These amyloid deposits can interfere with normal organ function, leading to a range of symptoms and complications. Amyloidosis can affect different organs, including the heart, kidneys, liver, nervous system, and digestive tract.' },
{ question: 'Botulism ?', answer: 'Botulism is a rare but potentially serious illness caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium can thrive in certain conditions, such as improperly canned or preserved foods, and can produce toxins that cause muscle paralysis. Botulism can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.' },
{ question: 'Osteomyelitis ?', answer: 'Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone, typically caused by bacteria. It can affect any bone in the body but often occurs in the long bones, such as the arms and legs. Osteomyelitis can be acute or chronic and may result from the spread of infection from nearby tissues or through the bloodstream.' },
{ question: 'Anakinra ?', answer: 'Anakinra is a medication classified as an interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist. It is used for the treatment of certain inflammatory conditions, particularly rheumatoid arthritis and a group of autoinflammatory disorders known as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). Anakinra is a biologic drug that helps modulate the immune system by blocking the action of IL-1, a pro-inflammatory cytokine.' },
{ question: 'Analgesia ?', answer: 'Analgesia refers to the relief or reduction of pain. The term is often used to describe the use of medications or interventions that alleviate pain without causing a loss of consciousness. The goal of analgesia is to improve the comfort and well-being of individuals experiencing pain.' },
{ question: 'Anaplasmosis ?', answer: 'Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Anaplasma. The two primary species that cause human anaplasmosis are Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys. These bacteria infect white blood cells and can lead to various symptoms in humans.' },
{ question: 'Androgen ?', answer: 'Androgens are a class of hormones that play a key role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics. The primary androgens are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). While these hormones are present in both males and females, they are typically at higher levels in males and contribute to the development of male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics.' },
{ question: 'Anemia ?', answer: 'Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Anemia can result in reduced oxygen delivery to tissues and organs, leading to various symptoms and potential complications.' },
{ question: 'Hypoproliferative ?', answer: '"Hypoproliferative" generally refers to a condition or state characterized by decreased or impaired cell proliferation. Cell proliferation refers to the process of cells dividing and multiplying, leading to an increase in their numbers. When this process is reduced or compromised, it is referred to as hypoproliferative.' },
{ question: 'Aneurysm ?', answer: 'An aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. This can occur in arteries or veins. Aneurysms are typically caused by a weakening of the blood vessel wall. Over time, the pressure of blood flowing through the weakened area can cause it to swell and form an aneurysm.' },
{ question: 'Angina Pectoris ?', answer: 'Angina pectoris, commonly referred to as angina, is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. This can happen when there is a temporary reduction in blood flow to a part of the heart. Angina is often a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD), which is a condition where the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque.' },
{ question: 'Prinzmetal Variant ?', answer: 'Prinzmetal angina, also known as variant angina or vasospastic angina, is a type of angina pectoris characterized by episodes of chest pain or discomfort caused by coronary artery spasms. Unlike stable angina, which is often associated with physical exertion or stress, Prinzmetal angina can occur at rest, often during the night or early morning.' },
{ question: 'Mechanical Revascularization ?', answer: 'Mechanical revascularization refers to procedures that are performed to restore blood flow to an organ or tissue by physically opening or bypassing blocked or narrowed blood vessels. This is often done in the context of ischemic conditions, where there is insufficient blood supply to meet the metabolic demands of the affected tissue. The term is commonly used in the field of cardiology and neurology.' },
{ question: 'Angiodysplasia ?', answer: 'Angiodysplasia refers to the presence of abnormal, dilated blood vessels (usually small blood vessels) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These vessels are prone to bleeding, and angiodysplasia is a known cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. The condition is more commonly observed in older adults.' },
{ question: 'Angioedema ?', answer: 'Angioedema is a condition characterized by rapid swelling of the deeper layers of the skin, often in areas such as the face, lips, tongue, throat, and occasionally the genitals or other body parts. This swelling occurs due to the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, and it is typically not associated with itching or redness, which distinguishes it from hives (urticaria).' },
{ question: 'Hepatobiliary ?', answer: '"Hepatobiliary" refers to the combined function of the liver (hepato-) and the bile ducts (-biliary). This term is often used in the context of medical conditions, procedures, or imaging studies related to the liver and the biliary system.' },
{ question: 'Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ?', answer: 'Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are a class of medications used primarily to treat conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. They work by blocking the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that constricts blood vessels and stimulates the release of aldosterone, which increases salt and water retention.' },
{ question: 'Glomerulonephritis ?', answer: 'Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the glomeruli, which are small structures in the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and removing excess fluid, electrolytes, and waste products. This inflammation can impair the kidneys ability to effectively filter the blood and can lead to various symptoms and complications. Glomerulonephritis can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term).' },
{ question: 'Anidulafungin ?', answer: 'Anidulafungin is an antifungal medication that belongs to the echinocandin class. It is used to treat certain fungal infections, particularly invasive candidiasis. Anidulafungin works by inhibiting the synthesis of beta (1,3)-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. This disruption weakens the cell wall, leading to the death of the fungal organism.' },
{ question: 'Anilines ?', answer: 'Anilines refer to a class of organic compounds that are derived from aniline (C6H5NH2), which is a primary aromatic amine. Aniline itself is a benzene ring (a six-membered carbon ring) with a nitrogen atom attached to it.' },
{ question: 'Anisocytosis ?', answer: 'Anisocytosis is a medical term that refers to the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) of unequal sizes in a blood sample. Normally, red blood cells are relatively uniform in size, but anisocytosis indicates a variation in cell size. This condition is often identified through a blood smear or a complete blood count (CBC) test.' },
{ question: 'Anistreplase ?', answer: 'Anistreplase is a thrombolytic medication, specifically a fibrinolytic agent. Thrombolytics are drugs used to dissolve blood clots. Anistreplase is derived from streptokinase, an enzyme produced by certain strains of streptococcal bacteria.' },
{ question: 'Ankylosing Spondylitis ?', answer: 'Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine. It is a chronic, progressive condition that causes inflammation of the joints in the spine, leading to pain, stiffness, and eventually fusion of the vertebrae. While the spine is most commonly affected, other joints and organs can also be involved.' },
{ question: 'Anion-gap Metabolic Alkalosis ?', answer: 'An "anion-gap metabolic alkalosis" might refer to a situation where there is an elevated anion gap, suggesting the presence of an acid-base imbalance, but the overall pH of the blood is alkalotic. This could be a complex scenario and might indicate a mixed acid-base disorder.' },
{ question: 'Anomia ?', answer: 'Anomia is a term used in psychology and neurology to describe a difficulty in recalling names or words. It is a type of language impairment that primarily affects the ability to retrieve and express specific words or names, even though the individual may be fully aware of the meaning of the words. Anomia is often associated with various neurological conditions, particularly those affecting language centers in the brain.' },
{ question: 'Anorectal Disease ?', answer: 'Anorectal diseases refer to medical conditions or disorders that affect the anus and rectum, which are part of the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions can range from relatively common and minor issues to more serious and complex problems.' },
{ question: 'Anorexia ?', answer: 'Anorexia nervosa is a serious mental health disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, which leads to self-imposed starvation and excessive weight loss. People with anorexia often have a relentless pursuit of thinness and a preoccupation with food, dieting, and body size. This condition can have severe physical and psychological consequences and requires professional intervention for effective treatment.' },
{ question: 'Anosmia ?', answer: 'Anosmia is the loss or absence of the sense of smell. It can be temporary or permanent and may result from various causes.' },
{ question: 'Anosognosia ?', answer: 'Anosognosia is a neurological condition characterized by a lack of awareness or insight into ones own illness or disability. It often occurs as a result of damage to the brain, particularly in areas associated with self-awareness and perception. Individuals with anosognosia may be unaware of the severity or existence of their condition, which can include physical or cognitive impairments.' },
{ question: 'Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy ?', answer: 'Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) is a medical condition that involves the impairment or loss of vision due to a decreased blood supply (ischemia) to the optic nerve head. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. When the blood supply to the optic nerve is compromised, it can lead to damage and vision loss.' },
{ question: 'Antiarrhythmics ?', answer: 'Antiarrhythmic drugs are medications used to treat and manage abnormal heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias. These drugs work by modifying the electrical impulses in the heart to restore a normal rhythm. Arrhythmias can be characterized by irregular heartbeats, too fast (tachycardia), or too slow (bradycardia) heart rates. The choice of antiarrhythmic medication depends on the type and severity of the arrhythmia, as well as the overall health of the patient.' },
{ question: 'Anticholinergics ?', answer: 'Anticholinergics are a class of drugs that inhibit the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Acetylcholine plays a crucial role in the transmission of nerve impulses and is involved in the function of various organs and systems in the body. By blocking the effects of acetylcholine, anticholinergic drugs have a wide range of effects on different organ systems.' },
{ question: 'Anticholinesterase ?', answer: 'Anticholinesterases are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synapses of the nervous system. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the transmission of nerve impulses. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, anticholinesterases increase the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, leading to prolonged stimulation of the postsynaptic receptors.' },
{ question: 'Anticoagulants ?', answer: 'Anticoagulants, also known as blood thinners, are medications that prevent the formation of blood clots. These drugs are commonly used to treat or prevent conditions in which blood clotting could be harmful. Blood clots can form in blood vessels and lead to serious medical problems, such as strokes, heart attacks, or pulmonary embolisms.' },
{ question: 'Anti-LKM Antibodies ?', answer: 'LKM (Liver Kidney Microsomal) antibodies are autoantibodies that target antigens found in the liver and kidney. There are two main types of LKM antibodies: LKM-1 and LKM-2.' },
{ question: 'Leishmaniasis ?', answer: 'Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus. These parasites are transmitted to humans and animals through the bites of infected female sandflies. Leishmaniasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South America.' },
{ question: 'Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies ?', answer: 'Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies that target proteins within the cytoplasm of neutrophils and monocytes, which are types of white blood cells. These autoantibodies are associated with a group of autoimmune diseases known as ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV).' },
{ question: 'Glomerulonephritis ?', answer: 'Glomerulonephritis is a group of diseases that affect the glomeruli, which are the tiny filters in the kidneys responsible for removing excess fluids, electrolytes, and waste from the bloodstream to form urine. Inflammation of the glomeruli can lead to problems with kidney function.' },
{ question: 'Antipyretics ?', answer: 'Antipyretics are a class of drugs that are used to reduce fever (pyrexia). Fever is a natural response of the body to infection, inflammation, or other medical conditions. While fever itself is not usually harmful, it can cause discomfort and distress, and in some cases, it may be important to lower body temperature. Antipyretic drugs help in achieving this by acting on the bodily temperature-regulating centers.' },
{ question: 'Antithymocyte Globulin ?', answer: 'Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is a medication used in transplantation medicine to prevent or treat rejection of organ or tissue grafts, particularly in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or solid organ transplantation. The immune system plays a crucial role in rejecting foreign tissues or cells, and ATG works by suppressing the immune response.' },
{ question: 'Antitussive Agents ?', answer: 'Antitussive agents are substances or medications that suppress or relieve coughing. Coughing is a reflex that helps clear the airways of irritants, but in some cases, it can be persistent or non-productive, causing discomfort and interfering with daily activities. Antitussive agents are used to alleviate this symptom. There are different types of antitussive agents, and they can be classified into different categories based on their mechanisms of action.' },
{ question: 'Antrectomy ?', answer: 'Antrectomy is a surgical procedure in which the antrum of the stomach is removed. The antrum is the lower part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). This procedure is often performed as part of a treatment for certain medical conditions, such as peptic ulcers or gastric cancer.' },
{ question: 'Anuria ?', answer: 'Anuria is a medical term that refers to the absence of urine production or an extremely low urine output. It is typically defined as a urine output of less than 50 milliliters per day. Anuria is a serious condition that can be indicative of underlying kidney problems or other severe health issues.' },
{ question: 'Anxiolytics ?', answer: 'Anxiolytics are a class of medications primarily used to treat anxiety disorders and related conditions. They work by depressing the central nervous system, which leads to a calming or sedative effect. Anxiolytics are sometimes referred to as tranquilizers or antianxiety medications. It is important to note that these medications should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to dependence and other adverse effects.' },
{ question: 'Arachnoiditis ?', answer: 'Arachnoiditis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the arachnoid, one of the three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid is located between the dura mater (outermost layer) and the pia mater (innermost layer) of the meninges. Inflammation of the arachnoid can lead to the formation of scar tissue and adhesions, which may affect the spinal nerves.' },
{ question: 'Argatroban ?', answer: 'Argatroban is an anticoagulant, or blood thinner, that is used to prevent or treat blood clots. It belongs to a class of medications known as direct thrombin inhibitors. Thrombin is an enzyme in the blood that plays a crucial role in the clotting process, and argatroban works by directly inhibiting the activity of thrombin.' },
{ question: 'Aripiprazole ?', answer: 'Aripiprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as atypical antipsychotics. It is primarily used to treat certain mental/mood disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.' },
{ question: 'Ascariasis ?', answer: 'Ascariasis is a human infection caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. This intestinal worm is one of the most common human parasites, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Ascaris lumbricoides infects the small intestine and is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water containing the eggs of the worm.' },
{ question: 'L-Asparaginase ?', answer: 'L-Asparaginase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of asparagine, an amino acid essential for the growth of certain cells, including cancer cells. This enzyme is used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of certain types of cancer, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).' },
{ question: 'Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) ?', answer: 'Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), also known as serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), is an enzyme found in various tissues of the body, with high concentrations in the liver and heart. AST plays a crucial role in amino acid metabolism and is involved in the transfer of an amino group from aspartate to alpha-ketoglutarate, yielding oxaloacetate and glutamate.' },
{ question: 'Aspergilloma ?', answer: 'An aspergilloma, also known as a mycetoma or fungus ball, is a mass of fungus that grows within a pre-existing lung cavity or airway. Aspergillus species, commonly Aspergillus fumigatus, are the most frequent causative agents of aspergillomas. Aspergillomas typically occur in individuals with pre-existing lung conditions, such as tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, or sarcoidosis, where cavities or spaces are present in the lung tissue.' },
{ question: 'Aspergillosis ?', answer: 'Aspergillosis is a group of diseases caused by various species of the fungus Aspergillus. Aspergillus is a common mold found in the environment, and most people are exposed to it without experiencing any health problems. However, in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying respiratory conditions, Aspergillus can lead to infections.' },
{ question: 'Angina Pectoris ?', answer: 'Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is a medical condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort. It occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough blood flow, usually due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. The coronary arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle, and when there is a reduction in blood flow, it can lead to chest pain.' },
{ question: 'Pericarditis ?', answer: 'Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, a thin sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart. The pericardium consists of two layers with a small amount of fluid between them, which allows the heart to move in a frictionless manner within the chest.' },
{ question: 'Superficial Thrombophlebitis ?', answer: 'Superficial thrombophlebitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of a vein just below the surface of the skin, accompanied by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within that vein. It commonly occurs in the veins of the legs but can also affect other areas of the body. Unlike deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which involves deeper veins, superficial thrombophlebitis typically involves veins closer to the skin surface.' },
{ question: 'Asterixis ?', answer: 'Asterixis, also known as "flapping tremor" or "liver flap," is a neurological sign characterized by brief lapses of sustained muscle contraction resulting in a jerking or flapping movement of the hands or fingers. This phenomenon is often observed in the hands, but it can also affect other body parts. Asterixis is typically seen when the affected individual is holding a particular posture against gravity, such as extending the arms and wrists.' },
{ question: 'Astrocytoma ?', answer: 'An astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor that arises from astrocytes, which are star-shaped cells that form part of the supportive tissue of the brain. Astrocytomas can occur in various parts of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. These tumors are classified based on their grade, which reflects the degree of malignancy or aggressiveness.' },
{ question: 'Asystole ?', answer: 'Asystole is a medical term used to describe the absence of any detectable electrical activity in the heart. It is a form of cardiac arrest characterized by a flatline on the electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) monitor. In asystole, the heart ceases to contract, and there is no organized electrical activity in the myocardium (heart muscle).' },
{ question: 'Ataxia ?', answer: 'Ataxia refers to a group of neurological disorders characterized by a lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements. People with ataxia often experience difficulties with balance, coordination, and speech. The condition can affect various parts of the nervous system, including the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain responsible for controlling coordination and balance.' },
{ question: 'Ataxia-Telangiectasia ?', answer: 'Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system and other body systems. It is also known as Louis-Bar syndrome. This condition is caused by mutations in the ATM gene, which is responsible for providing instructions for making a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell division and DNA repair.' },
{ question: 'Atazanavir ?', answer: 'Atazanavir is an antiretroviral medication used in the treatment of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. It belongs to the class of drugs known as protease inhibitors. Atazanavir works by inhibiting the activity of the HIV protease enzyme, which is essential for the replication of the virus.' },
{ question: 'Atheroembolism ?', answer: 'Atheroembolism, also known as cholesterol embolism or atheroembolic disease, is a medical condition in which cholesterol-containing plaques from large arteries break loose and travel through the bloodstream, causing obstruction in smaller blood vessels. These emboli, composed of cholesterol crystals, platelets, and other debris, can lodge in various organs, leading to impaired blood flow and tissue damage.' },
{ question: 'Atherosclerosis ?', answer: 'Atherosclerosis, characterized by the accumulation of plaque in arterial walls.' },
{ question: 'Athetosis ?', answer: 'Athetosis is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary, slow, writhing, and twisting movements, especially in the hands and fingers. These movements can also affect other parts of the body, such as the face, neck, and trunk. Athetoid movements are often continuous and may interfere with voluntary movements, making it challenging for individuals to control their muscles.' },
{ question: 'Atorvastatin ?', answer: 'Atorvastatin is a medication commonly used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood. It belongs to a class of drugs known as statins, which are widely prescribed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes. Atorvastatin works by inhibiting an enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a key role in the production of cholesterol in the liver.' },
{ question: 'Atovaquone ?', answer: 'Atovaquone is a medication used to treat and prevent certain types of infections caused by parasites. It belongs to a class of drugs known as antiprotozoals. Atovaquone is particularly effective against protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that can cause various infections in humans.' },
{ question: 'Atrial Tachycardia ?', answer: 'Atrial tachycardia is a type of abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that originates in the atria, which are the upper chambers of the heart. In this condition, the electrical signals of the heart fire abnormally, causing the atria to beat faster than the normal heart rate.' },
{ question: 'Auscultation ?', answer: 'Auscultation is a medical term that refers to the process of listening to sounds within the body, typically using a stethoscope. Healthcare professionals, such as doctors and nurses, use auscultation to assess and diagnose various medical conditions by listening to the sounds produced by internal organs, blood flow, or air movement in the respiratory system.' },
{ question: 'Leukopenia ?', answer: 'Leukopenia is a medical condition characterized by a lower-than-normal level of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood. White blood cells play a crucial role in the immune system of the body, helping to fight off infections and diseases. The normal range of white blood cell count can vary, but a common reference range is typically between 4,000 and 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood.' },
{ question: 'Thrombocytopenia ?', answer: 'Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a low platelet count in the blood. Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting. When the platelet count is low, the blood may not clot properly, leading to an increased risk of bleeding.' },
{ question: 'Aripiprazole ?', answer: 'Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic medication used to treat various mental health conditions. It is sold under the brand name Abilify among others.' },
{ question: 'Arrhythmia ?', answer: 'Arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm, where the heart may beat too quickly (tachycardia), too slowly (bradycardia), or irregularly. The heart normally beats in a coordinated and regular pattern to pump blood effectively throughout the body. However, various factors can disrupt this normal rhythm, leading to arrhythmias.' },
{ question: 'Artemether-lumefantrine ?', answer: 'Artemether-lumefantrine is a combination antimalarial medication used to treat uncomplicated malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. This combination is often sold under the brand name Coartem. Malaria is a serious tropical disease spread by mosquitoes, and it can be fatal if not treated promptly and appropriately.' },
{ question: 'Arterial blood gases (ABG) ?', answer: 'Arterial blood gases (ABGs) refer to a blood test that measures the levels of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, as well as the acidity (pH) of the blood. This test is usually performed by drawing blood from an artery, typically the radial artery in the wrist. Arterial blood provides a more accurate reflection of respiratory function compared to venous blood.' },
{ question: 'Arterial Embolism ?', answer: 'An arterial embolism refers to the sudden blockage of an artery by an embolus, which is a clot or a mass of material that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel. This can lead to a restriction or complete obstruction of blood flow to the affected area. Arterial embolisms commonly occur in the arteries of the limbs, particularly the legs, but they can also affect other organs and tissues.' },
{ question: 'Arteriosclerosis ?', answer: 'Arteriosclerosis is a medical term that refers to the thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries. It is a general term that includes several related conditions, with atherosclerosis being the most common form.' },
{ question: 'Arteriovenous Fistula ?', answer: 'An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein. Normally, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the bodily tissues, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. However, when an arteriovenous fistula forms, there is a direct communication between an artery and a vein without the usual capillary network between them.' },
{ question: 'Artesunate ?', answer: 'Artesunate is a medication primarily used for the treatment of malaria. It belongs to a class of drugs known as artemisinin derivatives. Artemisinin, derived from the sweet wormwood plant (Artemisia annua), is a key component in the treatment of malaria, particularly in combination with other antimalarial drugs.' },
{ question: 'Arthropod Ectoparasites ?', answer: 'Arthropod ectoparasites are organisms that live on the external surface of their host organisms, relying on them for nourishment and, in some cases, reproduction. Arthropods are a diverse phylum of invertebrates that includes insects, arachnids (such as ticks and mites), and crustaceans. Many arthropods have adapted to a parasitic lifestyle, and they can be found on a wide range of hosts, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and even other arthropods.' },
{ question: 'Arthroscopic Therapy ?', answer: 'Arthroscopic therapy, also known as arthroscopy, is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat joint problems. It involves the use of an arthroscope, a small, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end, which is inserted into the joint through a small incision. This allows the surgeon to visualize the interior of the joint on a monitor and perform various surgical procedures with specialized instruments.' },
{ question: 'Ascariasis ?', answer: 'Ascariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It is one of the most common human parasitic infections worldwide, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest intestinal nematode (roundworm) that infects humans.' },
{ question: 'L-Asparaginase ?', answer: 'L-Asparaginase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of asparagine, an amino acid essential for the growth of certain types of cells, particularly cancer cells. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia, thereby depleting the asparagine pool available for protein synthesis in the affected cells.' },
{ question: 'Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) ?', answer: 'Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes within the body. It is also known as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). AST is found in high concentrations in the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells.' },
{ question: 'Aspergilloma ?', answer: 'An aspergilloma, also known as a mycetoma or fungus ball, is a mass of fungal elements, usually Aspergillus species, that forms within a pre-existing cavity in the lung. This cavity is often the result of conditions such as tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, or lung abscess. Aspergillomas are commonly found in the upper lobe of the lung.' },
{ question: 'Aspergillosis ?', answer: 'Aspergillosis is an infection or allergic reaction caused by various species of the fungus Aspergillus. Aspergillus is a common mold that is found both indoors and outdoors. Most people breathe in Aspergillus spores every day without getting sick, as the immune system usually prevents the fungus from causing illness. However, individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying respiratory conditions may be more susceptible to developing aspergillosis.' },
{ question: 'Asphyxiants ?', answer: 'Asphyxiants are substances that can cause harm or death by depriving the body of oxygen. They work by displacing or reducing the concentration of oxygen in the air, leading to oxygen deficiency. This lack of oxygen can result in suffocation and can be extremely dangerous.' },
{ question: 'Asterixis ?', answer: 'Asterixis, also known as "flapping tremor" or "liver flap," is a neurological sign characterized by the involuntary jerking or flapping movements of the hands, particularly when the wrists are extended. These movements are often visible when the hands are outstretched, resembling a bird flapping its wings.' },
{ question: 'Astrocytoma ?', answer: 'Astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor that originates from cells called astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell in the brain. Glial cells provide support and nourishment to neurons and play a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system. Astrocytomas are the most common type of glioma, accounting for about 60% of all gliomas.' },
{ question: 'Asystole ?', answer: 'Asystole is a medical term that refers to the absence of any electrical activity in the heart. It is a form of cardiac arrest characterized by a flat line on the electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) monitor. In asystole, the heart muscle is not contracting, and there is no organized electrical activity to generate a heartbeat.' },
{ question: 'Ataxia ?', answer: 'Ataxia refers to a neurological condition characterized by a lack of coordination and unsteady movements. It is not a specific disease but a symptom of an underlying problem affecting the nervous system, particularly the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements and coordination.' },
{ question: 'Atazanavir ?', answer: 'Atazanavir is an antiretroviral medication used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It belongs to a class of drugs known as protease inhibitors. Atazanavir works by inhibiting the activity of the HIV protease enzyme, which is necessary for the replication of the virus.' },
{ question: 'Atenolol ?', answer: 'Atenolol is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as beta-blockers. It is commonly prescribed to treat conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension), angina (chest pain), and certain heart rhythm disorders. Atenolol works by blocking the action of certain natural substances in the body, such as adrenaline, which can affect the heart and blood vessels.' },
{ question: 'Atheroembolism ?', answer: 'Atheroembolism, also known as cholesterol embolism or atheroembolic disease, occurs when cholesterol-rich plaque deposits within the walls of blood vessels break loose and travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, causing blockages in smaller blood vessels. These emboli are composed of cholesterol crystals, fibrin, and other debris from atherosclerotic plaques.' },
{ question: 'Athetosis ?', answer: 'Athetosis is a medical term that refers to a type of involuntary, slow, and writhing movement primarily affecting the fingers, hands, toes, and feet. It is a form of dyskinesia, which is a movement disorder characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled movements.' },
{ question: 'Atorvastatin ?', answer: 'Atorvastatin is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as statins. It is commonly used to lower levels of "bad" cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein or LDL) and triglycerides in the blood, while also increasing levels of "good" cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein or HDL). By reducing cholesterol levels, atorvastatin helps lower the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes.' },
{ question: 'Atovaquone ?', answer: 'Atovaquone is a medication used to treat and prevent certain parasitic infections. It is particularly effective against protozoan parasites, including Plasmodium spp. (the causative agent of malaria) and Pneumocystis jirovecii (a fungus that can cause pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised individuals).'},
{ question: 'Atovaquone-Proguanil ?', answer: 'Atovaquone-proguanil is a combination medication used for the prevention and treatment of malaria, a tropical disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite. This combination drug is sold under various brand names, with Malarone being one of the most well-known.' },
{ question: 'Atrial Fibrillation ?', answer: 'Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is a common type of irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that affects the upper chambers of the heart, known as the atria. Instead of contracting in a coordinated and regular manner, the atria fibrillate or quiver, leading to an irregular and often rapid heartbeat. This can disrupt the normal blood flow in the heart, potentially causing various health issues.' },
{ question: 'Atrial Flutter ?', answer: 'Atrial flutter is a type of abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that occurs in the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. It is characterized by a rapid and regular beating of the atria, typically at rates between 240 and 340 beats per minute. Unlike atrial fibrillation, another common atrial arrhythmia, atrial flutter is usually more organized and regular in its pattern.' },
{ question: 'Atrioventricular (AV) Block ?', answer: 'Atrioventricular (AV) block is a cardiac conduction disorder that occurs when there is a disruption in the electrical signals between the atria (upper chambers of the heart) and the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart). This disruption can lead to a delay or complete block of the electrical impulses as they travel from the atria to the ventricles.' },
{ question: 'Mobitz ?', answer: 'Mobitz refers to a classification system for second-degree atrioventricular (AV) heart block, which is a type of abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Second-degree AV block occurs when there is a delay or block in the electrical signals between the atria (upper chambers of the heart) and the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart).' },
{ question: 'Auer Rods ?', answer: 'Auer rods are microscopic, needle-shaped cytoplasmic inclusions that are often observed in certain types of leukemia cells. They are named after the German pathologist Ludwig Auerbach, who first described them in 1906. Auer rods are most commonly associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood.' },
{ question: 'Auscultation ?', answer: 'Auscultation is a medical term that refers to the process of listening to sounds within the body, typically with the use of a stethoscope. It is a fundamental part of physical examinations and is commonly used by healthcare professionals, such as doctors and nurses, to assess the function of various organs and systems.' },
{ question: 'Hemolysis ?', answer: 'Hemolysis refers to the rupture or destruction of red blood cells (erythrocytes), leading to the release of their contents, including hemoglobin, into the surrounding fluid. This process can occur in various conditions and can have different causes.' },
{ question: 'Autologous Transfusion ?', answer: 'Autologous transfusion refers to the process of collecting and storing blood of a patient for later use, typically during a surgical procedure or in preparation for potential blood transfusion needs. This method helps reduce the risk of complications associated with allogeneic (donor) blood transfusions, such as transfusion reactions and the transmission of infectious diseases.' },
{ question: 'Avascular Necrosis ?', answer: 'Avascular necrosis (AVN), also known as osteonecrosis or ischemic bone necrosis, is a condition characterized by the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. Blood supply is crucial for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the bone cells, and when this supply is disrupted, the affected bone tissue begins to die.' },
{ question: 'Balanitis ?', answer: 'Balanitis is the inflammation of the glans, which is the rounded tip of the penis. It can affect both circumcised and uncircumcised men. The most common cause of balanitis is poor hygiene, particularly in uncircumcised men. Other causes may include infections, irritation, allergic reactions, or certain skin conditions.' },
{ question: 'Barbiturate ?', answer: 'Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants. They were once widely used for various medical purposes, including as sedatives, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. Barbiturates exert their effects by enhancing the activity of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has inhibitory effects on the brain.' },
{ question: 'Barotrauma ?', answer: 'Barotrauma refers to physical damage that occurs to the body tissues due to changes in pressure, typically associated with changes in environmental pressure. This can happen in various contexts, including underwater activities, aviation, and medical situations. The term "baro" refers to pressure, and "trauma" indicates injury.' },
{ question: 'Bartonella infection ?', answer: 'Bartonella is a genus of bacteria that includes several species capable of infecting humans. The most commonly known species is Bartonella henselae, which is responsible for cat scratch fever. Bartonella bacilliformis and Bartonella quintana are other species that can cause human infections.' },
{ question: 'Bartter’s syndrome ?', answer: 'Bartter syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the kidneys. It is characterized by an imbalance of certain electrolytes in the body, including potassium, sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. This condition is named after Dr. Frederic Bartter, who first described it in 1962.' },
{ question: 'Basal Cell Carcinoma ?', answer: 'Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer, and it primarily affects the basal cells in the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). Basal cells are responsible for producing new skin cells as old ones die off. While basal cell carcinoma is considered a slow-growing and usually non-aggressive form of skin cancer, it can cause significant damage if left untreated. Here are some key points about basal cell carcinoma:' },
{ question: 'Keratotic ?', answer: 'The term "keratotic" is related to the word "keratosis," which refers to a skin condition characterized by the thickening of the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) due to the overproduction of keratin, a protein that makes up the skin, hair, and nails. Keratosis can manifest in various forms and may be associated with different skin conditions.' },
{ question: 'Morpheaform ?', answer: '"Morpheaform" typically refers to a type of skin lesion or growth that resembles morphea, a localized form of scleroderma. Morphea is a condition characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin. Morpheaform lesions are often firm, indurated, and may have a waxy or ivory-colored appearance.' },
{ question: 'Basal energy expenditure ?', answer: 'Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE), also known as Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), is the amount of energy expended by the body while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state (meaning the body is at complete rest and has not consumed food recently). BEE represents the energy needed for basic physiological functions such as maintaining body temperature, circulating blood, and supporting vital organs.' },
{ question: 'Basophilia ?', answer: 'Basophilia refers to an increased concentration of basophils in the blood. Basophils are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a role in the immune response, particularly in allergic reactions. These cells contain granules filled with substances like histamine, which can be released during an immune response.' },
{ question: 'Bechterew’s disease ?', answer: 'Bechterews disease, also known as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), is a chronic inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine. It belongs to a group of inflammatory arthritis conditions called spondyloarthritis. Ankylosing spondylitis typically starts in the lower back and sacroiliac joints (where the spine connects with the pelvis) and can progress to involve other joints and organs.' },
{ question: 'Beclomethasone ?', answer: 'Beclomethasone is a corticosteroid medication used in the treatment of various inflammatory conditions, particularly those affecting the respiratory system. It is commonly used to manage asthma and allergic rhinitis. The medication works by reducing inflammation in the airways, which helps to alleviate symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and nasal congestion.' },
{ question: 'Benzodiazepines ?', answer: 'Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs that are commonly prescribed for various medical conditions, primarily to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. They work by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which has a calming effect on the central nervous system.' },
{ question: 'Dystonia ?', answer: 'Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, which cause repetitive or twisting movements and abnormal postures. These muscle contractions can be sustained or intermittent and often result in twisting, repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. Dystonia can affect different parts of the body, and its severity can vary from mild to severe.' },
{ question: 'Berylliosis ?', answer: 'Berylliosis is a chronic lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium, a lightweight metal found in certain minerals, ores, and rocks. Beryllium is commonly used in industries such as aerospace, electronics, and nuclear energy because of its unique properties, including high strength and conductivity.' },
{ question: 'Bevacizumab ?', answer: 'Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody medication that inhibits angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. It is primarily used in the treatment of various types of cancers, particularly colorectal, lung, breast, and kidney cancers.' },
{ question: 'Biliary disease ?', answer: 'Biliary disease refers to a group of conditions that affect the bile ducts, gallbladder, and other parts of the biliary system. The biliary system plays a crucial role in the digestion process by producing, storing, and transporting bile. Bile is a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine.' },
{ question: 'Bilirubin ?', answer: 'Bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment that is produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells (hemoglobin). Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues and organs. When red blood cells reach the end of their lifespan (about 120 days), they are broken down in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.' },
{ question: 'Blastomycosis ?', answer: 'Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. This fungus is typically found in the environment, particularly in soil that is rich in organic matter, such as decomposing wood and leaves. Blastomycosis primarily affects the lungs when individuals inhale airborne spores of the fungus.' },
{ question: 'Bleomycin ?', answer: 'Bleomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic and antitumor agent that is used in medical practice, primarily for the treatment of certain cancers. It was first isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. The drug has both antibiotic and anticancer properties, making it useful in the treatment of various malignancies.' },
{ question: 'Blepharoconjunctivitis ?', answer: 'Blepharoconjunctivitis is a term used in the medical field to describe the simultaneous inflammation of both the eyelids (blepharitis) and the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis). As previously mentioned, blepharitis is the inflammation of the eyelids, typically at the eyelid margins, while conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the clear tissue covering the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.' },
{ question: 'Bortezomib ?', answer: 'Bortezomib is a medication used in the treatment of certain cancers, particularly multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. It belongs to a class of drugs called proteasome inhibitors. The proteasome is a cellular structure responsible for breaking down proteins, and bortezomib works by inhibiting this process.' },
{ question: 'Bosentan ?', answer: 'Bosentan is a medication used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to reduce the number of new digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis and ongoing digital ulcer disease. It belongs to a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.' },
{ question: 'Bradycardia ?', answer: 'Bradycardia refers to a slower-than-normal heart rate. In adults, a resting heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute (bpm) is generally considered bradycardia. However, athletes or highly conditioned individuals may have lower resting heart rates, which is normal for them.' },
{ question: 'Bradykinesia ?', answer: 'Bradykinesia is a medical term used to describe slowness of movement. It is a characteristic feature of several neurological disorders, most notably Parkinsons disease. In Parkinsons disease, bradykinesia is one of the primary motor symptoms, along with resting tremors and muscle rigidity.' },
{ question: 'Brill-Zinsser disease ?', answer: 'Brill-Zinsser disease is a relapse or recurrence of epidemic typhus, which is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii. Epidemic typhus is typically associated with crowded and unsanitary conditions, such as those seen in times of war, natural disasters, or other situations that lead to a lack of hygiene.' },
{ question: 'Bromocriptine ?', answer: 'Bromocriptine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as dopamine agonists. It primarily acts on dopamine receptors in the brain and is used to treat various medical conditions. Here are some key uses of bromocriptine:' },
{ question: 'Brucellosis ?', answer: 'Brucellosis is a bacterial infection caused by members of the genus Brucella. These bacteria can infect various domestic and wild animals, and the infection can be transmitted to humans. The disease is also known by other names, such as undulant fever, Malta fever, and Mediterranean fever.' },
{ question: 'Busulfan ?', answer: 'Busulfan is a chemotherapy drug that is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, particularly in conditions such as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and certain bone marrow disorders. It belongs to a class of medications known as alkylating agents.' },
{ question: 'Cabergoline ?', answer: 'Cabergoline is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as dopamine agonists. It is primarily used to treat medical conditions associated with an excess of prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Prolactin is involved in the regulation of various bodily functions, particularly those related to reproduction.' },
{ question: 'Calcipotriol ?', answer: 'Calcipotriol is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol, which is the active form of vitamin D. It is used topically in the treatment of psoriasis, a chronic skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches. Calcipotriol works by regulating skin cell production and reducing inflammation.' },
{ question: 'Campylobacteriosis ?', answer: 'Campylobacteriosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Campylobacter. The most common species associated with human illness is Campylobacter jejuni, though Campylobacter coli can also be a cause. These bacteria are spiral-shaped and Gram-negative.' },
{ question: 'Candesartan ?', answer: 'Candesartan is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). It is commonly prescribed to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and heart failure. Candesartan works by blocking the action of angiotensin II, a substance in the body that can narrow blood vessels and increase blood pressure.' },
{ question: 'Candidemia ?', answer: 'Candidemia is a bloodstream infection (fungemia) caused by the presence of Candida species, commonly Candida albicans, in the bloodstream. Candida is a type of yeast that normally resides on the skin, mucous membranes, and in the gastrointestinal tract without causing harm. However, under certain conditions, it can enter the bloodstream and lead to systemic infections.' },
{ question: 'Candidiasis ?', answer: 'Candidiasis refers to an infection caused by a yeast (fungus) called Candida. Candida is commonly present in small amounts in the human body, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and mucous membranes. However, under certain conditions, Candida can overgrow, leading to an infection. The most common species causing infections is Candida albicans, but other species like Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei can also be involved.' },
{ question: 'Carcinomatosis ?', answer: 'Carcinomatosis refers to the widespread dissemination of cancer cells throughout the peritoneal or pleural cavities. It is often associated with advanced stages of certain cancers, particularly those originating in the abdominal or thoracic organs. This condition is characterized by the presence of multiple tumor nodules or implants on the surfaces of these cavities.' },
{ question: 'Cardiac catheterization ?', answer: 'Cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat various heart conditions. It involves inserting a catheter (a thin, flexible tube) into a blood vessel and guiding it to the heart. The procedure is typically performed in a special room called a catheterization laboratory or cath lab.' },
{ question: 'Carvedilol ?', answer: 'Carvedilol is a medication primarily used to treat heart failure and high blood pressure (hypertension). It belongs to a class of drugs known as beta-blockers. Carvedilol works by blocking certain receptors (beta receptors) in the heart and blood vessels, leading to a reduction in heart rate and blood pressure.' },
{ question: 'Caspofungin ?', answer: 'Caspofungin is an antifungal medication that belongs to the echinocandin class. It is used in the treatment of invasive fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida species and Aspergillus species. Caspofungin works by inhibiting the synthesis of beta-(1,3)-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. This disruption weakens the cell wall, leading to cell death.' },
{ question: 'Cataplexy ?', answer: 'Cataplexy is a medical condition characterized by sudden, temporary muscle weakness or paralysis triggered by strong emotions, particularly laughter. It is most commonly associated with narcolepsy, a chronic neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness.' },
{ question: 'Cauda equina syndrome ?', answer: 'Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a serious medical condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves at the lower end of the spinal cord, known as the cauda equina, becomes compressed. The cauda equina is responsible for transmitting nerve signals to and from the pelvis and lower limbs.' },
{ question: 'Causalgia ?', answer: 'Causalgia, now more commonly known as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), is a chronic pain condition that typically affects an arm or a leg. It often occurs after an injury, surgery, stroke, or heart attack. The defining feature of causalgia or CRPS is continuous, intense pain that is out of proportion to the severity of the initial injury.' },
{ question: 'Cavernous angioma ?', answer: 'Cavernous angioma, also known as cavernous malformation or cavernoma, is a vascular abnormality characterized by the formation of clusters of dilated, thin-walled blood vessels. These clusters, called caverns or cavernous hemangiomas, can be found in various organs of the body, but they are most commonly associated with the brain and spinal cord.' },
{ question: 'Cefazolin ?', answer: 'Cefazolin is an antibiotic medication belonging to the class of first-generation cephalosporins. It is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Cefazolin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, which ultimately leads to the death of the bacteria.' },
{ question: 'Cefdinir ?', answer: 'Cefdinir is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections. It belongs to the cephalosporin class of antibiotics, which are similar to penicillins. Cefdinir works by interfering with the bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to the destruction of the bacteria.' },
{ question: 'Cefepime ?', answer: 'Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is used to treat various bacterial infections. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, meaning it is effective against a wide range of bacteria. Cefepime is often used in hospitals to treat serious infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and intra-abdominal infections.' },
{ question: 'Cefixime ?', answer: 'Cefixime is an antibiotic medication belonging to the class of cephalosporins. It is used to treat various bacterial infections, particularly those affecting the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and other susceptible areas of the body. Cefixime works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, leading to the disruption of the bacterial ability to grow and reproduce.' },
{ question: 'Cefpodoxime ?', answer: 'Cefpodoxime is an antibiotic medication belonging to the cephalosporin class. It is commonly used to treat various bacterial infections, particularly respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and certain other types of infections. Cefpodoxime works by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, leading to the disruption of the bacterial ability to grow and reproduce.' },
{ question: 'Osteomyelitis ?', answer: 'Osteomyelitis is a serious infection of the bone, typically caused by bacteria. It can occur in any bone in the body and may affect people of all ages. The condition can develop in various ways, including through the bloodstream (hematogenous spread) or from nearby tissues (contiguous spread). Common bacteria responsible for osteomyelitis include Staphylococcus aureus, but other organisms can also be involved.' },
{ question: 'Pyelonephritis ?', answer: 'Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that involves inflammation of the kidneys. It typically occurs when bacteria from the bladder travel up the ureters and infect the kidneys. The most common causative agent is Escherichia coli (E. coli), but other bacteria can also be responsible.' },
{ question: 'Shigellosis ?', answer: 'Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Shigella. The most common species that cause shigellosis in humans are Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, and Shigella sonnei. The infection is characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and sometimes bloody stools.' },
{ question: 'Cefuroxime ?', answer: 'Cefuroxime is an antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It belongs to the class of antibiotics known as cephalosporins. Cefuroxime works by interfering with the formation of the bacterial cell walls, ultimately leading to their destruction. This antibiotic is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, making it useful in treating infections of the respiratory tract, skin, urinary tract, ears, and more.' },
{ question: 'Central pontine myelinolysis ?', answer: 'Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological disorder characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath, a fatty covering that surrounds nerve fibers in the brainstemical central pons region. The pons is an area of the brainstem involved in various important functions, including the relay of signals between different areas of the brain.' },
{ question: 'Cheyne-Stokes respiration ?', answer: 'Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a distinctive pattern of breathing marked by progressively deeper and faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary cessation of breathing, known as apnea. This cycle then repeats. It is often associated with various medical conditions, including congestive heart failure, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and certain neurological disorders.' },
{ question: 'Cholangiography ?', answer: 'Cholangiography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the bile ducts within the liver and the biliary system. The procedure involves the injection of contrast dye into the bile ducts followed by imaging using various modalities such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).' },
{ question: 'Cholangiopancreatography ?', answer: 'Cholangiopancreatography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts. It helps diagnose conditions like gallstones, strictures, tumors, and inflammation. Techniques include Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC).' },
{ question: 'Cholecystectomy ?', answer: 'Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder, commonly performed to treat gallstones or gallbladder inflammation. It can be done laparoscopically (minimally invasive) or through open surgery. After removal, bile flows directly from the liver into the small intestine.' },
{ question: 'Cholecystitis ?', answer: 'Cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small organ located beneath the liver, responsible for storing bile produced by the liver and releasing it into the small intestine to aid in digestion, particularly of fats.' },
{ question: 'Choledocholithiasis ?', answer: 'Choledocholithiasis is a medical term that refers to the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in the gallbladder, a small organ located just beneath the liver. When these stones migrate from the gallbladder into the common bile duct, they can obstruct the flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.' },
{ question: 'Cholesteatoma ?', answer: 'Cholesteatoma is a type of benign growth that occurs in the middle ear and/or mastoid bone behind the ear. It typically manifests as a cyst or sac filled with keratin, a type of protein found in skin. This growth can develop as a result of repeated middle ear infections, a perforated eardrum, or congenital abnormalities.' },
{ question: 'Hyperlipidemia ?', answer: 'Hyperlipidemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood. These lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides. Hyperlipidemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. It can be caused by various factors including genetics, diet, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions.' },
{ question: 'Cholinesterase Inhibitors ?', answer: 'For Alzheimer’s.' },
{ question: 'Choriocarcinoma ?', answer: 'Choriocarcinoma is a rare but highly malignant form of cancer that develops from trophoblast cells, which are cells that normally contribute to the formation of the placenta during pregnancy. This type of cancer most commonly occurs in the uterus, but it can also develop in the ovaries, testes, or other sites where trophoblastic tissue is present. Choriocarcinoma can occur in both men and women, but it is most frequently seen in women of childbearing age.' },
{ question: 'Churg-Strauss Syndrome ?', answer: 'Churg-Strauss syndrome, also known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), is a rare autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels (vasculitis). It typically involves three phases: allergic, eosinophilic, and vasculitic.' },
{ question: 'Chylothorax ?', answer: 'Chylothorax is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of chyle, a milky fluid containing lymph and lipids, in the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the chest wall). This condition occurs when the thoracic duct, which is responsible for transporting lymphatic fluid from the lower body and intestines to the bloodstream, is damaged or blocked.' },
{ question: 'Ciclopirox Olamine ?', answer: 'Ciclopirox olamine is an antifungal medication used to treat fungal infections of the skin, such as athletes foot, jock itch, and ringworm. It belongs to the class of drugs known as hydroxypyridones, which work by disrupting the synthesis of fungal cell membranes, thereby inhibiting their growth.' },
{ question: 'Cidofovir ?', answer: 'Cidofovir is an antiviral medication used primarily in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, a serious eye infection commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It belongs to a class of drugs called nucleotide analogs, which work by interfering with the replication of the virus.' },
{ question: 'Cimetidine ?', answer: 'Cimetidine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called H2 blockers. It works by reducing the production of stomach acid. Cimetidine is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and heartburn.' },
{ question: 'Ciprofloxacin ?', answer: 'Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the fluoroquinolone class. It is commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, gastrointestinal infections, and bone and joint infections. Ciprofloxacin works by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes, which are essential for bacterial DNA replication, repair, and transcription.' },
{ question: 'Cisplatin ?', answer: 'Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug used to treat various cancers by interfering with cancer cell DNA, preventing their growth. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and kidney damage. It is effective but can cause significant adverse reactions.' },
{ question: 'Citalopram ?', answer: 'Citalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant medication. It is commonly prescribed to treat depression, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and other related conditions. Citalopram works by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate mood.' },
{ question: 'Cladribine ?', answer: 'Cladribine, also known as 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA), is a synthetic chemotherapy drug that is used primarily in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia (HCL), a rare type of blood cancer. It belongs to a class of medications called purine analogues.' },
{ question: 'Clindamycin ?', answer: 'Clindamycin is an antibiotic medication used primarily to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the lincosamide class of antibiotics and works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Clindamycin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and some anaerobic bacteria.' },
{ question: 'Clonazepam ?', answer: 'Clonazepam is a medication primarily used to treat certain types of seizures, panic disorder, and movement disorders. It belongs to the benzodiazepine class of drugs, which act on the central nervous system to produce a calming effect. Clonazepam works by enhancing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that inhibits the activity of neurons in the brain.' },
{ question: 'Clonidine ?', answer: 'Clonidine is a medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). It belongs to a class of drugs known as centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. Clonidine works by stimulating certain receptors in the brainstem, leading to a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity. This results in relaxation of blood vessels and a reduction in heart rate and blood pressure.' },
{ question: 'Clopidogrel ?', answer: 'Clopidogrel is a medication commonly known by its brand name Plavix. It belongs to a class of drugs called antiplatelets, which work by preventing platelets in the blood from sticking together and forming clots. Clopidogrel is often prescribed to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in people who have a history of these conditions or who are at high risk due to other factors such as coronary artery disease.' },
{ question: 'Coccidioidomycosis ?', answer: 'Coccidioidomycosis, often referred to as "Valley fever," is a fungal infection caused by inhalation of spores from the soil-dwelling fungi Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. This infection is endemic to certain areas, primarily in the southwestern United States, Mexico, Central and South America. It is particularly common in regions with arid climates, alkaline soil, and low rainfall.' },
{ question: 'Cockcroft-Gault formula ?', answer: 'Cockcroft-Gault formula estimates renal function by calculating creatinine clearance. For males, the constant is 72 mL/min, and for females, it is 85% of 72 mL/min. This formula provides an approximation of kidney function based on age, weight, and serum creatinine levels.' },
{ question: 'CODOX-M ?', answer: 'CODOX-M (Conventional Doctrine for Operations in Cross-Domain Operations - Multinational) is a military doctrine framework developed by the United States Army. It is designed to address the challenges posed by modern warfare, particularly in multi-domain operations (MDO) where military forces need to operate across multiple domains such as land, air, sea, space, and cyberspace.' },
{ question: 'Condyloma acuminatum ?', answer: 'Condyloma acuminatum, commonly known as genital warts, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). These warts are typically found on moist surfaces of the genital area and are highly contagious. They can also appear in the anal region and, less commonly, in the mouth or throat after oral sexual contact with an infected person.' },
{ question: 'Colesevelam ?', answer: 'Colesevelam is a medication used to lower high cholesterol levels in the blood, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. It belongs to a class of drugs known as bile acid sequestrants.' },
{ question: 'Coprolalia ?', answer: 'Coprolalia is a complex tic disorder characterized by involuntary swearing or the utterance of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks. It is most commonly associated with Tourette syndrome, which is a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics. However, coprolalia is not present in all individuals with Tourette syndrome, and it tends to affect only a minority of those diagnosed with the condition.' },
{ question: 'CREST syndrome ?', answer: 'CREST syndrome is a subtype of systemic sclerosis, an autoimmune disorder. The acronym stands for its primary features: Calcinosis, Raynauds phenomenon, Esophageal dysfunction, Sclerodactyly, and Telangiectasia. It involves thickening and tightening of the skin, vascular issues, and gastrointestinal problems. Treatment focuses on symptom management and may include medications and lifestyle modifications.' },
{ question: 'Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ?', answer: 'Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, invariably fatal brain disorder. It belongs to a group of human and animal diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). TSEs are characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal form of a protein called prion in the brain.' },
{ question: 'Crohn’s Disease ?', answer: 'Crohns disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by inflammation of the digestive tract. It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects the end of the small intestine (ileum) and the beginning of the large intestine (colon).' },
{ question: 'Cryptosporidiosis ?', answer: 'Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. This parasite can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans and other animals. It is typically transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food, contact with infected animals, or exposure to contaminated environments.' },
{ question: 'Cytarabine ?', answer: 'Cytarabine, also known as cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), is a chemotherapy medication used mainly in the treatment of leukemia. It belongs to a class of drugs known as antimetabolites. Cytarabine works by interfering with the synthesis of DNA and RNA, thus inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.' },
{ question: 'Cytokeratin ?', answer: 'Cytokeratins are a group of fibrous proteins that form intermediate filaments in epithelial cells, which are cells that line the surfaces and cavities of organs throughout the body. These proteins are part of the cytoskeleton, providing structural support and stability to cells. Cytokeratins are particularly abundant in tissues such as the skin, hair, nails, and lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.' },
{ question: 'Cytomegalovirus Infection ?', answer: 'Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common viral infection caused by the cytomegalovirus, a member of the herpesvirus family. Most people are infected with CMV at some point in their lives, often during childhood, and the virus can remain dormant in the body for life. In healthy individuals, CMV infection usually causes mild or no symptoms, but it can be more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, or individuals undergoing chemotherapy.' },
{ question: 'Dasatinib ?', answer: 'Dasatinib is a medication used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, notably chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It belongs to a class of drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which work by blocking the action of certain abnormal proteins that promote the growth of cancer cells.' },
{ question: 'Daunorubicin ?', answer: 'Daunorubicin is a chemotherapy medication used primarily in the treatment of certain types of cancer, including leukemia and other forms of cancer affecting the blood. It belongs to a class of medications known as anthracyclines, which work by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.' },
{ question: 'Deferasirox ?', answer: 'Deferasirox is a medication used to treat chronic iron overload caused by blood transfusions in conditions like thalassemia and certain other blood disorders. It works by binding to excess iron in the bloodstream and promoting its elimination from the body through urine and feces. This helps prevent iron from accumulating to toxic levels in organs like the heart and liver, which can lead to serious complications over time. Deferasirox is typically taken orally as a tablet or a suspension. As with any medication, it is essential to follow the instructions of your doctor and be aware of potential side effects.' },
{ question: 'Denileukin Diftitox ?', answer: 'Denileukin diftitox is a medication used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, specifically cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), which is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is a fusion protein composed of two parts: diphtheria toxin and interleukin-2 (IL-2).' },
{ question: 'Desloradine ?', answer: 'Desloratadine is a second-generation antihistamine used to treat allergies, such as hay fever, allergic rhinitis, and hives. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. Desloratadine is known for causing less drowsiness compared to some other antihistamines, making it a popular choice for those who need relief from allergies without feeling sleepy. It is available in various forms, including tablets, oral solutions, and as part of combination medications for allergy relief. As with any medication, it is essential to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to be aware of any potential side effects.' },
{ question: 'Devic’s syndrome ?', answer: 'This syndrome, also known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), is a rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath, the protective covering of nerve fibers in the central nervous system.' },
{ question: 'Didanosine ?', answer: 'Didanosine, also known as ddI, is a medication used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It belongs to a class of medications called nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which work by blocking the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, thereby inhibiting the replication of HIV. Didanosine is typically used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to control HIV infection and reduce the risk of disease progression.' },
{ question: 'Digoxin ?', answer: 'Digoxin is a medication commonly used to treat various heart conditions, particularly heart failure and certain types of irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias). It belongs to a class of medications called cardiac glycosides.' },
{ question: 'Diltiazem ?', answer: 'Diltiazem is a medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure and chest pain (angina). It belongs to a class of drugs known as calcium channel blockers, which work by relaxing blood vessels and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. This helps reduce blood pressure and relieve chest pain associated with angina. Diltiazem can also be used to control certain types of irregular heart rhythms.' },
{ question: 'Dimercaprol ?', answer: 'Dimercaprol, also known as British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), is a medication primarily used as an antidote for arsenic, mercury, gold, and lead poisoning. It works by binding to heavy metals to form complexes that can be excreted from the body. Dimercaprol is administered by injection and is typically given in cases of acute poisoning or when other chelating agents are ineffective or unavailable. It is considered essential in the treatment of severe metal poisoning, although its use is declining due to the development of safer and more effective chelating agents.' },
{ question: 'Diuresis ?', answer: 'Diuresis refers to the increased production of urine by the kidneys. It is often induced by certain medications (diuretics) or can occur naturally due to factors like increased fluid intake, certain medical conditions, or hormonal changes. Diuresis plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance in the body and regulating blood pressure.' },
{ question: 'Divalproex ?', answer: 'Divalproex, also known as valproate semisodium or valproic acid, is a medication primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It works by increasing the levels of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps to calm electrical activity and stabilize mood.' },
{ question: 'Diverticulosis ?', answer: 'Diverticulosis is a condition characterized by small pouches, called diverticula, that bulge outward through the colon wall. These pouches typically develop in weak areas of the colon lining and are more common in older adults. Diverticulosis itself usually does not cause symptoms, but complications such as inflammation or infection of the pouches, known as diverticulitis, can lead to symptoms like abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and changes in bowel habits. A high-fiber diet, plenty of fluids, and regular exercise are often recommended to prevent diverticulosis and manage symptoms.' },
{ question: 'Dobutamine ?', answer: 'Dobutamine is a medication primarily used in the treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. It belongs to a class of drugs known as sympathomimetic amines, which mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, specifically the neurotransmitter dopamine.' },
{ question: 'Doxorubicin ?', answer: 'Doxorubicin is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia, breast cancer, bladder cancer, stomach cancer, and many others. It belongs to a class of drugs called anthracyclines and works by interfering with the growth and spread of cancer cells in the body.' },
{ question: 'Dysautonomia ?', answer: 'Dysautonomia is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions in the body such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation. It can manifest in various ways and may be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, autoimmune diseases, infections, trauma, or other underlying conditions.' },
{ question: 'Dysbetalipoproteinemia ?', answer: 'Dysbetalipoproteinemia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal lipid metabolism, leading to elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. This condition is also known as type III hyperlipoproteinemia or broad-beta disease. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE), which plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism.' },
{ question: 'Dyskinesia ?', answer: 'Dyskinesia refers to a condition characterized by involuntary, abnormal movements. These movements can manifest in various forms, such as twitching, jerking, writhing, or repetitive motions.' },
{ question: 'Dysphonia ?', answer: 'Dysphonia is a condition characterized by difficulty speaking due to changes in the voice. It can manifest as hoarseness, raspiness, or weakness in the voice, making it hard to produce sound. Dysphonia can have various causes, including inflammation, nerve damage, vocal cord nodules or polyps, and even psychological factors like stress or anxiety. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, which may include speech therapy, medication, vocal rest, or surgery in severe cases.' },
{ question: 'Echinocandins ?', answer: 'Echinocandins are a class of antifungal drugs used primarily in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of beta-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. By disrupting cell wall formation, echinocandins weaken the fungal cell, leading to its death.' },
{ question: 'Echinocytes ?', answer: 'Echinocytes, also known as burr cells, are a type of red blood cell (RBC) that has an abnormal morphology characterized by the presence of small, evenly spaced projections on its surface, giving it a spiky or crenated appearance. These projections are typically uniform in size and distribution around the cellular circumference.' },
{ question: 'Echolalia ?', answer: 'Echolalia is a fascinating aspect of communication often observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and certain other developmental disorders. It involves the repetition of words, phrases, or noises that have been heard previously. It can range from immediate repetition of words spoken by others to more delayed repetition of phrases or even entire conversations.' },
{ question: 'Efalizumab ?', answer: 'For Psoriasis' },
{ question: 'Eisenmenger Syndrome ?', answer: 'Eisenmenger syndrome is a rare heart condition that develops as a complication of certain congenital heart defects. It is characterized by the reversal or "shunting" of blood flow through the heart due to abnormal connections between the heart chambers or vessels.' },
{ question: 'Electrodiagnosis ?', answer: 'Electrodiagnosis refers to a set of diagnostic techniques used to evaluate the function of nerves and muscles in the body. These techniques typically involve the use of specialized equipment to measure electrical activity in nerves and muscles. One common electrodiagnostic test is electromyography (EMG), which measures the electrical activity of muscles at rest and during contraction.' },
{ question: 'Eletriptan ?', answer: 'For migraine.' },
{ question: 'Emtricitabine ?', answer: 'For HIV/AIDS.' },
{ question: 'Enalapril ?', answer: 'For heart failure.' },
{ question: 'Endophthalmitis ?', answer: 'Endophthalmitis is a serious eye condition characterized by inflammation of the internal tissues of the eye, including the vitreous humor and/or aqueous humor.' },
{ question: 'Entacapone ?', answer: 'For Parkinson’s disease.' },
{ question: 'Eosinopenia ?', answer: 'Eosinopenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of eosinophils in the blood. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response, particularly in combating parasitic infections and certain allergic reactions. Eosinopenia can be caused by various factors, including stress, acute infections, corticosteroid use, and certain medications.' },
{ question: 'Eplerenone ?', answer: 'For aldosteronism, for heart failure, for hyperaldosteronism, for hypertension, for myocardial infarction.' },
{ question: 'Ergotamine ?', answer: 'Ergotamine is a medication primarily used for the treatment of migraines. It belongs to a class of drugs known as ergot alkaloids, which are derived from the ergot fungus. Ergotamine works by constricting blood vessels in the brain, which helps to alleviate the throbbing pain associated with migraines.' },
{ question: 'Erlotinib ?', answer: 'For lung cancer, for pancreatic cancer.' },
{ question: 'Erysipelas ?', answer: 'Erysipelas is a bacterial infection of the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by Streptococcus bacteria, most commonly Streptococcus pyogenes. It usually affects the face, arms, and legs, causing redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area. The infection can spread rapidly and may be associated with fever and chills.' },
{ question: 'Erythrocytosis ?', answer: 'Erythrocytosis, or polycythemia, is when there is an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary (polycythemia vera), secondary (due to another condition), or relative (due to dehydration). Symptoms include headaches, weakness, and fatigue. Treatment varies based on the cause and can involve medications or procedures like phlebotomy.' },
{ question: 'Erythropoiesis ?', answer: 'Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced. It occurs primarily in the bone marrow, specifically in the red bone marrow found in flat bones like the pelvis, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae. The process is tightly regulated by various factors, including the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which is primarily produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.' },
{ question: 'Eschar ?', answer: 'An eschar is a dry, dark scab or slough that forms after a burn, frostbite, or other injury to the skin. It is essentially dead tissue that separates from healthy skin as part of the healing process. Eschars can vary in size and appearance depending on the severity and type of injury.' },
{ question: 'Esmolol ?', answer: 'For aortic dissection, for arrhythmias, for hypertensive emergencies, for MAO inhibitor poisoning, for sympathomimetic poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Estramustine ?', answer: 'For prostate cancer' },
{ question: 'Etanercept ?', answer: 'For ankylosing spondylitis, for psoriasis, for psoriatic arthritis, for rheumatoid arthritis' },
{ question: 'Ethambutol ?', answer: 'For nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, for tuberculosis.' },
{ question: 'Ethosuximide ?', answer: 'For seizures.' },
{ question: 'Etoposide ?', answer: 'For AML, for extragonadal germ cell tumor, for lung cancer, for testicular cancer.' },
{ question: 'Exanthem Subitum ?', answer: 'Exanthem subitum, also known as roseola infantum or sixth disease, is a viral illness primarily affecting infants and young children. It is typically caused by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) or, less commonly, human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7). The condition is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, often reaching 103-105°F (39.4-40.6°C), which may last for several days.' },
{ question: 'Excoriation ?', answer: '"Excoriation" typically refers to the act of harshly criticizing or rebuking someone, often in a severe or condemning manner. It can also refer to the act of scraping or abrading the skin, as in dermatillomania, a condition where individuals compulsively pick at their skin. The term can be used in various contexts, from interpersonal conflicts to medical discussions.' },
{ question: 'Exemestane ?', answer: 'For breast cancer.' },
{ question: 'Exenatide ?', answer: 'For diabetes mellitus.' },
{ question: 'Ezetimibe ?', answer: 'For hyperlipidemia.' },
{ question: 'Facial Myokymia ?', answer: 'Facial myokymia refers to involuntary, spontaneous contractions or twitching of the muscles in the face. These contractions typically occur in small, isolated areas of the face and can manifest as subtle rippling movements under the skin. While facial myokymia can be bothersome or concerning, it is often benign and temporary.' },
{ question: 'Facial Diplegia ?', answer: 'Facial diplegia refers to the paralysis of the muscles on both sides of the face. It can result from various causes, including neurological conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome, Bells palsy, or certain autoimmune diseases. Symptoms may include difficulty smiling, closing the eyes, or controlling facial expressions on both sides of the face. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, physical therapy, or other interventions to manage symptoms and promote recovery.' },
{ question: 'Famciclovir ?', answer: 'For HSV infections.' },
{ question: 'Famotidine ?', answer: 'For erosive gastropathies.' },
{ question: 'Fanconi Syndrome ?', answer: 'Fanconi syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by dysfunction of the proximal renal tubules in the kidneys, leading to impaired reabsorption of various substances such as glucose, amino acids, phosphate, bicarbonate, and electrolytes. This results in excessive excretion of these substances in the urine, leading to various symptoms and complications.' },
{ question: 'Fascioliasis ?', answer: 'Fascioliasis is a parasitic disease caused by Fasciola parasites, primarily Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. These parasites infect the liver of various mammals, including humans, and can cause significant health issues..' },
{ question: 'Felbamate ?', answer: 'For seizures.' },
{ question: 'Fenofibrate ?', answer: 'For hyperlipidemia.' },
{ question: 'Fexofenadine ?', answer: 'For allergic rhinitis, for urticaria/angioedema.' },
{ question: 'Fibrinolytic Therapy ?', answer: 'For myocardial infarction, for thrombotic disorders, for venous thromboembolism.' },
{ question: 'Fibromyalgia ?', answer: 'Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and mood issues. Its exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.' },
{ question: 'Filariasis ?', answer: 'Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with thread-like nematodes of the family Filarioidea. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. The most common types of filarial parasites that infect humans are Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori.' },
{ question: 'Finasteride ?', answer: 'For prostate cancer prevention, for prostate hyperplasia.' },
{ question: 'Fisher Syndrome ?', answer: 'Fisher syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: ophthalmoplegia (paralysis or weakness of the muscles within or surrounding the eyes), ataxia (lack of coordination or unsteadiness), and areflexia (absence of reflexes). It is considered a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), which is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves.' },
{ question: 'Fish Oil Supplementation ?', answer: 'For hyperlipidemia, for IgA nephropathy, for inflammatory bowel disease.' },
{ question: 'Flecainide ?', answer: 'For arrhythmias.' },
{ question: 'Floxuridine ?', answer: 'For colorectal cancer.' },
{ question: 'Fluconazole ?', answer: 'For blastomycosis, for candidiasis preventive treatment, for coccidioidomycosis, for cryptococcosis.' },
{ question: 'Flucortisone ?', answer: 'For adrenal insufficiency.' },
{ question: 'Flucytosine ?', answer: 'For cryptococcosis.' },
{ question: 'Fludarabine ?', answer: 'For CLL, for follicular lymphoma, for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.' },
{ question: 'Fludrocortisone ?', answer: 'For Addison’s disease, for hypoaldosteronism, for orthostatic hypotension, for SIADH.' },
{ question: 'Flumazenil ?', answer: 'For sedative-hypnotic poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Flunarizine ?', answer: 'For migraine prevention.' },
{ question: 'Flunisolide ?', answer: 'For asthma.' },
{ question: '5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) ?', answer: 'For anal cancer, for breast cancer, for carcinoid tumor, for cervical cancer, for colorectal cancer, for gastric cancer, for head and neck cancer, for pancreatic cancer, for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.' },
{ question: 'Fluoxetine ?', answer: 'For depression, for daytime sleepiness, for menopausal symptoms, for OCD, for systemic sclerosis.' },
{ question: 'Flutamide ?', answer: 'For prostate cancer.' },
{ question: 'Fluticasone ?', answer: 'For allergic rhinitis, for asthma, for esophagiti.' },
{ question: 'Fluvastatin ?', answer: 'For hyperlipidemia.' },
{ question: 'Folate ?', answer: 'For methanol poisoning.' },
{ question: 'FOLFIRI Regimen ?', answer: 'For colorectal cancer.' },
{ question: 'Fomepizole ?', answer: 'For AGMA inducer poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Fondaparinux ?', answer: 'For thrombotic disorders, for venous thromboembolism.' },
{ question: 'Formoterol ?', answer: 'For asthma.' },
{ question: 'Fosamprenavir ?', answer: 'For HIV/AIDS.' },
{ question: 'Foscarnet ?', answer: 'For cytomegalovirus infections, for viral esophagitis.' },
{ question: 'Fosphenytoin ?', answer: 'For status epilepticus.' },
{ question: 'Fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) ?', answer: 'For bleeding disorders, for warfarin reversal.' },
{ question: 'Frovatriptan ?', answer: 'For migraine.' },
{ question: 'Furosemide ?', answer: 'For edema, for heart failure, for hypercalcemia, for hyperkalemia, for hypertension, for myocardial infarction, for pulmonary edema, for SIADH.' },
{ question: 'Furunculosis ?', answer: 'Furunculosis is a skin condition characterized by the formation of painful, pus-filled lumps on the skin. These lumps, called furuncles or boils, typically occur at hair follicles, often where there is friction or sweating. They are usually caused by bacterial infection, most commonly by Staphylococcus aureus.' },
{ question: 'Gabapentin ?', answer: 'For generalized anxiety disorder, for menopausal symptoms, for migraine prevention, for multiple sclerosis, for polyneuropathy, for seizures.' },
{ question: 'Galantamine ?', answer: 'For Alzheimer’s disease.' },
{ question: 'Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) ?', answer: 'Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), also known as gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, is an enzyme found in many tissues throughout the body, with particularly high levels in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. It plays a key role in the metabolism of glutathione, an important antioxidant..' },
{ question: 'Ganciclovir ?', answer: 'For cytomegalovirus infections, for viral esophagitis.' },
{ question: 'Gardasil ?', answer: 'Gardasil is a vaccine designed to protect against certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), which can lead to various cancers and genital warts. It is primarily targeted at preventing cervical cancer, but it also helps prevent other cancers, such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, and oropharyngeal cancers, caused by HPV. The vaccine works by stimulating the bodyily immune system to produce antibodies against the virus. It is typically administered in a series of shots and is recommended for adolescents and young adults before they become sexually active, as it is most effective when given before exposure to the virus.' },
{ question: 'Gardner’s Syndrome ?', answer: 'Gardners syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the presence of multiple polyps in the colon and rectum, along with extra-colonic manifestations such as osteomas (benign bone tumors), dental abnormalities, and soft tissue tumors. These polyps have the potential to become cancerous if left untreated, leading to an increased risk of colorectal cancer.' },
{ question: 'Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) ?', answer: 'Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation. It happens when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus, does not close properly, allowing stomach contents to leak back up.' },
{ question: 'Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ?', answer: 'Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a rare condition characterized by the presence of one or more tumors called gastrinomas, typically found in the pancreas or duodenum. These tumors secrete excessive amounts of gastrin, a hormone that stimulates the stomach to produce acid. As a result, individuals with ZES develop hyperacidity in the stomach, leading to peptic ulcers, severe abdominal pain, reflux symptoms, and occasionally diarrhea.' },
{ question: 'Gastrointestinal Telangiectasis ?', answer: 'Gastrointestinal telangiectasia, also known as angiodysplasia, refers to abnormal blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract. These blood vessels are fragile and prone to bleeding, which can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, or other complications. Telangiectasia commonly occurs in the colon, but it can also affect the small intestine and stomach..' },
{ question: 'Gefitinib ?', answer: 'For lung cancer.' },
{ question: 'Gemcitabine ?', answer: 'For bladder cancer, for breast cancer, for pancreatic cancer.' },
{ question: 'Gemfibrozil ?', answer: 'For hyperlipidemia.' },
{ question: 'Gemifloxacin ?', answer: 'For pneumonia.' },
{ question: 'Gentamicin ?', answer: 'For Abiotrophia infections, for bacterial meningitis, for Bartonella infections, for brucellosis, for enterococcal infections, for gram-negative enteric bacteria infections, for infective endocarditis, for listerial infections, for necrotizing fasciitis, for pelvic inflammatory disease, for plague, for pneumonia, for pyelonephritis, for sepsis/septic shock, for staphylococcal infections, for streptococcal infections, for tularemia, for urinary tract infections.' },
{ question: 'GHB ?', answer: 'For daytime sleepiness.' },
{ question: 'Gingivostomatitis ?', answer: 'Gingivostomatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) and the mucous membranes lining the inside of the mouth (oral mucosa). It often presents with painful sores or ulcers in the mouth, along with redness and swelling of the gums. This condition can be caused by various factors, including viral infections such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which is the most common cause in children, as well as bacterial infections, fungal infections, and certain medications.' },
{ question: 'Glatiramer Acetate ?', answer: 'For multiple sclerosis.' },
{ question: 'Glimepiride ?', answer: 'For diabetes mellitus.' },
{ question: 'Glucagon ?', answer: 'For beta blocker poisoning, for calcium channel blocker poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Glucocorticoid Therapy ?', answer: 'For acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, for acute renal failure, for adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, for amyloidosis, for anaphylaxis, for ankylosing spondylitis, for ataxia, for autoimmune hemolysis, for autoimmune hepatitis, for brain tumor, for CLL, for dermatitis, for eczema, for back pain, for Epstein-Barr virus infections, for erythema nodosum, for fever, for gout, for histoplasmosis, for hymenoptera sting, for hypercalcemia, for increased intracranial pressure, for inflammatory bowel disease, for inflammatory myopathy, for interstitial lung disease, for larva migrans, for leishmaniasis, for lichen planus, for meningococcal infections, for minimal change disease, for muscular dystrophy, for myasthenia gravis, for allergic rhinitis, for optic neuritis, for osteoarthritis, for parainfluenza virus infections, for pityriasis rosea, for polyneuropathy, for primary sclerosing cholangitis, for pseudogout, for psoriasis, for psoriatic arthritis, for reactive arthritis, for rosacea, for sarcoidosis, for schistosomiasis, for SLE, for spinal cord compression, for systemic mastocytosis, for systemic sclerosis, for taeniasis solium and cysticercosis, for inflamed eye, for trichinellosis, for vasculitis, for vertigo.' },
{ question: 'Gluconate ?', answer: 'For hyperkalemia.' },
{ question: 'Glucosamine And Chondroitin ?', answer: 'For osteoarthritis.' },
{ question: 'Goserelin ?', answer: 'For prostate cancer.' },
{ question: 'GP IIb/IIIa Antagonists ?', answer: 'For myocardial infarction, for unstable angina.' },
{ question: 'Granisetron ?', answer: 'For nausea and vomiting.' },
{ question: 'Griseofulvin ?', answer: 'For dermatophyte infections.' },
{ question: 'HAART Therapy ?', answer: 'HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) is a treatment approach for HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. It involves the use of a combination of different antiretroviral drugs to suppress the HIV virus and slow the progression of HIV disease. HAART typically consists of a combination of at least three different antiretroviral medications from two or more different drug classes.' },
{ question: 'Haloperidol ?', answer: 'For delirium, for nausea and vomiting.' },
{ question: 'Haloprogin ?', answer: 'for dermatophyte infections.' },
{ question: 'Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome ?', answer: 'Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe respiratory disease caused by infection with hantaviruses. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through contact with rodent urine, droppings, or saliva, usually when aerosolized particles are inhaled.' },
{ question: 'Helicobacter Pylori Infection ?', answer: 'Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach lining, causing various gastrointestinal issues such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach lining), and in some cases, stomach cancer. It is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide, with estimates suggesting that over half of the worldly population may be infected.' },
{ question: 'Helminth Ectoparasites ?', answer: 'Helminth ectoparasites are a type of parasitic worm that infests the exterior surfaces of their hosts, rather than living inside them. While helminths are generally known as internal parasites, some species have evolved to thrive on the outer surfaces of their hosts. Examples include certain types of flatworms and roundworms that can infest the skin, feathers, or fur of animals, including humans.' },
{ question: 'Hemapheresis ?', answer: 'Hemapheresis, also known as apheresis or pheresis, is a medical procedure that involves removing blood from a person, separating it into its individual components, and then returning the desired components back to the patient. This process allows for the selective removal of certain blood components, such as plasma, platelets, or specific blood cells, while returning the rest of the blood components back to the body.' },
{ question: 'Hematemesis ?', answer: 'Hematemesis refers to the medical condition of vomiting blood. It can be caused by various conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulcers, esophageal varices, or gastritis. It is a serious symptom that requires immediate medical attention to determine the underlying cause and initiate appropriate treatment.' },
{ question: 'Hematin ?', answer: 'For porphyria.' },
{ question: 'Hematochezia ?', answer: 'Hematochezia refers to the passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum. It typically indicates bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract, such as the colon or rectum. Hematochezia can have various causes, including hemorrhoids, anal fissures, diverticulosis, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, or vascular abnormalities. It is essential to seek medical evaluation if you experience hematochezia, as it can sometimes indicate a serious underlying condition that requires treatment.' },
{ question: 'Hematocrit ?', answer: 'Hematocrit is a measure of the proportion of red blood cells in the blood, expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume. It is an important indicator of the ability of blood to carry oxygen to tissues and organs. A low hematocrit level may indicate anemia, while a high level could indicate dehydration, polycythemia, or other conditions. Hematocrit levels can be influenced by factors such as altitude, age, gender, and certain medical conditions.' },
{ question: 'Hematomyelia ?', answer: 'Hematomyelia, also known as spinal cord hemorrhage, refers to bleeding within the spinal cord. This condition can result from various causes, including trauma, vascular malformations, tumors, or certain medical conditions affecting blood clotting.' },
{ question: 'Hematopoietic Cell Transplant ?', answer: 'For amyloidosis, for CLL, for follicular lymphoma.' },
{ question: 'Heme Preparations ?', answer: 'Heme preparations typically refer to products derived from heme, a molecule found in red blood cells that contains iron and is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. These preparations can be used for various purposes, including dietary supplements, food additives, and pharmaceuticals.' },
{ question: 'Hemianopia ?', answer: 'Hemianopia is a visual field defect where half of the visual field is lost or impaired. It typically occurs as a result of damage to the occipital lobe or optic pathway of the brain, often due to conditions like stroke, traumatic brain injury, or tumors. This condition can affect either the left or right visual field, depending on the location of the brain damage. People with hemianopia may have difficulty with tasks requiring peripheral vision, such as reading or navigating their surroundings. Treatment options may include visual aids, rehabilitation, or addressing the underlying cause if possible.' },
{ question: 'Hemiballismus ?', answer: 'Hemiballismus is a rare movement disorder characterized by sudden, involuntary, wild flinging motions of the limbs on one side of the body. It is typically caused by damage to the subthalamic nucleus, a part of the brain involved in controlling movement. This damage can result from conditions such as stroke, brain injury, infection, or certain metabolic disorders. Treatment often involves medications that target the underlying cause or help to control the abnormal movements. In severe cases, surgery may be considered.' },
{ question: 'Hemiblock ?', answer: 'A hemiblock refers to a specific pattern of abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart. Normally, electrical signals travel through the heart in a coordinated manner, allowing it to beat effectively. However, in some cases, there can be disruptions in this process.' },
{ question: 'Hemiparesis ?', answer: 'Hemiparesis is a condition characterized by weakness or partial paralysis on one side of the body. It typically results from damage to the motor pathways in the brain, such as those caused by stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological conditions. The severity of hemiparesis can vary widely, ranging from mild weakness to complete paralysis on one side of the body.' },
{ question: 'Hemochromatosis ?', answer: 'Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive absorption and storage of iron in the body. Normally, the body regulates iron absorption to maintain appropriate levels, but in hemochromatosis, this control mechanism is impaired, leading to iron overload.' },
{ question: 'Hemodialysis ?', answer: 'For hyperkalemia, for poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) ?', answer: 'Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare but serious condition that affects the blood and blood vessels. ItIs most commonly seen in children, but it can also affect adults. HUS is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia), low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), and kidney failure.' },
{ question: 'Hemoperfusion ?', answer: 'For methylxanthine poisoning, for sedative-hypnotic poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Heparin ?', answer: 'For arterial embolism, for deep venous thrombosis prevention.' },
{ question: 'Hepatic Artery Embolization ?', answer: 'Hepatic artery embolization (HAE) is a medical procedure used to treat certain liver tumors. It involves the injection of small particles or other embolic agents into the hepatic artery, which is the main blood vessel that supplies the liver. By blocking the blood supply to the tumor, HAE can cause it to shrink or even die.' },
{ question: 'Hereditary Elliptocytosis ?', answer: 'Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells (RBCs), specifically elliptical or oval-shaped rather than the typical biconcave disk shape. This abnormal shape can lead to complications such as anemia, jaundice, gallstones, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen).' },
{ question: 'Herpangina ?', answer: 'Herpangina is a viral illness characterized by ulcers and sores in the throat and mouth. It is most common in children, typically occurring in those between the ages of 3 and 10. The most common cause of herpangina is the Coxsackie virus, although other viruses can also lead to similar symptoms.' },
{ question: 'Hirsutism ?', answer: 'Hirsutism refers to excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair is normally absent or minimal, such as the face, chest, and back. This condition is often caused by an excess of male hormones called androgens, such as testosterone. It can be a distressing condition for those affected, leading to emotional distress and self-esteem issues.' },
{ question: 'Histoplasmosis ?', answer: 'Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by the inhalation of spores from the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungus is commonly found in soil, particularly in areas with high concentrations of bird or bat droppings. Histoplasmosis is most prevalent in regions with warm, humid climates, such as parts of North and South America, Africa, and Asia.' },
{ question: 'Histotoxic hypoxia ?', answer: 'Histotoxic hypoxia refers to a condition in which the bodyily cells are unable to utilize oxygen properly, even though there is an adequate supply of oxygen in the bloodstream. This impairment occurs because of damage or impairment to the cellular ability to use oxygen, typically due to the presence of toxins or metabolic inhibitors.' },
{ question: 'Cytomegalovirus Infections ?', answer: 'Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family. It can infect people of all ages, and once infected, it remains dormant in the body for life. While CMV infections are usually harmless in healthy individuals, they can cause complications in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and newborn babies.' },
{ question: 'Postexposure Prophylaxis ?', answer: 'Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a preventive medical treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen (such as a virus or bacteria) to prevent infection. PEP is commonly used for infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and rabies.' },
{ question: 'Homocysteine ?', answer: 'Homocysteine is an amino acid that plays a role in several essential processes within the body, including the methionine cycle and the synthesis of proteins. However, elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood can be associated with an increased risk of various health problems, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimeric conditions.' },
{ question: 'Hydralazine ?', answer: 'For heart failure, for hypertension, for myocardial infarction.' },
{ question: 'Hydralazine-nitrate ?', answer: 'For dilated cardiomyopathy.' },
{ question: 'Hydrochlorothiazide ?', answer: 'For diabetes insipidus, for edema, for heart failure, for hypertension.' },
{ question: 'Hydrocodone ?', answer: 'For dyspnea, for hemoptysis.' },
{ question: 'Hydrocortisone ?', answer: 'For Addison’s disease, for adrenal insufficiency, for hypopituitarism, for inflammatory bowel disease, for meningococcal infections, for myxedema coma, for sepsis/septic shock.' },
{ question: 'Hydrofludrocortisone ?', answer: 'For syncope.' },
{ question: 'Hydromorphone ?', answer: 'For dyspnea, narcotic abuse, for pain, Hydrops fetalis.' },
{ question: 'Hydroxychloroquine ?', answer: 'For malaria prevention, for porphyria cutanea tarda, for Q fever, for rheumatoid arthritis, for Sjögren’s syndrome, for SLE.' },
{ question: 'Hydroxyprogesterone ?', answer: 'For endometrial Cancer.' },
{ question: 'Hydroxyurea ?', answer: 'For cervical cancer, for sickle cell anemia, for systemic mastocytosis.' },
{ question: 'Hydroxyzine ?', answer: 'For ciguatera poisoning, for urticaria/angioedema.' },
{ question: 'Hyoscyamine ?', answer: 'For irritable bowel syndrome, poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Hyperbaric Oxygen ?', answer: 'For cytochrome oxidase inhibitor poisoning, for gas gangrene.' },
{ question: 'Hyperbilirubinemia ?', answer: 'Hyperbilirubinemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Normally, the liver processes bilirubin and excretes it in bile. However, if the liver cannot process bilirubin efficiently or if there is excessive breakdown of red blood cells, bilirubin levels can build up, leading to hyperbilirubinemia.' },
{ question: 'Hypercalcemia ?', answer: 'Hypercalcemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including bone health, muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. However, too much calcium in the blood can lead to various symptoms and complications.' },
{ question: 'Hypercalciuria ?', answer: 'Hypercalciuria is a condition characterized by excessive levels of calcium in the urine. It can be caused by various factors such as increased intestinal absorption of calcium, abnormal bone resorption, or impaired renal handling of calcium. Some common causes include primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular defects, excessive vitamin D intake, and certain medications.' },
{ question: 'Hypercarbia ?', answer: 'Hypercarbia, also known as hypercapnia, refers to a condition characterized by elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the bloodstream. Normally, the body maintains a delicate balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide through respiration. However, if CO2 levels become too high, it can lead to various symptoms and potentially serious health consequences.' },
{ question: 'Hypercholesterolemia ?', answer: 'Hypercholesterolemia is a medical term used to describe high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is produced by the liver and also found in certain foods. It is essential for the bodily normal functioning, but when levels become too high, it can lead to various health problems, particularly cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and stroke.' },
{ question: 'Hyperesthesia ?', answer: 'Hyperesthesia is a condition characterized by an increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli, resulting in heightened sensations such as touch, sound, light, or pain. People with hyperesthesia may perceive ordinary stimuli as intensely painful or uncomfortable, and it can significantly impact their daily life and functioning.' },
{ question: 'Hyperglobulinemia ?', answer: 'Hyperglobulinemia refers to a condition characterized by higher than normal levels of globulins in the blood. Globulins are a group of proteins in the blood plasma, including immunoglobulins (antibodies), enzymes, and other proteins involved in various immune functions and transportation of substances in the blood.' },
{ question: 'Hyperhidrosis ?', answer: 'Hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweating that is not necessarily related to heat or exercise. It can affect various parts of the body, including the palms, feet, underarms, and face. This condition can significantly impacts the quality of life of a persoon, causing embarrassment, discomfort, and social anxiety.' },
{ question: 'Hyper-IgE Syndrome ?', answer: 'Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES), also known as Job syndrome, is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by recurrent infections, eczema, and elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood. It is typically caused by mutations in genes related to the immune system, such as STAT3.' },
{ question: 'Hyperkalemia ?', answer: 'Hyperkalemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium in the blood. Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and maintaining proper heart rhythm.' },
{ question: 'Hyperlipidemia ?', answer: 'Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream, including cholesterol and triglycerides. It is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Hyperlipidemia often does not cause symptoms but can be detected through blood tests. Treatment usually involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, along with medications like statins to lower lipid levels and reduce the risk of complications. Regular monitoring and management are essential for maintaining cardiovascular health.' },
{ question: 'Hyperlipoproteinemia ?', answer: 'Hyperlipoproteinemia is a condition marked by high levels of fats in the blood. It is classified into types based on which lipoproteins are elevated. Treatment usually involves lifestyle changes and medications to manage cholesterol levels.' },
{ question: 'Hyperprolactinemia ?', answer: 'Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by higher than normal levels of prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Prolactin is primarily associated with milk production in breastfeeding women, but it also has other functions in both men and women, such as regulation of the menstrual cycle and fertility.' },
{ question: 'Hyperpyrexia ?', answer: 'Hyperpyrexia is a medical term used to describe an extremely high fever, typically defined as a body temperature greater than 41.5°C (106.7°F). It is considered a medical emergency and can be caused by various conditions such as severe infections, heat stroke, drug reactions, or neurological disorders. Hyperpyrexia can lead to serious complications such as seizures, organ damage, and even death if not promptly treated. Treatment usually involves cooling the body rapidly through techniques such as ice packs, cooling blankets, and intravenous fluids, along with addressing the underlying cause.' },
{ question: 'Hypersplenism ?', answer: 'Hypersplenism is a condition where the spleen becomes overactive, leading to increased destruction of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). This results in a decrease in the number of these blood cells circulating in the bloodstream, leading to anemia, leukopenia (low white blood cell count), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).' },
{ question: 'Hypertriglyceridemia ?', answer: 'Hypertriglyceridemia is a condition characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. They are stored in fat cells and released when the body needs energy. Normal triglyceride levels are typically less than 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).' },
{ question: 'Hyperuricemia ?', answer: 'Hyperuricemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid is a waste product that forms when the body breaks down purines, which are substances found in certain foods and beverages. Normally, uric acid is dissolved in the blood and eliminated from the body through the kidneys via urine. However, when there is an excessive production of uric acid, or if the kidneys are unable to eliminate it efficiently, it can lead to hyperuricemia.' },
{ question: 'Hypervolemia ?', answer: 'Hypervolemia, also known as fluid overload, is a condition characterized by an excessive increase in the volume of fluid in the blood vessels and tissues of the body. It can occur due to various reasons such as excessive fluid intake, kidney dysfunction, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or certain medications.' },
{ question: 'Hypnozoite ?', answer: 'Hypnozoites are dormant forms of malaria parasites that reside in the liver. After being infected with certain species of malaria parasites, such as Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, hypnozoites can remain in the liver for extended periods without causing symptoms. These dormant parasites can reactivate at a later time, causing a relapse of malaria infection. This feature of hypnozoites complicates the treatment and eradication of malaria, as standard antimalarial drugs may not target these dormant forms effectively. Therefore, specific medications, such as primaquine, are often used to target hypnozoites and prevent relapses.' },
{ question: 'Hypoaldosteronism ?', answer: 'Hypoaldosteronism is a condition characterized by decreased secretion of aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone plays a crucial role in regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body, as well as maintaining blood pressure. When aldosterone levels are insufficient, sodium retention and potassium excretion may be impaired, leading to electrolyte imbalances and potentially low blood pressure.' },
{ question: 'Hypocalcemia ?', answer: 'Hypocalcemia refers to an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is crucial for various bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and bone health. Hypocalcemia can result from a variety of causes, such as hormonal imbalances, vitamin D deficiency, kidney disorders, or certain medications.' },
{ question: 'Hypochondriasis ?', answer: 'Hypochondriasis, also known as illness anxiety disorder, is a mental health condition characterized by excessive worry about having a serious illness. People with hypochondriasis often misinterpret normal bodily sensations or minor symptoms as signs of a severe medical condition. This can lead to persistent fears, frequent doctor visits, and unnecessary medical tests and procedures.' },
{ question: 'Hypoglycemia ?', answer: 'Hypoglycemia, often referred to as low blood sugar, occurs when the level of glucose (sugar) in your blood drops below what your body needs for energy. This condition is commonly associated with diabetes, especially if you are taking insulin or certain other medications to manage your diabetes. However, it can also happen in people who do not have diabetes.' },
{ question: 'Hypokalemia ?', answer: 'Hypokalemia refers to lower-than-normal levels of potassium in the bloodstream. Potassium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in various bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve function, and maintaining proper fluid balance.' },
{ question: 'Hypomagnesemia ?', answer: 'Hypomagnesemia is a medical condition characterized by low levels of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, blood sugar regulation, and bone health.' },
{ question: 'Hyponatremia ?', answer: 'Hyponatremia is a medical condition characterized by low levels of sodium in the blood. Sodium is an electrolyte essential for various bodily functions, including maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. When sodium levels drop too low, it can lead to symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including nausea, headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or even death.' },
{ question: 'Hypophosphatemia ?', answer: 'Hypophosphatemia refers to low levels of phosphate in the blood. Phosphate is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in many physiological processes in the body, including energy production, bone mineralization, and cell membrane function.' },
{ question: 'Hypovolemia ?', answer: 'Hypovolemia refers to a decreased volume of circulating blood in the body. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, excessive bleeding, severe burns, trauma, or certain medical conditions like kidney disorders. Symptoms of hypovolemia include dizziness, weakness, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, confusion, and in severe cases, it can lead to shock. Treatment typically involves fluid replacement to restore blood volume and address the underlying cause.' },
{ question: 'Hypoxemia ?', answer: 'Hypoxemia refers to an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. This can occur due to various reasons, such as lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, asthma, or conditions that affect the ability of the Heart to pump blood effectively. Hypoxemia can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, rapid breathing, confusion, and even organ damage if severe and left untreated. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, supplemental oxygen therapy, and sometimes mechanical ventilation in critical cases.' },
{ question: 'Hypoxia ?', answer: 'Hypoxia refers to a condition where there is a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body. It can be caused by various factors, including respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), high altitudes, heart conditions, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, or even certain medications.' },
{ question: 'Ibandronate ?', answer: 'For osteoporosis.' },
{ question: 'Ibritumomab Tiuxetan ?', answer: 'For follicular lymphoma.' },
{ question: 'Ibuprofen ?', answer: 'For frostbite, for migraine, for narcotic withdrawal, for pain, for pericarditis, for SLE.' },
{ question: 'Ibutilide ?', answer: 'For arrhythmias, for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.' },
{ question: 'Idarubicin ?', answer: 'For AML.' },
{ question: 'Idebenone ?', answer: 'For ataxia.' },
{ question: 'Idoxuridine ?', answer: 'For HSV infections.' },
{ question: 'Ifosfamide ?', answer: 'For cervical cancer.' },
{ question: 'IgA nephropathy ?', answer: 'IgA nephropathy, also known as BergerS disease, is a kidney disorder that occurs when immunoglobulin A (IgA) builds up in the kidneys. IgA is a protein that helps the body fight infections, but in IgA nephropathy, it becomes deposited in the kidneys, leading to inflammation and damage.' },
{ question: 'Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis ?', answer: 'Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), also known as J-pouch surgery, is a surgical procedure often used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). It involves the creation of an internal reservoir using a portion of the small intestine (ileum) to replace the removed colon and rectum.' },
{ question: 'Ileoproctostomy ?', answer: 'Ileoproctostomy is a surgical procedure involving the creation of an artificial connection between the ileum, the lower part of the small intestine, and the rectum. This procedure is typically performed to treat certain medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), CrohnS disease, or in some cases, certain types of colorectal cancer. By creating this connection, the surgeon aims to restore or improve the normal passage of stool, allowing for better bowel function and potentially relieving symptoms associated with the underlying condition. It is a complex surgery often reserved for cases where other treatments have been ineffective or are not suitable.' },
{ question: 'Imatinib ?', answer: 'For CML, for gastric cancer.' },
{ question: 'Imidazoles ?', answer: 'For dermatophyte infections.' },
{ question: 'Imipenem ?', answer: 'For anaerobic infections, for cholecystitis, for enterococcal infections, for gram-negative enteric bacteria infections, for human bite infections, for nocardiosis, for nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, for P. aeruginosa infections, for pneumonia.' },
{ question: 'Imipramine ?', answer: 'For noncardiac chest pain, for pain.' },
{ question: 'Imiquimod ?', answer: 'For HPV infections, for warts.' },
{ question: 'Immunosuppressive Agents ?', answer: 'For inflammatory bowel disease, for liver transplant, for renal transplant.' },
{ question: 'Impetigo Contagiosa ?', answer: 'Impetigo contagiosa is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection commonly found in children. It is caused by either Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. This infection typically starts as red sores around the nose and mouth, which later burst and develop honey-colored crusts. It can also occur on other parts of the body, especially where the skin has been broken by cuts, scratches, or insect bites.' },
{ question: 'Incidentaloma ?', answer: '"Incidentaloma" is a medical term used to describe an incidental finding discovered during medical imaging or testing that was performed for a reason unrelated to the discovered finding. These can be anything from benign tumors to abnormal growths or structures that were not the focus of the original investigation. While often harmless, incidentalomas may require further investigation to determine their significance and potential impact on health.' },
{ question: 'Indinavir ?', answer: 'For HIV/AIDS.' },
{ question: 'Indomethacin ?', answer: 'For ankylosing spondylitis, for pain, for pericarditis, for reactive arthritis.' },
{ question: 'Insulin Therapy ?', answer: 'For beta blocker poisoning, for calcium channel blocker poisoning, for diabetes mellitus, for diabetic ketoacidosis, for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, for hyperkalemia.' },
{ question: 'Interferon-alpha Therapy ?', answer: 'For carcinoid tumor, for chronic hepatitis B, for essential thrombocytosis, for follicular lymphoma, for islet-cell tumors, for kidney cancer, for melanoma, for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.' },
{ question: 'Interferon-Beta Therapy ?', answer: 'For multiple sclerosis.' },
{ question: 'Interferon Therapy ?', answer: 'For adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, for HSV infections, for squamous cell carcinoma.' },
{ question: 'Interleukin-2 Therapy ?', answer: 'For kidney cancer, for melanoma.' },
{ question: 'Intestinal Pseudoobstruction ?', answer: 'Intestinal pseudoobstruction is a condition characterized by symptoms similar to those caused by a blockage (obstruction) in the intestines, but without any physical blockage present. It occurs due to problems with the muscles or nerves that affect the movement of food, fluid, and air through the intestines. This can lead to symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and inability to pass gas.' },
{ question: 'Klebsiella ?', answer: 'Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, nonmotile, encapsulated bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria are commonly found in the environment, as well as in the human gastrointestinal tract. While many strains of Klebsiella are harmless, some can cause serious infections, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions.' },
{ question: 'Intraocular Pressure ?', answer: 'Intraocular pressure (IOP) refers to the fluid pressure inside the eye. It is primarily determined by the balance between the production and drainage of aqueous humor, the fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye. Normal IOP typically ranges between 10 and 21 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). Elevated IOP can be a risk factor for glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss or blindness if left untreated. Regular eye exams, including measurements of IOP, are crucial for monitoring eye health, especially for individuals at risk of glaucoma.' },
{ question: 'Intravenous Immunoglobulin ?', answer: 'For CLL, for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, for immunoglobulin deficiency, for inflammatory myopathy, for multiple sclerosis, for myasthenia gravis, for parvovirus infections, for polyneuropathy, for RSV infections, for streptococcal infections.' },
{ question: 'Involucrum ?', answer: 'An involucrum typically refers to a sheath or covering, particularly in biological contexts. In anatomy, it can refer to a protective layer of tissue around a part of the body, such as the protective covering around a bone in cases of osteomyelitis, an infection of the bone. In botanical terms, an involucrum can refer to a whorl or cluster of bracts surrounding a flower or flower cluster. The term is also used in other scientific fields, often to describe protective or enclosing structures.' },
{ question: 'Ipratropium ?', answer: 'For COPD, for cough.' },
{ question: 'Irbesartan ?', answer: 'For heart failure.' },
{ question: 'Irinotecan ?', answer: 'For breast cancer, for cervical cancer, for colorectal cancer.' },
{ question: 'Isoniazid ?', answer: 'For nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, for tuberculosis.' },
{ question: 'Isoproterenol ?', answer: 'For antipsychotic poisoning, for beta blocker poisoning, for calcium channel blocker poisoning, for membrane-active agent poisoning, for tachyarrhythmias.' },
{ question: 'Isosorbide Dinitrate ?', answer: 'For achalasia, for angina pectoris, for esophageal spasm.' },
{ question: 'Isosorbide Mononitrate ?', answer: 'For angina pectoris.' },
{ question: 'Isotretinoin ?', answer: 'For acne.' },
{ question: 'Itraconazole ?', answer: 'For aspergillosis, for blastomycosis, for candidiasis, for coccidioidomycosis, for histoplasmosis, for penicilliosis, for sporotrichosis.' },
{ question: 'Ivermectin ?', answer: 'For larva migrans, for onchocerciasis, for pediculiasis, for scabies, for strongyloidiasis.' },
{ question: 'Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction ?', answer: 'The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a transient and self-limiting inflammatory response that can occur after the initiation of antibiotic treatment for certain bacterial infections, particularly those caused by spirochetes such as syphilis, Lyme disease, and relapsing fever.' },
{ question: 'Jugular Foramen Syndrome ?', answer: 'Jugular foramen syndrome, also known as Vernet syndrome, is a medical condition caused by the compression or damage to the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves as they pass through the jugular foramen in the skull.' },
{ question: 'Juvenile Polyposis ?', answer: 'Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of noncancerous growths called juvenile polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the colon and rectum. These polyps typically start forming in childhood, hence the term "juvenile."' },
{ question: 'Kaolin-Pectin ?', answer: 'For diarrhea.' },
{ question: 'Kayexalate ?', answer: 'For hyperkalemia.' },
{ question: 'Keratitis ?', answer: 'Keratitis is the inflammation of the cornea, the transparent layer that covers the front of the eye. It can be caused by various factors, including infections (such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic), trauma to the eye, dry eye syndrome, contact lens overuse or misuse, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, or underlying medical conditions like autoimmune diseases. Symptoms of keratitis may include eye pain, redness, tearing, sensitivity to light (photophobia), blurred vision, and a feeling of something in the eye.' },
{ question: 'Keratoconjunctivitis ?', answer: 'Keratoconjunctivitis is a condition that involves inflammation of both the cornea (the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye) and the conjunctiva (the thin, transparent membrane that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids). This inflammation can be caused by various factors such as infections (viral, bacterial, or fungal), allergies, dry eyes, exposure to irritants.' },
{ question: 'Keratoderma Blenorrhagica ?', answer: 'Keratoderma blenorrhagica is a rare skin condition that is considered a manifestation of reactive arthritis, which is also known as Reiters syndrome. It typically presents as painful, non-infectious skin lesions on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The lesions are characterized by thickening of the skin (hyperkeratosis) and may appear scaly or have a warty appearance.' },
{ question: 'Ketoacidosis ?', answer: 'Ketoacidosis is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body produces high levels of ketones (byproducts of fat metabolism) and acids build up in the blood. It most commonly affects people with diabetes, particularly those with type 1 diabetes, but it can also occur in individuals with type 2 diabetes under certain circumstances.' },
{ question: 'Ketoconazole ?', answer: 'For Candida esophagitis, for ectopic ACTH syndrome.' },
{ question: 'Ketorolac ?', answer: 'For frostbite, for pain.' },
{ question: 'Kingella Kingae Infection ?', answer: 'Kingella kingae is a gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Neisseriaceae. It is increasingly recognized as an important cause of invasive infections, particularly in young children. K. kingae primarily causes musculoskeletal infections, such as osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, but it can also lead to bacteremia, endocarditis, and other systemic infections.' },
{ question: 'Kwashiorkor ?', answer: 'Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition that primarily affects children. It is caused by a lack of protein in the diet, typically in situations where there is limited access to food, particularly in developing countries or regions experiencing famine or drought.' },
{ question: 'Kyphoscoliosis ?', answer: 'Kyphoscoliosis is a condition characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine in both the coronal (side-to-side) and sagittal (front-to-back) planes. "Kypho" refers to excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunchback appearance, while "scoliosis" refers to abnormal lateral curvature.' },
{ question: 'Labetalol ?', answer: 'For aortic dissection, for hypertension, poisoning, for sympathomimetic poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Labyrinthine Dysfunction ?', answer: '"Labyrinthine dysfunction" typically refers to issues related to the labyrinth, a structure within the inner ear responsible for balance and spatial orientation. Dysfunction in this area can result in vertigo, dizziness, imbalance, and other related symptoms. Conditions such as vestibular neuritis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) can all involve labyrinthine dysfunction. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include medications, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, or surgical interventions in some cases.' },
{ question: 'Labyrinthitis ?', answer: 'Labyrinthitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the inner ear, specifically the labyrinth, which is responsible for balance and spatial orientation. It can result in symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes even hearing loss or ringing in the ears (tinnitus).' },
{ question: 'La Crosse Encephalitis ?', answer: 'La Crosse encephalitis is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects children and adolescents. It is caused by the La Crosse virus (LACV), which belongs to the Orthobunyavirus genus of the Peribunyaviridae family.' },
{ question: 'Lactulose ?', answer: 'For constipation, for hepatic encephalopathy, for irritable bowel syndrome.' },
{ question: 'Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ?', answer: 'Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, particularly in the limbs. It occurs when the bodyily immune system mistakenly attacks the neuromuscular junctions – the areas where nerve cells connect with the muscles.' },
{ question: 'Laminectomy ?', answer: 'A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina. The lamina is the bony arch on the back of the vertebrae that forms the roof of the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as spinal stenosis, herniated discs, or spinal tumors.' },
{ question: 'Lamivudine ?', answer: 'For chronic hepatitis B, for HIV/AIDS.' },
{ question: 'Lamotrigine ?', answer: 'For bipolar disorder, for seizures.' },
{ question: 'Lansoprazole ?', answer: 'For H. pylori eradication.' },
{ question: 'Laryngeal Cancer ?', answer: 'Laryngeal cancer refers to cancer that develops in the larynx, commonly known as the voice box. The larynx is located in the throat at the top of the windpipe (trachea). This type of cancer typically affects the cells lining the inside of the larynx.' },
{ question: 'Laryngeal Palsy ?', answer: 'Laryngeal palsy refers to a condition where there is paralysis or weakness of the muscles of the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx plays a crucial role in various functions such as breathing, swallowing, and producing sound for speech. When the muscles controlling the movement of the vocal cords are affected, it can lead to various symptoms, including hoarseness, difficulty speaking or swallowing, and even breathing difficulties in severe cases.' },
{ question: 'Laser Therapy ?', answer: 'For diabetic retinopathy, for glaucoma.' },
{ question: 'Lemierre Syndrome ?', answer: 'Lemierre syndrome is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that typically begins as a bacterial infection in the throat, usually caused by the bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum. The infection can progress to cause septicemia (blood poisoning) and the formation of septic emboli, which are infected blood clots that can travel to other parts of the body, such as the lungs.' },
{ question: 'Lenalidomide ?', answer: 'For myelodysplastic syndromes.' },
{ question: 'Lepirudin ?', answer: 'For heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.' },
{ question: 'Leptomeningeal Metastasis ?', answer: 'Leptomeningeal metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells to the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These metastases occur when cancer cells from a primary tumor elsewhere in the body (such as the lungs, breast, or melanoma) travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and reach the meninges. Once there, they can grow and form new tumors, leading to a range of neurological symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, seizures, weakness, numbness, and changes in mental status.' },
{ question: 'Leptospirosis ?', answer: 'Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira bacteria. It is typically transmitted through water contaminated with the urine of infected animals, such as rodents, dogs, and livestock. While it occurs worldwide, it is more common in tropical areas with high rainfall.' },
{ question: 'Leriche Syndrome ?', answer: 'Leriche syndrome, also known as aortoiliac occlusive disease, is a rare condition characterized by the blockage of the lower part of the aorta (the main artery supplying blood to the body) and the beginning of the iliac arteries. This condition typically occurs due to atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque within the arteries. As a result, blood flow to the lower limbs is restricted, leading to symptoms such as leg pain, weakness, and even erectile dysfunction in men due to compromised blood flow to the pelvic area.' },
{ question: 'Letrozole ?', answer: 'For breast cancer.' },
{ question: 'Leucovorin ?', answer: 'For Pneumocystis infections, for toxoplasmosis.' },
{ question: 'Leukapheresis ?', answer: 'Leukapheresis is a medical procedure used to separate white blood cells (leukocytes) from the blood of the patient. It is similar to other forms of apheresis, where blood is drawn from the body, processed to remove certain components, and then returned to the patient.' },
{ question: 'Leukocytes ?', answer: 'Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells (WBCs), are a crucial part of the immune system. They play a central role in defending the body against infections and foreign invaders. There are several types of leukocytes, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with specific functions in immune response.' },
{ question: 'Leukocytosis ?', answer: 'Leukocytosis refers to an increased number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood. This can occur as a response to various factors such as infections, inflammation, stress, certain medications, or even in response to vigorous exercise. Leukocytosis is typically diagnosed through a blood test that measures the number of white blood cells present. Depending on the underlying cause, treatment may vary from addressing the root issue, such as treating an infection, to managing symptoms.' },
{ question: 'Leukopenia ?', answer: 'Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a lower-than-normal white blood cell count in the bloodstream. White blood cells are vital components of the immune system, helping the body fight off infections and foreign invaders. Leukopenia can result from various factors, including certain medications, viral infections such as HIV, autoimmune disorders, bone marrow disorders, and chemotherapy.' },
{ question: 'Leukoplakia ?', answer: 'Leukoplakia is a condition characterized by thickened, white patches that develop inside the mouth, on the gums, tongue, or the insides of the cheeks. These patches cannot be scraped off and are usually painless, but they can sometimes be sensitive to touch, heat, spicy foods, or other irritation. While leukoplakia isn't usually dangerous, it can be a precursor to oral cancer in some cases. Therefore, it is essential to have any white patches in the mouth evaluated by a dentist or doctor, especially if they persist for more than a few weeks. Treatment typically involves addressing any underlying causes, such as smoking or irritation from dental work, and monitoring the patches for changes over time.' },
{ question: 'Leiomyosarcoma ?', answer: 'Leiomyosarcoma is a type of cancer that affects smooth muscle tissue. Smooth muscles are found in various parts of the body, including the walls of blood vessels, the digestive tract, and the uterus. Leiomyosarcoma can occur in any of these areas but is most commonly found in the uterus (referred to as uterine leiomyosarcoma) and in the abdomen or retroperitoneum (the area behind the abdomen).' },
{ question: 'Leuprolide ?', answer: 'For prostate cancer.' },
{ question: 'Levetiracetam ?', answer: 'For seizures.' },
{ question: 'Levodopa ?', answer: 'For Parkinson’s disease.' },
{ question: 'Levofloxacin ?', answer: 'For C. pneumoniae infections, for Legionella infections, for M. pneumoniae infections, for P. aeruginosa infections, for pelvic inflammatory disease, for pneumococcal infections, for pneumonia, for sepsis/septic shock, for sinusitis, for S. maltophilia, for staphylococcal infections, for tuberculosis.' },
{ question: 'Latex Agglutination Assay ?', answer: 'The latex agglutination assay is a lab technique used to detect specific antigens or antibodies in a sample. Latex beads coated with antigen or antibody are mixed with the sample. If the target antigen or antibody is present, they bind to the latex beads, causing them to clump together (agglutinate), indicating a positive result. It is quick, simple, and widely used in clinical diagnostics.' },
{ question: 'Leflunomide ?', answer: 'For psoriatic arthritis, for rheumatoid arthritis.' },
{ question: 'Leiomyoma ?', answer: 'Leiomyoma, commonly known as fibroids, are noncancerous growths of the uterus that often appear during childbearing years. They are not associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and are quite common. Many women have them at some point in their lives. They can range in size from tiny seedlings to large masses that can distort the uterus.' },
{ question: 'Leiomyosarcoma ?', answer: 'Leiomyosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that affects smooth muscle tissue, which is found in various parts of the body such as the uterus, stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. It arises from abnormal growth of cells in the smooth muscle layer. Leiomyosarcoma can occur at any age but is most common in adults over the age of 50. Symptoms depend on the location of the tumor but may include pain, swelling, and a palpable mass. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. However, prognosis can vary depending on factors like the size and location of the tumor, as well as how early it is diagnosed.' },
{ question: 'Levorphanol ?', answer: 'For pain.' },
{ question: 'Levosimendan ?', answer: 'For heart failure.' },
{ question: 'Levothyroxine ?', answer: 'For hypothyroidism.' },
{ question: 'Lewisite ?', answer: 'Lewisite is a chemical compound, specifically an organoarsenic compound. It was originally developed as a chemical warfare agent during World War I. Lewisite is highly toxic and can cause severe burns and blistering upon contact with the skin, as well as damage to the respiratory system if inhaled. It has a garlic-like odor and can be absorbed through the skin, making it particularly dangerous.' },
{ question: 'Lichen Simplex Chronicus ?', answer: 'Lichen simplex chronicus, also known as neurodermatitis, is a skin disorder characterized by chronic itching and scratching. The repeated scratching and rubbing of the skin lead to thickening (lichenification) and hyperpigmentation of the affected area. It often develops as a response to chronic irritation or inflammation, such as insect bites, rough clothing, or emotional stress. The condition typically affects localized areas of the skin, most commonly on the neck, ankles, wrists, forearms, and genital area. The constant scratching can create a vicious cycle where itching.' },
{ question: 'Lidocaine ?', answer: 'For antidepressant poisoning, for antipsychotic poisoning, for arrhythmias, for cardiac glycoside poisoning, for membrane-active agent poisoning, for polyneuropathy, for tachyarrhythmias.' },
{ question: 'Light Chain Deposition Disease ?', answer: 'Light chain deposition disease (LCDD) is a rare disorder characterized by the deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains within various tissues. These abnormal light chains are produced by abnormal plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow.' },
{ question: 'Limb Dystonia ?', answer: 'Limb dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause repetitive or twisting movements and abnormal postures in one or more limbs. It can affect any part of the body but typically involves the arms, legs, hands, or feet. These involuntary muscle contractions can be sustained (tonic) or jerky (clonic) and may cause pain or discomfort.' },
{ question: 'Limb-Girdle Dystrophy ?', answer: 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of the muscles in the shoulders, upper arms, pelvic area, and thighs. It is called limb-girdle because the muscles around the shoulders and hips (the limb-girdle muscles) are primarily affected.' },
{ question: 'Linezolid ?', answer: 'Linezolid is an antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections. It belongs to a class of medications known as oxazolidinone antibiotics. Linezolid works by inhibiting the production of proteins necessary for bacterial growth, thereby stopping the growth and spread of bacteria.' },
{ question: 'Lioresal ?', answer: 'For multiple sclerosis.' },
{ question: 'Lipase ?', answer: 'Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol. It plays a crucial role in the digestion, absorption, and utilization of dietary fats in the body. Lipase is produced primarily in the pancreas, although it is also produced in other parts of the body, such as the mouth and stomach.' },
{ question: 'Lipemia Retinalis ?', answer: 'Lipemia retinalis is a condition where the appearance of the blood vessels in the retina becomes milky or creamy due to high levels of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. This condition is often associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia, a condition characterized by extremely high levels of triglycerides in the blood.' },
{ question: 'Lipodystrophy Syndrome ?', answer: 'Lipodystrophy syndrome refers to a group of medical conditions characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the bodyily fat tissue. This syndrome can manifest in various forms, including partial or complete loss of adipose tissue (lipoatrophy) or abnormal accumulation of fat (lipohypertrophy) in different areas of the body.' },
{ question: 'Lipoma ?', answer: 'A lipoma is a benign tumor made up of fat tissue. It is usually soft to the touch, movable, and painless. While lipomas can occur anywhere in the body where there is fat tissue, they are most commonly found on the shoulders, neck, chest, arms, back, thighs, and abdomen. They typically grow slowly over time and are generally harmless, but they can sometimes cause discomfort if they press on nearby nerves or organs. Treatment is usually not necessary unless the lipoma is causing symptoms or concerns, in which case it can be surgically removed.' },
{ question: 'Lipoprotein Analysis ?', answer: 'Lipoprotein analysis is a diagnostic procedure used to assess the levels and distribution of lipoproteins in the blood. Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport cholesterol and triglycerides through the bloodstream. The analysis helps in evaluating the risk of cardiovascular diseases by identifying abnormalities in lipoprotein levels.' },
{ question: 'Lisinopril ?', answer: 'For heart failure, for hypertension.' },
{ question: 'Listerial Infection ?', answer: 'Listerial infection, also known as listeriosis, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. While it primarily affects pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems, anyone can contract it. Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in soil, water, and some animals. It can also contaminate food, especially unpasteurized dairy products, raw vegetables, processed meats, and ready-to-eat foods. Symptoms of listeriosis can vary widely, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms such as fever and muscle aches to more severe complications like meningitis, septicemia, or pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature delivery.' },
{ question: 'Lithium ?', answer: 'For bipolar disorder, for cluster headache prevention.' },
{ question: 'Lobeline ?', answer: 'Lobeline is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in various plants, particularly in the Lobelia genus, hence its name. Lobeline has been studied for its potential pharmacological effects, particularly its activity on the nervous system. It is known to act as a nicotinic receptor agonist, meaning it can bind to and activate certain receptors in the brain, similar to nicotine. This property has led to research into its potential as a smoking cessation aid, although its efficacy for this purpose is still debated.' },
{ question: 'Loperamide ?', answer: 'For diarrhea, for inflammatory bowel disease, for irritable bowel syndrome, for narcotic withdrawal, for traveler’s diarrhea.' },
{ question: 'Lopinavir/ritonavir ?', answer: 'For HIV/AIDS.' },
{ question: 'Loratadine ?', answer: 'For allergic rhinitis.' },
{ question: 'Lorazepam ?', answer: 'For alcohol withdrawal, for delirium, for dyspnea, for myocardial infarction, for nausea, for status epilepticus.' },
{ question: 'Losartan ?', answer: 'For heart failure, for hypertension, for systemic sclerosis.' },
{ question: 'Lovastatin ?', answer: 'For hyperlipidemia.' },
{ question: 'Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin ?', answer: 'For thrombotic disorders, for venous disease, for venous thromboembolism.' },
{ question: 'Loxapine ?', answer: 'Loxapine is an antipsychotic medication primarily used to treat schizophrenia. It belongs to the class of drugs known as typical antipsychotics. Loxapine works by blocking certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and serotonin, which are thought to be involved in psychotic disorders. It is available in various forms, including oral tablets, oral solution, and inhalation powder (for acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder).' },
{ question: 'Lubiprostone ?', answer: 'For irritable bowel syndrome.' },
{ question: 'Lumpectomy ?', answer: 'A lumpectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove a cancerous or suspicious lump (or lumps) from the breast while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible. It is often used as a treatment for breast cancer when the tumor is small and localized. The goal of a lumpectomy is to remove the tumor and a margin of surrounding normal tissue to ensure all cancerous cells are removed. It is usually followed by radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. Lumpectomy is also known as breast-conserving surgery because it aims to conserve the breast as much as possible compared to a mastectomy, where the entire breast is removed.' },
{ question: 'Adenocarcinoma ?', answer: 'Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in the glandular tissues of the body. Glandular tissues are responsible for producing and secreting fluids such as mucus, enzymes, or hormones. Adenocarcinomas can occur in various organs, including the lungs, colon, pancreas, prostate, and breast, among others. Treatment options depend on the location and stage of the cancer but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. Early detection and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes in adenocarcinoma cases.' },
{ question: 'Diffuse Parenchymal ?', answer: '"Diffuse parenchymal" typically refers to a condition or abnormality affecting the parenchyma of an organ throughout its entirety, rather than being localized to a specific area. The parenchyma is the functional tissue of an organ, as opposed to the supporting tissue or stroma.' },
{ question: 'Nocardiosis ?', answer: 'Symptoms of nocardiosis vary depending on the organs involved but may include cough, chest pain, fever, weight loss, skin lesions, and neurological symptoms such as headaches and confusion if the brain is affected.' },
{ question: 'COPD ?', answer: 'Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. The main symptoms include shortness of breath, cough with mucus production, and wheezing. COPD is usually caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most commonly from cigarette smoke. Other risk factors include exposure to biomass fuel smoke, air pollution, and genetic factors.' },
{ question: 'Luteinizing Hormone ?', answer: 'Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. In both males and females, LH plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive functions.' },
{ question: 'Lyme Borreliosis ?', answer: 'Lyme borreliosis, commonly known as Lyme disease, is a tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks, also known as deer ticks, primarily in North America and Europe.' },
{ question: 'Lymphadenitis ?', answer: 'Lymphadenitis is the medical term for the inflammation of lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body that play a vital role in the immune system. They filter lymph fluid, trapping and destroying foreign particles like bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells.' },
{ question: 'Lymphadenopathy ?', answer: 'Lymphadenopathy refers to the enlargement or swelling of lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the lymphatic system, which helps fight infection and disease. Lymphadenopathy can occur in response to infection, inflammation, or cancer. When lymph nodes are enlarged, they may be tender or painful to the touch. In many cases, lymphadenopathy is a temporary and benign condition, resolving on its own as the underlying cause is treated. However, persistent or unexplained lymphadenopathy should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.' },
{ question: 'Lymphangiectasia ?', answer: 'Lymphangiectasia is a medical condition characterized by the dilation of lymphatic vessels. These vessels are responsible for transporting lymph fluid throughout the body, helping to maintain fluid balance and immune function. When these vessels become dilated or enlarged, they can disrupt the normal flow of lymph fluid, leading to various symptoms.' },
{ question: 'Lymphedema ?', answer: 'Lymphedema is a condition characterized by swelling that usually occurs in one of your arms or legs. It develops when lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes are missing, impaired, damaged, or removed. The lymphatic system is a vital part of the immune and circulatory systems, responsible for draining excess fluid from tissues and transporting white blood cells throughout the body to help fight infection.' },
{ question: 'Lymphocutaneous Syndrome ?', answer: 'The most common cause of lymphocutaneous syndrome is the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, which typically enters the skin through a small cut or abrasion, leading to an infection. The infection then spreads along the lymphatic vessels, resulting in a linear pattern of nodules or lesions along the affected lymphatic channels.' },
{ question: 'Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ?', answer: 'LCMV is typically transmitted to humans through contact with the urine, saliva, or droppings of infected rodents, particularly house mice and hamsters. People can become infected through inhalation of aerosolized particles contaminated with the virus, direct contact with infected rodents or their excretions, or by being bitten by infected rodents.' },
{ question: 'Lymphocytosis ?', answer: 'Lymphocytosis refers to a higher-than-normal level of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, in the blood. This can occur due to various reasons such as infections, immune disorders, leukemia, certain medications, or stress. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, ranging from addressing infections to managing chronic conditions like leukemia.' },
{ question: 'Lymphoepithelioma ?', answer: 'Lymphoepithelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically arises in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat behind the nose. It is also known as undifferentiated carcinoma because the cancer cells appear undifferentiated under the microscope, meaning they lack features typical of specific cell types. Lymphoepithelioma is characterized by the presence of both cancerous cells and lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the bodyily immune response.' },
{ question: 'Lymphogranuloma Venereum ?', answer: 'Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by certain serotypes of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It primarily affects the lymphatic system, causing inflammation and swelling of the lymph nodes in the genital and pelvic regions. LGV is relatively rare in developed countries but is more common in tropical and subtropical areas.' },
{ question: 'Lymphoid Malignancy ?', answer: 'Lymphoid malignancy refers to cancers that develop in the lymphatic system, primarily in lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. The lymphatic system is a vital part of the immune system, responsible for fighting infection and disease. Lymphoid malignancies can arise from abnormal growth and reproduction of lymphocytes, leading to various types of cancers, including lymphomas and leukemias.' },
{ question: 'Lymphopenia ?', answer: 'Lymphopenia is a condition characterized by low levels of lymphocytes in the blood. It can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, medications, radiation therapy, bone marrow disorders, or malnutrition. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and should be determined by a healthcare professional.' },
{ question: 'Lymphoproliferative Disease ?', answer: 'Lymphoproliferative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by abnormal growth of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the bodily immune system. These diseases can range from relatively benign conditions to more aggressive cancers.' },
{ question: 'Lynch Syndrome ?', answer: 'Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is a hereditary condition that increases the risk of various cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, as well as cancers of the endometrium, ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, urinary tract, brain, and skin. It is caused by inherited mutations in genes responsible for DNA mismatch repair. These mutations impair the bodyily ability to fix errors that occur during DNA replication, leading to an increased risk of cancer development over time. People with Lynch syndrome often develop cancer at an earlier age than the general population.' },
{ question: 'Macular Degeneration ?', answer: 'Macular degeneration is a common eye condition and a leading cause of vision loss among people aged 50 and older. It affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, which is crucial for tasks such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces.' },
{ question: 'Macule ?', answer: 'A macule is a flat, discolored spot on the skin. It is typically less than 1 centimeter in diameter and can be various colors, including red, brown, white, or tan. Macules are usually not raised or depressed and are often the result of localized changes in skin pigmentation or blood vessels. Examples of macules include freckles, flat moles, and some types of birthmarks.' },
{ question: 'Magnesium Citrate ?', answer: 'For constipation, for poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) ?', answer: 'For constipation, for irritable bowel syndrome.' },
{ question: 'Magnesium Therapy ?', answer: 'For antipsychotic poisoning, for cardiac glycoside poisoning, for hypomagnesemia, for membrane-active agent poisoning, for torsades de pointes.' },
{ question: 'Malathion ?', answer: 'For pediculiasis.' },
{ question: 'Maldigestion ?', answer: 'Maldigestion refers to impaired digestion, where food is not properly broken down in the digestive system. This can happen due to various reasons such as enzyme deficiencies, bile production issues, or problems with the gastrointestinal tract. When maldigestion occurs, nutrients from food may not be absorbed efficiently, leading to nutritional deficiencies and other health problems. Treatment often involves identifying the underlying cause and addressing it accordingly, which may include dietary changes, enzyme replacement therapy, or medications.' },
{ question: 'Malingering ?', answer: 'Malingering refers to the intentional exaggeration or fabrication of physical or psychological symptoms for some external gain, such as avoiding work or responsibilities, obtaining financial compensation, or gaining drugs or other benefits. It is considered a form of deception and can occur in various contexts, including medical, legal, or occupational settings. Malingering can pose challenges for healthcare providers, as it can complicate accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment for genuine medical conditions. It is important to carefully evaluate and assess individuals suspected of malingering to ensure that appropriate interventions are implemented.' },
{ question: 'MALT Lymphoma ?', answer: 'MALT lymphoma, also known as extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the marginal zone of the lymphoid tissue. MALT lymphoma commonly affects sites such as the stomach, salivary glands, thyroid gland, lung, and ocular adnexa (tissues surrounding the eye). It is associated with chronic inflammation or infection, particularly by Helicobacter pylori in the case of gastric MALT lymphoma.' },
{ question: 'Mandibular Positioning Device ?', answer: 'A mandibular positioning device (MPD), also known as a mandibular advancement device (MAD), is a dental appliance used in the treatment of sleep-related breathing disorders, particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and snoring.' },
{ question: 'Mannitol Therapy ?', answer: 'For increased intracranial pressure, for poisoning, for stroke.' },
{ question: 'MAO Inhibitor Poisoning ?', answer: 'MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors are a class of drugs primarily used to treat depression. MAO inhibitors work by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase enzymes, which break down neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain.' },
{ question: 'Marasmus ?', answer: 'Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency, leading to significant weight loss, muscle wasting, and a weakened immune system. It typically occurs in children under the age of two, especially in impoverished regions where there is limited access to nutritious food.' },
{ question: 'Maraviroc ?', answer: 'For HIV/AIDS.' },
{ question: 'Marburg Virus Infection ?', answer: 'Marburg virus infection is a severe and highly contagious illness caused by the Marburg virus, a member of the filovirus family, which also includes the Ebola virus. The virus was first identified in 1967 during outbreaks in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany, as well as in Belgrade, Serbia (then Yugoslavia), where laboratory workers were infected by monkeys imported from Uganda.' },
{ question: 'March Hemoglobinuria ?', answer: 'March hemoglobinuria, also known as "march hemoglobinuria" or "march hematuria," is a condition characterized by the presence of hemoglobin in the urine due to the destruction of red blood cells. It typically occurs after repetitive impact or trauma to the feet, such as prolonged marching or running. This condition is more common in military personnel or athletes who engage in strenuous activities involving repetitive foot impact.' },
{ question: 'Marie-Strumpell Disease ?', answer: 'Marie-Strümpell disease, also known as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), is a type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine. It belongs to a group of conditions called spondyloarthritis, which involve inflammation of the joints of the spine. AS typically begins in the sacroiliac joints, which are the joints that connect the spine to the pelvis, and then progresses to involve other joints and tissues in the body.' },
{ question: 'Marine Envenomations ?', answer: 'Marine envenomations occur when a person is stung or bitten by a marine animal, leading to the injection of venom into the body of the affected person. These envenomations can range from mild irritation to life-threatening reactions, depending on the type of animal involved and the sensitivity of the individual to the venom.' },
{ question: 'Mastitis ?', answer: 'Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue that sometimes involves an infection. It commonly affects women who are breastfeeding, but it can also occur in women who are not breastfeeding. Symptoms typically include breast pain, swelling, warmth to the touch, redness, and sometimes fever and chills.' },
{ question: 'Mastocytosis ?', answer: 'Mastocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of mast cells in various tissues, particularly the skin and organs such as the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract. Mast cells are part of the immune system and play a role in allergic reactions by releasing substances such as histamine.' },
{ question: 'Mastoiditis ?', answer: 'Mastoiditis is a bacterial infection that affects the mastoid bone, which is located behind the ear. This bone has air cells that can become infected, usually as a result of untreated or inadequately treated middle ear infections (otitis media). Mastoiditis typically causes pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness behind the ear. Other symptoms can include fever, drainage from the ear, hearing loss, and headaches. If left untreated, mastoiditis can lead to serious complications, such as hearing loss, meningitis, brain abscess, or facial nerve paralysis. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection, and in some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain any abscesses or infected fluid from the mastoid bone.' },
{ question: 'Postexposure Prophylaxis ?', answer: 'Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a preventive medical treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, to prevent infection. It is commonly used for diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B, and rabies. PEP typically involves taking antiviral medications or vaccines for a specified period, usually ranging from a few days to several weeks, depending on the pathogen and the individual circumstances of exposure.' },
{ question: 'Mebendazole ?', answer: 'For ascariasis, for enterobiasis, for hookworm, for trichinellosis.' },
{ question: 'Mechlorethamine ?', answer: 'Mechlorethamine is a chemotherapy medication used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, including certain types of leukemia. It belongs to a class of drugs called alkylating agents, which work by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, ultimately preventing their growth and division.' },
{ question: 'Meclizine ?', answer: 'For nausea and vomiting, for vertigo.' },
{ question: 'Mediastinal Mass ?', answer: 'A mediastinal mass refers to an abnormal growth or lump that develops in the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. This area contains vital structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and lymph nodes.' },
{ question: 'Mediastinitis ?', answer: 'Mediastinitis is a serious condition characterized by inflammation or infection of the mediastinum, which is the space in the middle of the chest between the lungs. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial or fungal infections, trauma, surgery, or other medical procedures.' },
{ question: 'Mediastinoscopy ?', answer: 'Mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure used to examine the mediastinum, which is the area in the middle of the chest between the lungs. It is typically done to investigate abnormalities such as tumors, infections, or inflammation in this region. During the procedure, a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end, called a mediastinoscope, is inserted through a small incision in the neck just above the breastbone. This allows the surgeon to view and biopsy tissues or lymph nodes in the mediastinum for further examination. Mediastinoscopy is considered a minimally invasive procedure and is often performed under general anesthesia in a hospital setting. It can provide valuable diagnostic information for various conditions affecting the chest.' },
{ question: 'Medrol ?', answer: 'For anaphylaxis.' },
{ question: 'Medroxyprogesterone ?', answer: 'For amenorrhea, for menopausal symptoms.' },
{ question: 'Mefloquine ?', answer: 'For malaria.' },
{ question: 'Megestrol ?', answer: 'For endometrial cancer, for weight loss.' },
{ question: 'Meglumine Antimonate ?', answer: 'For leishmaniasis.' },
{ question: 'Melanoma ?', answer: 'Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin. It is less common than other types of skin cancer but is more likely to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early.' },
{ question: 'Melarsoprol ?', answer: 'For sleeping sickness.' },
{ question: 'Melena ?', answer: 'Melena refers to black, tarry stools that contain digested blood. It can be a sign of bleeding in the upper digestive tract, such as the stomach or upper small intestine. Melena can indicate a serious medical condition and should be evaluated promptly by a healthcare professional. If you or someone you know is experiencing melena, seeking medical attention is crucial.' },
{ question: 'Melioidosis ?', answer: 'Melioidosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. This bacterium is commonly found in soil and water in certain tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.' },
{ question: 'Melphalan ?', answer: 'For amyloidosis, for multiple myeloma.' },
{ question: 'Memantine ?', answer: 'For Alzheimer’s disease.' },
{ question: 'Meningioma ?', answer: 'A meningioma is a type of tumor that forms on the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord just inside the skull. These tumors are typically slow-growing and often benign (noncancerous), but they can still cause problems depending on their size and location. Symptoms can vary widely depending on where the tumor is located and its size, but they may include headaches, seizures, changes in vision or hearing, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and personality changes.' },
{ question: 'Meningococcal Infection ?', answer: 'Meningococcal infection is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus. This bacterium can cause severe illnesses such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (blood poisoning).' },
{ question: 'Meningococcemia ?', answer: 'Meningococcemia is a severe and potentially life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus. This bacterium can cause meningitis, an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, as well as meningococcemia, which is the presence of meningococcal bacteria in the bloodstream.' },
{ question: 'Meningoencephalitis ?', answer: 'Meningoencephalitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of both the brain and the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation is typically caused by an infection, such as a virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite, though it can also be triggered by non-infectious factors like autoimmune diseases or certain medications.' },
{ question: 'Lemierre Syndrome ?', answer: 'Lemierre syndrome is also known as postanginal sepsis, is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition. It typically starts with a bacterial infection, often a throat infection such as strep throat or tonsillitis, which then spreads to the jugular vein in the neck. The bacteria most commonly associated with this syndrome is Fusobacterium necrophorum.' },
{ question: 'Meperidine ?', answer: 'For cholecystitis, for pain, for pancreatitis.' },
{ question: 'Meprobamate Poisoning ?', answer: 'Meprobamate is a sedative and anxiolytic medication that was once widely used for the treatment of anxiety and tension. However, its use has decreased over the years due to concerns about its potential for abuse and overdose. Meprobamate poisoning occurs when an individual takes too much of the drug, either accidentally or intentionally.' },
{ question: 'Meralgia Paresthetica ?', answer: 'Meralgia paresthetica is a condition characterized by tingling, numbness, and burning pain in the outer thigh. It occurs due to compression or irritation of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, which supplies sensation to the skin of the outer thigh. The symptoms typically worsen with prolonged standing or walking and may improve with rest or changing positions.' },
{ question: '6-Mercaptopurine ?', answer: 'For Burkitt’s lymphoma, for inflammatory bowel disease.' },
{ question: 'Meropenem ?', answer: 'For anaerobic infections, for bacterial meningitis, for B. cepacia infections, for brain abscess, for cholecystitis, for meningococcal infections, for P. aeruginosa infections, for pneumonia.' },
{ question: 'Merozoite ?', answer: 'Merozoites are a type of parasitic protozoan cell. They are particularly known in the context of Plasmodium, the parasite responsible for malaria. During the complex life cycle of Plasmodium, merozoites are the form of the parasite that infects red blood cells, leading to the characteristic symptoms of malaria. After being released from infected red blood cells, merozoites can go on to infect new red blood cells, continuing the cycle of infection and disease. Understanding the biology of merozoites is crucial for developing treatments and vaccines against malaria.' },
{ question: 'Mesalamine Enema ?', answer: 'For inflammatory bowel disease.' },
{ question: 'Mesenteric Arteriography ?', answer: 'Mesenteric arteriography, also known as mesenteric angiography, is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels supplying the intestines (specifically the small intestine and part of the large intestine). It involves the injection of a contrast dye into the arteries of the mesentery, the tissue that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall.' },
{ question: 'Mesenteric Insufficiency ?', answer: 'Mesenteric insufficiency, also known as mesenteric ischemia, refers to inadequate blood flow to the intestines, particularly the small intestine. This condition can be acute or chronic and is often caused by atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits build up in the arteries supplying blood to the intestines, reducing blood flow.' },
{ question: 'Mesenteric Ischemia ?', answer: 'Mesenteric Ischemia refers to the inadequate blood supply to the intestines, particularly the small intestine. It can occur acutely or chronically and may result from various causes, including blood clots, narrowing of blood vessels due to atherosclerosis, or other conditions affecting blood flow.' },
{ question: 'Mesothelioma ?', answer: 'Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that develops from the thin layer of tissue that covers many of the internal organs, known as the mesothelium. The most common form of mesothelioma affects the lining of the lungs (pleural mesothelioma), but it can also occur in the lining of the abdomen (peritoneal mesothelioma), heart (pericardial mesothelioma), or the testicles (testicular mesothelioma), although the latter is extremely rare.' },
{ question: 'Metapneumovirus Infection ?', answer: 'Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus that commonly affects both children and adults. It was first identified in 2001 and has since been recognized as a significant cause of respiratory tract infections worldwide, particularly in young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.' },
{ question: 'Metformin ?', answer: 'For diabetes mellitus, for obesity.' },
{ question: 'Methadone ?', answer: 'For narcotic withdrawal, for opioid maintenance.' },
{ question: 'Methemoglobinemia ?', answer: 'Methemoglobinemia is a condition characterized by the presence of an atypical form of hemoglobin in the blood, called methemoglobin, which is unable to bind oxygen effectively. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.' },
{ question: 'Methemoglobin Inducers ?', answer: 'Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is unable to bind and transport oxygen effectively, which can lead to tissue hypoxia. There are various substances known as methemoglobin inducers, which increase the levels of methemoglobin in the blood.' },
{ question: 'Methenamine ?', answer: 'For nephrolithiasis.' },
{ question: 'Methimazole ?', answer: 'For thyrotoxicosis.' },
{ question: 'Methotrexate ?', answer: 'For ankylosing spondylitis, for bladder cancer, for head and neck cancer, for inflammatory bowel disease, for inflammatory myopathy, for multiple sclerosis, for polyneuropathy, for primary sclerosing cholangitis, for psoriasis, for psoriatic arthritis, for reactive arthritis, for rheumatoid arthritis, for vasculitis.' },
{ question: 'Methyl Cellulose ?', answer: 'For irritable bowel syndrome.' },
{ question: 'Methyldopa ?', answer: 'For hypertension.' },
{ question: 'Methylene Blue ?', answer: 'For methemoglobin.' },
{ question: 'Methylphenidate ?', answer: 'For daytime sleepiness.' },
{ question: 'Methylprednisolone ?', answer: 'For asthma, for multiple sclerosis, for optic neuritis, for renal transplant rejection.' },
{ question: 'Methylsergide ?', answer: 'For migraine prevention.' },
{ question: 'Metoclopramide ?', answer: 'For H. pylori eradication, for migraine, for nausea and vomiting, for systemic sclerosis.' },
{ question: 'Metolazone ?', answer: 'For edema, for heart failure, for hypertension.' },
{ question: 'Metoprolol ?', answer: 'For arrhythmias, for heart failure, for hypertension, for myocardial infarction, for sympathomimetic poisoning, for unstable angina, for vasovagal syncope.' },
{ question: 'Metronidazole ?', answer: 'For amebiasis, for anaerobic infections, for bacterial meningitis, for brain abscess, for C. difficile-associated disease, for diverticulitis, for giardiasis, for hepatic encephalopathy, for H. pylori eradication, for inflammatory bowel disease, for intestinal pseudoobstruction, for necrotizing fasciitis, for osteomyelitis, for pelvic inflammatory disease, for tetanus, for trichomoniasis, for urethritis.' },
{ question: 'Metyrapone ?', answer: 'For ectopic ACTH syndrome.' },
{ question: 'Mexiletine ?', answer: 'For arrhythmias, for myotonic dystrophy.' },
{ question: 'MHC Class II Deficiency ?', answer: 'MHC class II deficiency, also known as bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS), is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. These molecules are crucial for the immune systemic ability to recognize and respond to foreign pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.' },
{ question: 'Micafungin ?', answer: 'For candidiasis.' },
{ question: 'Miconazole ?', answer: 'For candidiasis.' },
{ question: 'Micrographia ?', answer: '"Micrographia" is a term that can refer to a few different things, but most commonly it refers to a scientific work by Robert Hooke, published in 1665. In "Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses," Hooke describes his observations through a microscope. It's a significant work in the history of science as it was one of the earliest detailed descriptions of microscopic organisms and structures. Hooke's observations included everything from the structure of plants and insects to the cellular composition of cork. His meticulous illustrations and descriptions laid the groundwork for the field of microbiology and helped to popularize the use of microscopes in scientific research.' },
{ question: 'Microscopic Polyangiitis ?', answer: 'Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is a rare autoimmune disease that affects small blood vessels, primarily the capillaries, in various organs of the body. It is characterized by inflammation of these blood vessels, leading to damage and impaired blood flow to affected tissues and organs.' },
{ question: 'Midazolam ?', answer: 'For delirium, for dyspnea, for increased intracranial pressure, for scorpion sting, for status epilepticus.' },
{ question: 'Midodrine ?', answer: 'For hepatorenal syndrome, for orthostatic hypotension.' },
{ question: 'Mifepristone ?', answer: 'For emergency contraception.' },
{ question: 'Miglitol ?', answer: 'For diabetes mellitus.' },
{ question: 'Milk Alkali Syndrome ?', answer: 'Milk-alkali syndrome is a condition that results from excessive intake of calcium and absorbable alkali, often in the form of calcium carbonate (found in supplements) and milk. Historically, it was more common when people used to consume large amounts of milk and calcium carbonate as a remedy for peptic ulcers before the advent of modern acid-suppressing medications.' },
{ question: 'Milrinone ?', answer: 'For heart failure, for myocardial infarction.' },
{ question: 'Miltefosine ?', answer: 'For leishmaniasis.' },
{ question: 'Mineralocorticoids ?', answer: 'Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones primarily involved in the regulation of electrolyte and fluid balance in the body. The main mineralocorticoid in humans is aldosterone, which is produced by the adrenal glands, specifically in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.' },
{ question: 'Minocycline ?', answer: 'For actinomycosis, for leprosy, for nocardiosis.' },
{ question: 'Mirtazapine ?', answer: 'Mirtazapine is a medication primarily used to treat depression. It belongs to the class of drugs known as tetracyclic antidepressants, although its pharmacological profile is unique compared to other drugs in the same class.' },
{ question: 'Misoprostol ?', answer: 'For erosive gastropathies.' },
{ question: 'Mithramycin ?', answer: 'Mithramycin, also known as mitomycin, is an antibiotic medication used primarily as a chemotherapy agent in the treatment of certain types of cancer. It belongs to a class of drugs called antineoplastic antibiotics. Mithramycin works by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, which is crucial for the replication and proliferation of cancer cells.' },
{ question: 'Mitomycin ?', answer: 'For anal cancer.' },
{ question: 'Mitotane ?', answer: 'For adrenal carcinoma.' },
{ question: 'Mitoxantrone ?', answer: 'For multiple sclerosis, for prostate cancer.' },
{ question: 'Mitral Regurgitation ?', answer: 'Mitral regurgitation is a condition where the mitral valve, one of the heartily four valves, does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the heartily left atrium during each heartbeat. This can lead to several symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations, as well as complications like heart failure if severe.' },
{ question: 'Mitral Stenosis ?', answer: 'Mitral stenosis is a heart valve disorder characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve opening. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. When this valve narrows, it obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, leading to various symptoms and complications.' },
{ question: 'Mitral Valve Prolapse ?', answer: 'Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition where the flaps (cusps) of the heartily mitral valve bulge or prolapse into the heartily left atrium when the heart contracts. The mitral valve is situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle and is responsible for controlling blood flow between these two chambers.' },
{ question: 'Mittelschmerz ?', answer: 'Mittelschmerz is a German word that translates to "middle pain" in English. It refers to abdominal or pelvic pain that some people experience during ovulation. This pain typically occurs midway through the menstrual cycle, around the time when an egg is released from one of the ovaries.' },
{ question: 'Mobilizing Agent ?', answer: 'For radionuclide contamination.' },
{ question: 'Modafinil ?', answer: 'For circadian rhythm disorders, for daytime sleepiness, for depression.' },
{ question: 'Molindone ?', answer: 'Molindone is an antipsychotic medication used to treat certain mental/mood disorders such as schizophrenia. It works by helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances in the brain. Molindone belongs to a class of drugs known as typical antipsychotics.' },
{ question: 'Molluscum Contagiosum ?', answer: 'Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection that causes small, raised bumps or lesions on the skin. It is caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a member of the poxvirus family. The infection is common in children but can also affect adults, particularly those with weakened immune systems.' },
{ question: 'Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI) ?', answer: 'Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs that work by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain. By inhibiting monoamine oxidase, MAOIs increase the levels of these neurotransmitters, which can help improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression.' },
{ question: 'Monocytopenia ?', answer: 'Monocytopenia refers to a decrease in the number of monocytes in the bloodstream. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune systemic defense against pathogens, particularly in the process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles, dead cells, and bacteria. Monocytopenia can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, autoimmune disorders, bone marrow disorders, infections, and some types of cancer. It is often diagnosed through a complete blood count (CBC) test, which measures the levels of various blood components, including white blood cells.' },
{ question: 'Monocytosis ?', answer: 'Monocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of monocytes in the blood. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a crucial role in the immune systemic defense against pathogens. They are produced in the bone marrow and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, which are essential for engulfing and digesting pathogens and foreign particles.' },
{ question: 'Mononeuropathy ?', answer: 'Mononeuropathy refers to damage or dysfunction of a single peripheral nerve. Peripheral nerves are those outside the brain and spinal cord, and they transmit signals between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. Mononeuropathy can result from various causes, including trauma, compression, inflammation, or systemic diseases such as diabetes.' },
{ question: 'Montelukast ?', answer: 'For allergic rhinitis, for asthma, for urticaria/angioedema.' },
{ question: 'MOPP-ABV Regimen ?', answer: 'For Hodgkin’s disease.' },
{ question: 'Morbilliform Lesion ?', answer: 'A morbilliform lesion typically refers to a rash that resembles measles (morbilli). It is characterized by small, flat, red or pink spots that may merge together into larger patches. This type of rash can be caused by various factors, including viral infections, drug reactions, and certain medical conditions.' },
{ question: 'Morphine ?', answer: 'For dyspnea, for increased intracranial pressure, for myocardial infarction, for pain, for pulmonary edema, for unstable angina.' },
{ question: 'Moxifloxacin ?', answer: 'Moxifloxacin is an antibiotic medication belonging to the fluoroquinolone class. It is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including sinusitis, pneumonia, skin infections, and certain types of urinary tract infections. Moxifloxacin works by inhibiting the enzymes that bacteria need to replicate and grow, thus helping the bodyily immune system to fight off the infection.' },
{ question: 'Mucormycosis ?', answer: 'Mucormycosis, also known as black fungus, is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. These molds are commonly found in soil, plants, manure, and decaying organic matter. Mucormycosis typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, or individuals with severe burns or trauma.' },
{ question: 'Mucositis ?', answer: 'Mucositis is the medical term for inflammation of the mucous membranes. These membranes line various parts of the body, including the mouth, throat, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract. Mucositis is a common side effect of cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, particularly when these treatments target rapidly dividing cells, which include not only cancer cells but also the cells that line the mucous membranes.' },
{ question: 'Multiple Cyeloma ?', answer: 'Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. In multiple myeloma, malignant plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow, crowding out healthy blood cells. This can lead to a variety of complications, including anemia, bone pain, susceptibility to infections, kidney problems, and weakened bones.' },
{ question: 'Mupirocin ?', answer: 'Mupirocin is an antibiotic used primarily to treat skin infections. It is commonly prescribed for bacterial skin infections like impetigo, folliculitis, and certain types of wound infections. Mupirocin works by inhibiting the bacterial ability to produce essential proteins, thus effectively killing them. It is available as a topical ointment or cream and is generally applied directly to the affected area of the skin. It is important to use mupirocin exactly as prescribed by a healthcare professional and to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before the treatment is finished. This helps to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.' },
{ question: 'Duchenne ?', answer: '"Duchenne" typically refers to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It primarily affects males and is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which leads to the absence or deficiency of dystrophin, a protein necessary for maintaining muscle integrity. DMD usually manifests in early childhood, with symptoms such as muscle weakness, difficulty walking, frequent falls, and eventually, difficulty breathing and heart problems as the disease progresses. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and providing supportive care, though research into potential therapies, including gene therapy and exon skipping, is ongoing.' },
{ question: 'M-VAC Regimen ?', answer: 'For bladder cancer.' },
{ question: 'Myalgia ?', answer: 'Myalgia refers to muscle pain or discomfort. It can be caused by various factors such as overexertion, tension, injury, or certain medical conditions like fibromyalgia or viral infections. Common symptoms include muscle stiffness, soreness, and aching. Treatment usually involves rest, pain relievers, gentle stretching, and in some cases, addressing the underlying cause. If you are experiencing persistent or severe myalgia, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.' },
{ question: 'Myasthenia Gravis (MG) ?', answer: 'Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles. In MG, the immune system mistakenly attacks the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, which are responsible for transmitting signals from nerves to muscles. This leads to muscle weakness and fatigue, especially during repetitive movements.' },
{ question: 'Mycetoma ?', answer: 'Mycetoma is a chronic, localized, and progressively destructive inflammatory disease caused by certain fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma). It typically affects the subcutaneous tissues, skin, and bones, most commonly in the extremities.' },
{ question: 'Mycophenolate Mofetil Immunosuppression ?', answer: 'For renal transplant, for inflammatory myopathy, for myasthenia gravis, for SLE.' },
{ question: 'Mycoplasma Genitalium Infection ?', answer: 'Mycoplasma genitalium is a type of bacteria that can infect the genital tract, causing a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can affect both men and women and is typically transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and sometimes oral sex.' },
{ question: 'Mycotic Aneurysm ?', answer: 'A mycotic aneurysm is a potentially serious condition characterized by the formation of an abnormal bulge or dilation in a blood vessel due to an infection. Unlike typical aneurysms, which often result from conditions like atherosclerosis or hypertension weakening the blood vessel walls, mycotic aneurysms are caused by bacterial or fungal infections that weaken the vessel wall, leading to its dilation.' },
{ question: 'Myelitis ?', answer: 'Myelitis is a term referring to inflammation of the spinal cord, which can result in a variety of symptoms depending on the severity and location of the inflammation. These symptoms can include weakness or paralysis, sensory disturbances, pain, and bowel or bladder dysfunction. Myelitis can be caused by various factors, including viral infections, autoimmune conditions, and other inflammatory disorders. Treatment often involves addressing the underlying cause of inflammation and managing symptoms through medications and rehabilitation therapies.' },
{ question: 'Myelodysplastic Syndrome ?', answer: 'Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of disorders characterized by abnormal development of blood cells in the bone marrow. In MDS, the bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells. This can lead to low levels of red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia).' },
{ question: 'Myelofibrosis ?', answer: 'Myelofibrosis is a rare type of bone marrow cancer that disrupts your bodyily normal production of blood cells. In myelofibrosis, the bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside your bones — is replaced by scar tissue, leading to a decrease in the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.' },
{ question: 'Myelography ?', answer: 'Myelography is a diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the spinal cord, nerve roots, and surrounding structures. It involves the injection of a contrast dye into the spinal canal, usually in the lumbar region, followed by imaging with X-rays or other imaging modalities such as CT or MRI.' },
{ question: 'Myelophthisis ?', answer: 'Myelophthisis is a condition where the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue, resulting in decreased production of blood cells. This can lead to anemia, low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), and decreased white blood cell count (leukopenia). It can be caused by various conditions, including cancers such as metastatic carcinoma or myelofibrosis, infections like tuberculosis, or other inflammatory disorders. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve addressing the primary condition, supportive care such as blood transfusions, or in severe cases, bone marrow transplantation.' },
{ question: 'Myelosuppression ?', answer: 'Myelosuppression is a condition where the ability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells is inhibited. This can lead to a decrease in the production of red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia). It is a common side effect of chemotherapy, certain medications, radiation therapy, and some diseases.' },
{ question: 'Myiasis ?', answer: 'Myiasis is a condition caused by the infestation of living tissue by fly larvae (maggots). It commonly occurs in animals, including humans, and can affect various parts of the body, such as the skin, nose, ears, eyes, and even internal organs.' },
{ question: 'Myocardial Ischemia ?', answer: 'Myocardial ischemia occurs when the blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced, usually due to a partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. When blood flow is restricted, the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, leading to chest pain or discomfort known as angina.' },
{ question: 'Myocarditis ?', answer: 'Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition affecting the myocardium, the muscular tissue of the heart. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections (such as Coxsackievirus or adenovirus), bacterial infections, certain medications, toxins, and autoimmune diseases.' },
{ question: 'Myoclonus ?', answer: 'Myoclonus refers to a sudden, involuntary muscle jerk or twitch that can occur spontaneously or be triggered by various stimuli. It can affect any muscle in the body and range from mild to severe. Myoclonus can be classified based on its cause and characteristics, such as physiological myoclonus, essential myoclonus, or symptomatic myoclonus, which can be associated with underlying neurological conditions or as a side effect of medications. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the myoclonus and may include medications, physical therapy, or other interventions aimed at managing symptoms and improving quality of life.' },
{ question: 'Myonecrosis ?', answer: 'Myonecrosis refers to the death of muscle tissue, often caused by lack of blood supply (ischemia) or infection. It can occur in various conditions such as trauma, severe burns, arterial occlusion, and certain infections like Clostridium perfringens bacteria, which can cause gas gangrene. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, surgical debridement to remove dead tissue, and sometimes antibiotics in cases of infection. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent further complications. If you have concerns about myonecrosis, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly.' },
{ question: 'Myopathy ?', answer: 'Myopathy refers to a group of diseases that affect the muscles. These conditions can lead to muscle weakness, stiffness, or even muscle wasting over time. Myopathies can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, autoimmune reactions, medications, infections, and other underlying health issues.' },
{ question: 'Myophosphorylase Deficiency ?', answer: 'Myophosphorylase deficiency, also known as McArdle disease, is a rare genetic disorder that affects muscle metabolism. It is caused by mutations in the PYGM gene, which provides instructions for making an enzyme called myophosphorylase. This enzyme is essential for breaking down glycogen into glucose within muscle cells, providing energy during exercise.' },
{ question: 'Myositis ?', answer: 'Myositis is a group of inflammatory muscle diseases causing weakness and pain. Types include dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis. It is often autoimmune, with treatment involving immune suppression and physical therapy.' },
{ question: 'Myringitis ?', answer: 'Myringitis, also known as bullous myringitis, is a condition characterized by inflammation and blistering of the eardrum (tympanic membrane). It can cause pain, discomfort, and temporary hearing loss. Myringitis can be caused by various factors, including bacterial or viral infections, trauma to the ear, or other underlying conditions. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, managing pain, and sometimes using antibiotics if there is a bacterial infection present. In severe cases, drainage of the blisters or surgical intervention may be necessary.' },
{ question: 'Myxedema Coma ?', answer: 'Myxedema coma is a severe and life-threatening complication of untreated hypothyroidism, which is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. This rare condition typically occurs in individuals with longstanding, untreated hypothyroidism, especially in the elderly.' },
{ question: 'Nadolol ?', answer: 'For variceal bleeding, for vasovagal syncope.' },
{ question: 'Nafcillin ?', answer: 'For bacterial meningitis, for cellulitis, for infective endocarditis, for osteomyelitis, for perichondritis, for sepsis/septic shock, for staphylococcal infections.' },
{ question: 'Naloxone ?', answer: 'For membrane-active agent poisoning, for opiate overdose, for sympatholytic poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Naltrexone ?', answer: 'For alcoholic rehabilitation, for primary biliary cirrhosis.' },
{ question: 'Naproxen ?', answer: 'For migraine, for pain.' },
{ question: 'Naratriptan ?', answer: 'For migraine.' },
{ question: 'Nataglinide ?', answer: 'For diabetes mellitus.' },
{ question: 'Necrotizing Fasciitis ?', answer: 'Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious bacterial infection that affects the soft tissue, particularly the fascia, which is the connective tissue surrounding muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. This condition is often referred to as "flesh-eating bacteria" because it can rapidly destroy skin, fat, and underlying tissue.' },
{ question: 'Nedocromil Sodium ?', answer: 'For asthma.' },
{ question: 'Nefazodone ?', answer: 'Nefazodone is an antidepressant medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as serotonin modulators. It was primarily prescribed to treat major depressive disorder. However, it is worth noting that its usage has declined over the years due to concerns regarding liver toxicity. In some cases, it has been associated with severe liver damage, leading to its withdrawal from several markets.' },
{ question: 'Nelfinavir ?', answer: 'For HIV/AIDS.' },
{ question: 'Nematocysts ?', answer: 'Nematocysts are fascinating structures found in cnidarians, which include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. These are essentially specialized cells used by these creatures for defense and capturing prey.' },
{ question: 'Neomycin ?', answer: 'For hepatic encephalopathy.' },
{ question: 'Neostigmine Poisoning ?', answer: 'Neostigmine poisoning occurs when there is an overdose or excessive exposure to neostigmine, a medication used to treat myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents used during surgery. Neostigmine works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which increases the levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, at the neuromuscular junctions and enhances muscle contractions.' },
{ question: 'Nephrectomy ?', answer: 'Nephrectomy is the surgical removal of one or both kidneys, commonly done to treat kidney cancer, severe kidney damage, or as part of living kidney donation. Types include radical (entire kidney removal), partial (removing diseased part), and laparoscopic (minimally invasive).' },
{ question: 'Nephrolithiasis ?', answer: 'Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, occurs when minerals and salts in urine form solid crystals within the kidneys. These crystals can grow into larger stones, which can cause intense pain and discomfort as they pass through the urinary tract.' },
{ question: 'Nephrosclerosis ?', answer: 'Nephrosclerosis is a medical condition characterized by sclerosis (thickening or hardening) of the small arteries within the kidneys. This condition typically results from long-standing hypertension (high blood pressure), which damages the blood vessels supplying the kidneys.' },
{ question: 'Nephrotic Syndrome ?', answer: 'Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by the presence of excessive protein in the urine, low levels of protein in the blood, swelling (edema), and high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. It is often caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess water from the blood (glomeruli).' },
{ question: 'Nesiritide ?', answer: 'For heart failure.' },
{ question: 'Neuroborreliosis ?', answer: 'Neuroborreliosis, also known as Lyme neuroborreliosis, is a condition caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, particularly the deer tick or black-legged tick. It occurs when the bacteria spread to the nervous system.' },
{ question: 'Neurocysticercosis ?', answer: 'Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. It occurs when the eggs of the tapeworm are ingested, typically through contaminated food or water, and then hatch in the intestine. The larvae can then travel through the bloodstream and lodge in various tissues, including the brain, where they form cysts.' },
{ question: 'Neuromyelitis Optica ?', answer: 'Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), also known as Devics disease, is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. In NMO, the immune system mistakenly attacks the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to inflammation and damage to these areas. This can result in symptoms such as vision loss, weakness, numbness, and sometimes paralysis.' },
{ question: 'Neutropenia ?', answer: 'Neutropenia is a condition marked by low levels of neutrophils, white blood cells crucial for fighting infections. Causes include bone marrow disorders, chemotherapy, autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain medications. Symptoms often involve frequent infections and fever. Treatment varies based on the underlying cause and may involve managing the condition, discontinuing medications, or using medications to boost white blood cell production or prevent infections.' },
{ question: 'Nevirapine ?', answer: 'For HIV/AIDS.' },
{ question: 'Nicardipine ?', answer: 'For hypertensive emergencies.' },
{ question: 'Nicotine ?', answer: 'For inflammatory bowel disease.' },
{ question: 'Nifedipine ?', answer: 'For achalasia, for aortic regurgitation, for ergot alkaloid poisoning, for esophageal spasm, for hypertension, for systemic sclerosis, for vasospastic disorders.' },
{ question: 'Nilotinib ?', answer: 'For CML.' },
{ question: 'Nimodipine ?', answer: 'For subarachnoid hemorrhage.' },
{ question: 'Nissen Fundoplication ?', answer: 'Nissen fundoplication is a surgical procedure primarily used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and potential damage over time. This can lead to symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and regurgitation of food or sour liquid.' },
{ question: 'Nitazoxanide ?', answer: 'For cryptosporidiosis, for giardiasis.' },
{ question: 'Nitrates ?', answer: 'For angina pectoris, for heart failure, for myocardial infarction.' },
{ question: 'Nitrofurantoin ?', answer: 'For cystitis, for urinary tract infection prevention.' },
{ question: 'Nitroglycerin ?', answer: 'For anal fissures, for angina pectoris, for ergot alkaloid poisoning, for hypertensive emergencies, for myocardial infarction, for systemic sclerosis, for unstable angina.' },
{ question: 'Nitroprusside ?', answer: 'For aortic dissection, for ergot alkaloid poisoning, for heart failure, for hypertension, for MAO inhibitor poisoning, for mitral regurgitation, for myocardial infarction.' },
{ question: 'Nitrosourea ?', answer: 'Nitrosoureas are a class of chemotherapy drugs used in the treatment of various cancers, including brain tumors, lymphoma, and certain types of leukemia. These drugs work by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, ultimately preventing them from dividing and growing. Nitrosoureas are typically administered intravenously or orally, and they are often used in combination with other cancer treatments like surgery, radiation therapy, or other chemotherapy drugs. However, they can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and suppression of the ability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells.' },
{ question: 'Nonpolyposis Syndrome ?', answer: 'Nonpolyposis syndrome, also known as Lynch syndrome, is a hereditary condition that increases the risk of developing various cancers, particularly colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer. It is caused by mutations in genes responsible for DNA mismatch repair, most commonly in genes such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. These mutations impair the bodyily ability to repair mistakes that occur during DNA replication, leading to an increased risk of cancer development.' },
{ question: 'Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) ?', answer: 'For ankylosing spondylitis, for calcium apatite deposition disease, for cholecystitis, for chronic fatigue syndrome, for colon cancer prevention, for colonic polyps, for diabetes insipidus, for enteropathic arthritis, for erythema multiforme, for erythema nodosum, for fever, for fibromyalgia, for gout, for low back pain, for migraine, for osteoarthritis, for osteonecrosis, for pain, for pseudogout, for psoriatic arthritis, for reactive arthritis, for rheumatoid arthritis, for SLE, for systemic mastocytosis, for tension headache.' },
{ question: 'Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection ?', answer: 'Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium species, excluding Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, which cause tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. NTM bacteria are commonly found in soil and water, including tap water and natural water sources. These bacteria can cause a range of infections, particularly in people with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions such as bronchiectasis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).' },
{ question: 'Norepinephrine ?', answer: 'For beta blocker poisoning, for calcium channel blocker poisoning, for increased intracranial pressure, for MAO inhibitor poisoning, for shock, for subarachnoid hemorrhage with vasospasm, for sympatholytic poisoning.' },
{ question: 'Norovirus Infection ?', answer: 'Norovirus infection is a highly contagious viral illness that affects the stomach and intestines. It is commonly referred to as the stomach flu, although it is not related to the influenza virus. Norovirus is responsible for a significant proportion of cases of gastroenteritis worldwide, particularly in settings such as cruise ships, schools, hospitals, and long-term care facilities.' },
{ question: 'Nortriptyline ?', answer: 'For migraine prevention, for pain, for smoking cessation.' },
{ question: 'Nosocomial Infections ?', answer: 'Nosocomial infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), are infections that occur as a result of receiving healthcare treatment in a hospital or other healthcare facility. These infections can be caused by a wide variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.' },
{ question: 'Nucleoside Analogues ?', answer: 'For HIV/AIDS.' },
{ question: 'Nystagmus ?', answer: 'Nystagmus is a condition characterized by involuntary, rhythmic movements of the eyes. These movements can be side to side (horizontal nystagmus), up and down (vertical nystagmus), or in a rotary pattern. The speed and direction of the movements can vary, and they may occur constantly or intermittently.' },
{ question: 'Nystatin ?', answer: 'For candidiasis.' },
{ question: 'Obesity-hypoventilation Syndrome ?', answer: 'Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), also known as Pickwickian syndrome, is a condition where individuals who are severely overweight experience difficulty breathing during sleep, leading to low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels in the blood. It is often characterized by obesity, daytime hypoventilation (abnormally slow and shallow breathing), and sleep apnea.' },
{ question: 'Obturator Neuropathy ?', answer: 'Obturator neuropathy refers to damage or dysfunction of the obturator nerve, which is one of the major nerves in the lower body. This nerve originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the anterior divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves (L2-L4), and it innervates the muscles of the inner thigh, including the adductor muscles.' },
{ question: 'Occipital Neuralgia ?', answer: 'Occipital neuralgia is a condition characterized by chronic pain in the upper neck, back of the head, and behind the eyes. It occurs due to irritation or injury to the occipital nerves, which run from the top of the spinal cord through the scalp.' },
{ question: 'Octreotide ?', answer: 'For acromegaly, for carcinoid tumor, for esophageal varices, for hepatorenal syndrome, for islet-cell tumors, for variceal bleeding.' },
{ question: 'Leiomyoma ?', answer: 'Leiomyoma, also known as fibroids, are noncancerous growths of the uterus that often appear during childbearing years. They are made up of muscle and fibrous tissue and can vary in size from tiny seedlings that cannot be seen by the naked eye to bulky masses that can distort and enlarge the uterus. While they are quite common, many women may not even realize they have them because they often cause no symptoms. However, depending on their size and location, leiomyomas can cause pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, frequent urination, and other symptoms.' },
{ question: 'Octreotide Scintigraphy ?', answer: 'Octreotide scintigraphy is a diagnostic imaging technique used primarily in the detection and localization of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs).' },
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