diff --git a/kg-microbe.Makefile b/kg-microbe.Makefile
index e2c87e13..f0ed794e 100644
--- a/kg-microbe.Makefile
+++ b/kg-microbe.Makefile
@@ -13,39 +13,44 @@ PART_SIZE := 2000M  # Size of each part (less than 2GB)
 .PHONY: release pre-release tag generate-tarballs split-transformed-tarball
 
 release: generate-tarballs split-transformed-tarball
-	@echo "Creating a release on GitHub..."
-	@read -p "Enter release tag (e.g., $(shell date +%Y-%m-%d)): " TAG_NAME; \
-	read -p "Enter release title: " RELEASE_TITLE; \
-	read -p "Enter release notes: " RELEASE_NOTES; \
+	@$(call create_release,release)
+
+pre-release: generate-tarballs split-transformed-tarball
+	@$(call create_release,pre-release)
+
+tag: generate-tarballs split-transformed-tarball
+	@$(call create_tag)
+
+generate-tarballs:
+	@echo "Generating tarballs of the specified directories..."
+	@tar -czvf $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL) data/transformed
+	@cp data/merged/merged-kg.tar.gz $(MERGED_TARBALL)
+	@echo "Tarballs generated successfully as $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL) and $(MERGED_TARBALL)."
+
+split-transformed-tarball:
+	@echo "Splitting the transformed tarball into parts..."
+	@split -b $(PART_SIZE) -d -a 3 $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL) $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL)-part
+	@for f in $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL)-part*; do mv "$$f" "$$f.tar.gz"; done
+	@echo "Transformed tarball split into parts successfully."
+
+define create_release
+	@echo "Creating a $(1) on GitHub..."
+	@read -p "Enter $(1) tag (e.g., $(shell date +%Y-%m-%d)): " TAG_NAME; \
+	read -p "Enter $(1) title: " RELEASE_TITLE; \
+	read -p "Enter $(1) notes: " RELEASE_NOTES; \
 	if git rev-parse "$$TAG_NAME" >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
 		echo "Error: Tag '$$TAG_NAME' already exists. Please choose a different tag."; \
 		exit 1; \
 	fi; \
 	git tag -a $$TAG_NAME -m "$$RELEASE_TITLE"; \
 	git push origin $$TAG_NAME; \
-	gh release create $$TAG_NAME --title "$$RELEASE_TITLE" --notes "$$RELEASE_NOTES" --repo $(REPO_OWNER)/$(REPO_NAME); \
+	gh release create $$TAG_NAME --title "$$RELEASE_TITLE" --notes "$$RELEASE_NOTES" $(if $(filter $(1),pre-release),--prerelease) --repo $(REPO_OWNER)/$(REPO_NAME); \
 	gh release upload $$TAG_NAME $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL)-part*.tar.gz --repo $(REPO_OWNER)/$(REPO_NAME); \
 	gh release upload $$TAG_NAME $(MERGED_TARBALL) --repo $(REPO_OWNER)/$(REPO_NAME); \
-	echo "Release $$TAG_NAME created successfully."
+	echo "$(capitalize $(1)) $$TAG_NAME created successfully."
+endef
 
-pre-release: generate-tarballs split-transformed-tarball
-	@echo "Creating a pre-release on GitHub..."
-	@read -p "Enter pre-release tag (e.g., $(shell date +%Y-%m-%d)-rc1): " TAG; \
-	read -p "Enter pre-release title: " PRE_RELEASE_TITLE; \
-	read -p "Enter pre-release notes: " PRE_RELEASE_NOTES; \
-	if git rev-parse "$$TAG" >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
-		echo "Error: Tag '$$TAG' already exists. Please choose a different tag."; \
-		exit 1; \
-	fi; \
-	git tag -a $$TAG -m "$$PRE_RELEASE_TITLE"; \
-	git push origin $$TAG; \
-	gh release create $$TAG --title "$$PRE_RELEASE_TITLE" --notes "$$PRE_RELEASE_NOTES" --prerelease --repo $(REPO_OWNER)/$(REPO_NAME); \
-	gh release upload $$TAG $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL)-part*.tar.gz --repo $(REPO_OWNER)/$(REPO_NAME); \
-	gh release upload $$TAG $(MERGED_TARBALL) --repo $(REPO_OWNER)/$(REPO_NAME); \
-	echo "Pre-release $$TAG created successfully."
-
-
-tag: generate-tarballs split-transformed-tarball
+define create_tag
 	@echo "Creating a release on GitHub..."
 	@read -p "Enter release tag (e.g., $(shell date +%Y-%m-%d)): " TAG; \
 	read -p "Enter release title: " RELEASE_TITLE; \
@@ -55,15 +60,6 @@ tag: generate-tarballs split-transformed-tarball
 	gh release upload $$TAG $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL)-part*.tar.gz --repo $(REPO_OWNER)/$(REPO_NAME); \
 	gh release upload $$TAG $(MERGED_TARBALL) --repo $(REPO_OWNER)/$(REPO_NAME); \
 	echo "Release $$TAG created successfully."
+endef
 
-generate-tarballs:
-	@echo "Generating tarballs of the specified directories..."
-	@tar -czvf $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL) data/transformed
-	@cp data/merged/merged-kg.tar.gz $(MERGED_TARBALL)
-	@echo "Tarballs generated successfully as $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL) and $(MERGED_TARBALL)."
-
-split-transformed-tarball:
-	@echo "Splitting the transformed tarball into parts..."
-	@split -b $(PART_SIZE) -d -a 3 $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL) $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL)-part
-	@for f in $(TRANSFORMED_TARBALL)-part*; do mv "$$f" "$$f.tar.gz"; done
-	@echo "Transformed tarball split into parts successfully."
+capitalize = $(subst $(1),$(shell echo $(1) | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'),$(1))