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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Ada Lovelace</h1>
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<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Ada, Countess of Lovelace</span></th>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Ada Lovelace portrait.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg" width="220" height="316" /></a>
<div>Ada, Countess of Lovelace, 1840</div>
</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td><span class="nickname">The Hon. Augusta Ada Byron</span><br />
<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1815-12-10</span>)</span>10 December 1815<br />
<span class="birthplace">London, England</span></td>
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<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>27 November 1852<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1852-11-27</span>)</span> (aged 36)<br />
<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a>, London, England</span></td>
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<th scope="row">Resting place</th>
<td class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Hucknall" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall">Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall</a>, Nottingham, England</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Known for</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">Computing</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Title</th>
<td class="title">Countess of Lovelace</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Spouse(s)</span></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/William_King-Noel,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace" title="William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace">William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Children</th>
<td>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byron_King-Noel,_Viscount_Ockham" title="Byron King-Noel, Viscount Ockham">Byron King-Noel, Viscount Ockham and 12th Baron Wentworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Blunt,_15th_Baroness_Wentworth" title="Anne Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth">Anne Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_King-Milbanke,_2nd_Earl_of_Lovelace" title="Ralph King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace">Ralph King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row">Parent(s)</th>
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<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Isabella_Byron,_Baroness_Byron" title="Anne Isabella Byron, Baroness Byron">Anne Isabella Milbanke, 11th Baroness Wentworth</a></li>
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<p><b>Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace</b> (<i>née</i> <b>Byron</b>; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and writer, chiefly known for her work on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>'s proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Engine" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engine</a>. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and created the first <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of a "computing machine" and the first computer <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovelace_Google_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovelace_Google-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p>Ada Lovelace was the only legitimate child of the poet <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">George, Lord Byron</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Anne_Isabella_Byron,_Baroness_Byron" title="Anne Isabella Byron, Baroness Byron">Anne Isabella Milbanke</a> ("Annabella"), Lady Wentworth.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> All <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron#Children" title="Lord Byron">Byron's other children</a> were born out of wedlock to other women.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCL_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCL-5">[5]</a></sup> Byron separated from his wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever four months later, eventually dying of disease in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> when Ada was eight years old. Her mother remained bitter towards Lord Byron and promoted Ada's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing what she saw as the <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">insanity</a> seen in her father, but Ada remained interested in him despite this (and was, upon her eventual death, buried next to him at her request). Often ill, she spent most of her childhood sick. Ada married <a href="/wiki/William_King-Noel,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace" title="William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace">William King</a> in 1835. King was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838, and she became Countess of Lovelace.</p>
<p>Her educational and social exploits brought her into contact with scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Crosse" title="Andrew Crosse">Andrew Crosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and the author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, which she used to further her education. Ada described her approach as "poetical science"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998234.E2.80.93235_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998234.E2.80.93235-6">[6]</a></sup> and herself as an "Analyst (& Metaphysician)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998156.E2.80.93157_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998156.E2.80.93157-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
<p>When she was a teenager, her mathematical talents led her to a long working relationship and friendship with fellow British mathematician <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, also known as 'the father of computers', and in particular, Babbage's work on the Analytical Engine. Lovelace first met him in June 1833, through their mutual friend, and her private tutor, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Somerville" title="Mary Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>. Between 1842 and 1843, Ada translated an article by Italian military engineer <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a> on the engine, which she supplemented with an elaborate set of notes, simply called <i>Notes</i>. These notes contain what many consider to be the first computer program—that is, an algorithm designed to be carried out by a machine. Lovelace's notes are important in the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computers">history of computers</a>. She also developed a vision of the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching, while many others, including Babbage himself, focused only on those capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis200319.2C_25_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis200319.2C_25-8">[8]</a></sup> Her mindset of "poetical science" led her to ask questions about the Analytical Engine (as shown in her notes) examining how individuals and society relate to technology as a collaborative tool.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCL_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCL-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
<p>She died of uterine cancer in 1852 at the age of 36.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Childhood"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Childhood</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Adult_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Adult years</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Work"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Work</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#First_computer_program"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">First computer program</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Beyond_numbers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Beyond numbers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Controversy_over_extent_of_contributions"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy over extent of contributions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Commemoration"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Commemoration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Titles_and_styles_by_which_she_was_known"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Titles and styles by which she was known</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ancestry"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bicentenary"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bicentenary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Publications"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Publications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Childhood">Childhood</span></h3>
<p>Byron expected his baby to be a "glorious boy" and was disappointed when his wife gave birth to a girl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197235_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197235-9">[9]</a></sup> Augusta was named after Byron's half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Leigh" title="Augusta Leigh">Augusta Leigh</a>, and was called "Ada" by Byron himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198517_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198517-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg/220px-Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg" width="220" height="224" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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Ada, aged four</div>
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<p>On 16 January 1816 Annabella, at Byron's behest, left for her parents' home at <a href="/wiki/Kirkby_Mallory" title="Kirkby Mallory">Kirkby Mallory</a> taking one-month-old Ada with her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197235_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197235-9">[9]</a></sup> Although English law at the time gave fathers full custody of their children in cases of separation, Byron made no attempt to claim his parental rights<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198516_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198516-11">[11]</a></sup> but did request that his sister keep him informed of Ada's welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199980_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199980-12">[12]</a></sup> On 21 April Byron signed the Deed of Separation, although very reluctantly, and left England for good a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197236.E2.80.9338_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197236.E2.80.9338-13">[13]</a></sup> Aside from an acrimonious separation, Annabella continually made allegations about Byron's immoral behaviour throughout her life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199974.E2.80.9377_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199974.E2.80.9377-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
<p>This set of events made Ada famous in Victorian society. Byron did not have a relationship with his daughter, and never saw her again. He died in 1824 when she was eight years old. Her mother was the only significant parental figure in her life.<sup id="cite_ref-Turney_p._138_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turney_p._138-15">[15]</a></sup> Ada was not shown the family portrait of her father (covered in green shroud) until her twentieth birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199910_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199910-16">[16]</a></sup> Her mother became Baroness Wentworth in her own right in 1856.</p>
<p>Annabella did not have a close relationship with the young Ada and often left her in the care of her own mother Judith, Hon. Lady Milbanke who doted on her grandchild. However, because of societal attitudes of the time—which favoured the husband in any separation, with the welfare of any child acting as mitigation—Annabella had to present herself as a loving mother to the rest of society. This included writing anxious letters to Lady Milbanke about Ada's welfare, with a cover note saying to retain the letters in case she had to use them to show maternal concern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199985.E2.80.9387_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199985.E2.80.9387-17">[17]</a></sup> In one letter to Lady Milbanke, she referred to Ada as "it": "I talk to it for your satisfaction, not my own, and shall be very glad when you have it under your own."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199986_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199986-18">[18]</a></sup> In her teenage years, several of her mother's close friends watched Ada for any sign of moral deviation. Ada dubbed these observers the "Furies" and later complained they exaggerated and invented stories about her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999119_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999119-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
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Ada, aged seventeen, 1832</div>
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